SOL BA Program 1st Year Tamil B Study Material In PDF

7/21/2019 SOL BA Program 1st Year Tamil B Study Material In PDF

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sol-ba-program-1st-year-tamil-b-study-material-in-pdf 1/89

Graduate Course

SKILLS OF LANGUAGE USE

STUDY MATERIAL – 1

nghUslf;fk;

ghlk : 1. vOjjpay;

ghlk : 2. nrhyypay

ghlk : 3. njhlupay;

ghlk : 4. eilapay;

ghlk : 5. eilahf;fk

ghlk : 6. gpio jpUjjk;

ghlk : 7. Foggk; ef; Fjy;

Prepared by :-

Dr. S. Manic kavasagam

SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNINGUNIVERSITY OF DELHI

5, Cavalry Lane, Delhi – 110007





2

ghlk; - 1

vOjjpay;

nkhop vd;gJ xyp tbtj;ijNa Fwpf;Fk;. yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy;yhfpa

Lingua vd;gjw;F ‘eh’ vd;nwhU nghUSk; cz;L vdNt> ehtpd; nrayhy;

cUthd xd;W vd;gijf; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;JtNj ‗Language‘ vd;Dk;

nrhy;yhFk;. jkpopYk;> nkhopag;gLtJ nkhop vd;gu;. xt;nthU nkhopapYk;

xyp tbtk; mjpfk; khWjYf;F cl;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mk; nkhopapd; tup

tbtk; xyp tbitf; fhl;bYk; nfhQ;rk; mjpfk; khWjYf;F cl;gLk;. jkpo;

,yf;fz Mrpupau;fshd njhy;fhg;gpaUk; gtze;jpahUk; ,jid czu;e;j

fhuzj;jhy; mtu;fsJ ,yf;fz E}y;fs; tpsf;ftpay; ,yf;fz E}y;fshf

,Uf;fpd;wd. mtu;fs; jkpo; nkhopapd; tbT ,J vd;gijf; $Wk; tifapy;

,yf;fzk; vOjpdhu;fNs jtpu ,Jjhd; ,jw;F tpjp vd;W tiuaiw $Wk;

tifapy; ,yf;fzk; $wtpy;iy vdyhk;. xt;nthU xypf;Fk; fl;lhak; xU

tup tbtk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; nkhopapd; xypaikg;G

Kiwia xl;b tup tbtk; tsu;r;rp ngWk;. njhy;fhg;gpaUk; ed;D}yhUk;

jkpo; vOj;Jfis mtw;wpd; xyp tbTf;F Vw;g tifg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gijf;

fhzyhk;.

jkpo vOj;jpay

capnuOj;Jfs;:

jkpo; vOj;J ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit tUkhW :

1. capnuOj;J 12. m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs.

2. nka;naOj;J 18. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;>

w;> d;.

3. capu; nka;naOj;Jfs; 2164. MAjk; 1

----------------

nkhjjk; 247

----------------



3

capnuOj;Jfs; gd;dpnuz;bidf; Fwpy;> neby; vd ,uz;lhf tFg;gu;.

capnuOj;Jfs; m> ,> c> v> x vd;Dk; Ie;J vOj;Jfs; Fw;nwOj;Jfs;

vdTk; M> < C> V> I> X> xs vd;Dk; VO vOj;Jfs; nel;nlOj;Jfs;

vdTk; gpupg;gu;. Fw;nwOj;J Ie;jpDs;Sk;> Kjy; %d;W vOj;Jfshfpa m>

,> v> vd;gd Rl;L vOj;JfshFk;. ,e;j vOj;Jfspd; Jiz nfhz;Lme;j> ,e;j> ve;j> mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb> mg; gf;fk;> ,g; gf;fk;> vg; gf;fk;>

mtd;> ,td;> vtd; vdr; nrhw;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. ,r;

Rl;nlOj;Jfisg; Nghd;W M> V> X vd;gd tpdh vOj;JfshFk; vd;gu;

njhy;fhg;gpau;. njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;Nj ,t;ntOj;Jfs; tpdhf;fshfr;

nray;gl;ld. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf:

mtd; jhd; + M ,uhkd; = mtd; jhdh ,uhkd;?

mtd; jhd; + V ,uhkd; = mtd; jhNd ,uhkd;?

mtd; jhd; + X ,uhkd; = mtd; jhNdh ,uhkd;?

vd tUtijf; fhzyhk;. gpd;du; v> ah vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; nrhy;ypd;

Kjypy; epd;Wk;> M> V> vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; epd;Wk;> V

vd;Dk; vOj;J ,U epiyfspYk; tpdhthf tUk; vd;gu; gtze;jpahu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf:

vtd;?> vts;?> vtu;?.

ahtd;?> ahts;?> ahtu;?> ahJ?> ahit?.

Vd;?

vdTk; tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

2. nkanaOj;Jfs:

capnuOj;Jfisf; Fwpy;> neby; vd xypg;G Kiwf;F Vw;g

gpupj;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;W nka;naOj;JfisAk; ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;>

,ilapdk; vd %d;whfg; gFj;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

ty;ypdk; : f; r; l; j; g; w; nky;ypdk; : q; Q; z; e; k; d;

,ilapdk; : a; u; y; t; o; s;

,k; nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndl;Lk; capnuOj;Jfs; gd;dpnuz;NlhL cwo 216

nka;naOj;Jfs; Njhd;Wtijf; fhzyhk;. vLj;Jfhl;lhf:-



4

f; + m = f

f; + M = fh

,t; ntOj;Jfs; xypg;G epiyapy; jk; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J

xypg;gijg; gytplq;fspy; fhzyhk;. ,t;ntOj;Jfspd; xypg;G epiyiar; rhu;e;J gy vOj;Js; jk; khj;jpiuapy; Fiwe;J xypj;jhYk; mtw;wpd; tup

tbtk; xd;NwahFk;. eF> ehF> jG> jg;G> tW> tapW> vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd;

,WjpapYs;s cfuj;ij xypf;Fk;nghOJ xypg;G Kiwapy; NtWghL

,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. eF> jG> tW> vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; cfuk;

Kw;WfukhfTk; ehF> jg;G> tapW vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; cfuk;

Fw;wpaYfukhfTk; xypg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;nthyp NtWghl;bid xl;br;

rpy vOj;Jfisr; rhu;ngOj;J vd;gu;. njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;Nj Fw;wpaYfuk;>

Fw;wpaypfuk;> Ma;jk; vd;Dk; %d;nwOj;JfisNa rhu;ngOj;Jfshff;

Fwpg;gpl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ed;D}yhu; rhu;ngOj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk; vd;ghu;. ,r; rhu;ngOj;Jfspd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; khztu;fs; njupe;J

nfhs;s Ntz;baJ xd;Wkpy;iy. Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpwF

afuj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs; tUkhapd; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy; jpupe;J

Fiwe;j khj;jpiuAila nrhy;yhf xypf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

thj;J ahuJ thj;jpahuJ

ehL

ahJ

ehbahJvd tUk; nrhw;fisg; ghu;f;Fk;nghOJ nghUs; Gyg;gLtjpy;iy.

thj;jpahuJ vd;gJ MrpupauJ vd;Dk; nghUisf; Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ>

vdNt gtze;jpahu; nrhd;d rhu;ngOj;Jfspd; tiffisg;gw;wpj;

njupe;Jnfhs;tJ vd;gJ Ntz;lhj xd;whFk;. rhu;ngOj;Jfs; 369 vdg;

gtze;jpahu; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltijf; nfhz;L njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpypUe;J

gtze;jpahu; fhyk; tiuapy; jkpo; nkhopapd; xypg;G epiyapy; gy

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. khw;wk; ,Uj;jy; tsu;r;rpapd;

milahsk; MFk;.

,Jtiu ghu;j;j jkpo; vOj;Jfspy; vitnait nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy;

tUk; vd;Wk;> vitnait nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; tUk; vd;Wk;> vitnait

nrhy;Yf;F <w;wpy; tUk; vd;Wk; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. capnuOj;Jfs;

gd;dpnuz;Lk; f r Q l j e g k a u y t vd;Dk; capu;

nka;naOj;Jfs; gd;dpnuz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk;. q; z; o; s; w; d;



5

Mfpa vOj;Jfs; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tukhl;lh. u; o; Mfpa

nka;naOj;Jfisj; jtpu kw;w gjpdhW nka;naOj;JfSk; jj;jk;

vOj;NjhL Nru;e;J tUtJz;L. u; o; gpw nka;fNshLk; Nru;e;J tUjy;

cz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nru;jy;> tho;jy;

capnuOj;Jfs;: mwk;> ML> ,iy> <l;b> cuy;> Cu;> vUJ> Vu;> Iak;>

xd;W> Xlk;> xsit.

nkanaOjJfs :

f : fy;> fhy;> fpsp> fPiu> Flk;> $lk;> nfLjy;> Nfs;> ifg;G>

nfhil> NfhL> nfsit (Xir).

r : rl;b> rhu;jy;> rpupg;G> rPu;> RLjy;> #L> nrf;F> Nrty;>irif> nrhy;> Nrhu;T> nrsf;fpak;.

Q : Q> Qh> nQ> nQh vd;gd kl;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy;

tUk;. Qkyp (eha;)> Qhyk; (cyfk;)> nQfpop (nfhs;spf;

fl;il) nQhs;Fjy; (Fiwjy;) vd;Dk; Qfu tupirapy;

cs;s vOj;Jfis Kjyhff; nfhz;L tUk; nrhw;fs;

,d;W ngUk;ghYk; gz;bju; jkpopNyjhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

l : lfuk; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tuhJ vd;W $wpaJ jkpo;r;

nrhw;fisf; Fwpj;jNj MFk;. lq;fd; Jiuia ,lq;fd;

Jiu vd;Wk; lau; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy ,lau; vd;Wk; by;yp

vd;gij ,by;yp vd;Wk; vOjpdhy; nghUs; khWglhjh?

Mjypd; ,f; fhyj;jpy; lfuk; gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspy;

nkhopf;F Kjy; vOj;jhf tUk; vdf; nfhs;f vd;gu; m.

fp. gue;jhkdhu;.

j : je;ij> jha;> jpid> jPik> Jiz> J}z;> njd;id> Njd;>

ijay;> njhd;ik> Njhy;> njsty; (nfLjy;)

e : ed;wp> ehL> epyk;> ePu;> Edp> E}y;> ney;> Neu;ik> iee;J>

nehr;rp> Nehf;fk;> nestp.



6

g : gd;wp> ghL> gpQ;R> gPL> Gtp> G+l;L> ngz;> Ngij> igad;>

nghd;> Nghij> ngsu;zkp.

k : kz;> khd;> kpd;dy;> kPd;> Kl;lhs;> %is> nka;> Nkd;ik>

ikak;> nkhl;L> Nkhu;> nksdk;.

a : akd;> ahid> Afk;> A+fk;> nastdk; vd tUk; afu

tupirapy; gpw vOj;Jfs; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tuh.

u : ,f; fhyj;jpy; ufuKk; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; gpw nkhopr;

nrhw;fspy; tUtijf; fhzyhk;. Kd; fhyj;jpy; ufuk;

nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; te;jhy; mfuk; ,l;Lk; ,fuk; ,l;Lk;

muq;fehjd; ,uq;fehjd; ,uhkhazk; vd vOJtu;. uk;gu;>

uk;gk;> ujk; vd;gtw;iw ,uk;gk;> ,ujk; vd vOjNtz;bajpy;iy. ug;gu; vd;gjid ,ug;gu; vd vOjpdhy;

ahrpf;fpwtu; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. vdNt ufuj;jpw;F Kd;

mfuk; ,fuk; ,l;L vOjj; Njitapy;iy.

y : gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspy; tUk; yfuj;ijr; nrhy;Yf;F

Kjypy; tUtjhff; nfhs;syhk;. ‗Nyhfk;‘ vd;gij

‗cNyhfk;‘ vd vOjpaJ Nghd;W yz;lid ,yz;ld;

vd;Wk; yl;Lit ,yl;L vd;W Y}apgp\iu cY}apgp\u;

vd;Wk; vOJtJ jtW vd;gu;.

t : tUif> thdk;> tpid> tPL> ntsp> Ntiy> itafk;>

ntsTjy; vd tUk;.

jj;jk; vOj;JfNshL Nru;e;J nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs;

tUkhW:

gf;fk;> mq;qdk;> mr;rk;> kQ;iQ> gl;lk;> fz;zd;> gj;J.

me;epau;> mg;gk;> nka;ad;> gy;yp> nfht;it> gs;sk;> Fw;wk;> md;dk;.

ty;ypd vOj;Jfshd f> r> l> j> g> w> vd;Dk; MWk; nky;ypd

vOj;Jfshd q> Q> z> e> k> d> vd;Dk; MWk; ,d ntOj;Jfshk;.

vdNt nky;ypd vOj;JfSk; jk; ,dntOj;JfNshLk; nrhy;Yf;F

,ilapy; tUk;.



7

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

rq;fk;> gQ;R> tz;L> fe;jd;> fk;gd;> fw;G.

nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; 23 MFk;. capnuOj;Jfs; gd;dpnuz;Lk; Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;> vd;Dk;

nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndhd;Wk; nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jfshk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

tps> gyh> fpsp> jP> eL> G+> Nra;> kid> nehNth> ntd

capu;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; te;jd.

cupQ;> vz;> nghUs;> mwk;> kz;> jha;> Ntu;> khy;> njt;> Gfo;> Ks;

Mfpa nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndhd;Wk; nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; te;jd.

xyp khwwk; :

fhye;NjhWk; xypg;G Kiwapy; gy khWghLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. xUtu;

Xu; vOj;ij cr;rupg;gJ Nghd;W kw;nwhUtu; xypg;gjpy;iy. xUtu; Xu;

vOj;ij xU jlit xypj;jJ khjpup gpwpnjhU jlit xypg;gjpy;iy. ,t;

nthypg;G khw;wq;fs; nkhopapy; ngUFk;nghOJ mit epiyngw;W

tpLfpd;wd. ,yf;fz E}yhh; mtw;wpw;F ,yf;fzKk; vOjp tpLfpd;wdu;.

nkhop E}yhu; ,k; khw;wq;fs; nkhop tsu;r;rpapd; milahsk; vd;gu;. ,t;

nthyp khw;wq;fs;gw;wpa mwpT khztu;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpaUk; ,itgw;wp capuPw;wpg; Gzupay;> nka;aPw;Wg; Gzupay;

Kjypa mjpfhuq;fspy; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhu;. ,t;nthyp khw;wq;fspy; kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdtw;wpy; rpy ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.

1. Xupdkhjy;:

Xupdkhjy; my;yJ nka; gpwpjhjy; vd;gjid ‗Assimilation‘ vd;gu;

nkhop E}yhu;. xU nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s nka;naOj;jhdJ

mLj;JtUk; nrhy;ypd; Kjy; vOj;jpd; jhf;fj;jhy; khWtij Xupdkhjy;

vd;gu;. tUQ; nrhy;ypd; Kjy; vOj;jpd; jpupjiy tUnkhopj; jpupG vd;Wk;

Kjw; nrhy;ypd; nka;nahypj; jpupjiy epiynkhopj; jpupG vdWk;

,uz;blj;Jk; jpupjiy ,U nkhopj; jpupG vd;Wk; $Wtu;.

tUnkhopj jpupG:



8

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kz; jPJ kz;BJ.

nghd; ed;W nghd;dd;W.

epiynkhopj; jpupG:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ney; fjpu; new;fjpu;

Gwk; ehD}W GwehD}W

,Unkhopj jpupG:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

fy; J}z; fw;W}z;

ey; jha; ew;wha;

2. mir nfly:

,UNtW nrhw;fs; ,ize;J xypf;Fk;nghOJ mr; nrhw;fis

KOtJkhf xypf;fhJ tpLtJk; cz;L. ,jid mir nfly; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

mUkUe;J md;d mUkUe;j

Mjd; je;ij Me;ij

G+jd; je;ij G+e;ij

3. capu Njhdwy:

jkpo; xyp kugpy; ,uz;L nka;nahypfs;jhd; njhlu;e;J tuKbAk;.

,uz;L nka;nahypfSf;FNky; njhlu;e;J tUk;nghOJ ,ilapy; capu; xyp

Njhd;Wk;. ,jid capu; Njhd;wy; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: thf;ak; - thf;fpak;@ gj;kk; - gJkk;

vd tlnkhopr; nrhy;iyj; jkpo;g;gLj;Jk; nghOJ ,ilNa capnuOj;jpl;L

vOJjy; kuG. ,jid capu; Njhd;wy; vd;gu;.

4. capnuhlL:

tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jkpopy; vOJk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fSf;FKd; m>

,> c vd;Dk; capnuOj;Jfisr; Nru;j;J xypg;gjw;F capnuhl;L vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: af;\d; - ,af;fd;@ up\p - ,U\p



9

5. capu nfly;:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kUSk; - kUz;k;@ NghYk; - Nghd;k;

6. nka nfly;:

capnuOj;Jfisg;Nghd;W nka;naOj;JfisAk; xypf;fhJ tpLtJfhzyhk;. nrhw;fspd; ,ilapy; tUk; f> o> u vd;Dk; vOj;Jfisg;

NgRk;nghOJ ngUk;ghYk; xypg;gjpy;iy. ,jid nka; nfly; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

MFk; - Mk; NghFk; - Nghk;

nghOJ – NghJ mUk;gy; - mk;gy;

cUz;il – cz;il.

7. ,lk; ngauy; :

nrhw;fspd; tbtikg;ghdJ Kd; gpd;dhf khwpDk; nghUs; khwhJ,Ug;gijNa ,lk; ngauy; vd;gu;. ,jid ,yf;fz E}yhu; Nghyp vd;gu;.

,J Kjw; Nghyp> ,ilg; Nghyp> filg; Nghyp vd %tifg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

,y;tha; - thapy; Ejw;fz; - fz;Zjy;

,y;Kd; - Kd;wpy; kuEdp - Edpkuk;

tprpwp - rptpwp fhy;tha; - tha;f;fhy;

rpy nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s k;> y; vd;Dk; vOj;JfSf;Fg;

gjpyhf d;> u;> s;> vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; Nghypahf tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

eyk; -- eyd; rhk;gy; -- rhk;gu;

mwk; -- mwd; Rty; -- Rtu;

Fly; -- Flu; kjpy; -- kjps;

ge;jy; -- ge;ju; nrjpy; -- nrjps;

,t;tpuz;L tpjkhfTk; ,r; nrhw;fis vOjpdhYk; jtwpy;iy.

nghUs; xd;Nw. ,jid nkhop NtWghL vdyhk;.

8. clkghL nka:

,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,izAk;nghOJ Kjw; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp vOj;J

capuhfTk;> ,uz;lhtJ nrhy;ypd; Kjy; vOj;J capuhfTk; ,Ug;gpd;

,t;tpU nrhw;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa a> t vd;Dk; nka;fs; te;J mr;

nrhw;fis ,izf;fpd;wd. Vnddpy; ,uz;L capu;fis xypf;Fk; nghOJ



10

jil Vw;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,jidj; jLf;Fk; tifapy; afuk;> tfuk;

tUtijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt> ,t;ntOj;Jfs; clk;gL nka;fs; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

kzp moF kzpaoF

gyh mUik gyhtUikmtNd mofd; mtNdaofd;

,uz;L nrhw;fs; NrUk; nghOJ Vw;gLk; xyp khw;wq;fisg; gw;wp

khztu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwj; njupe;J nfhs;Stjw;Fj;

njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y; #j;jpuq;fis khztu;fs; kdg;ghlk; nra;a

Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Njitapy;iy. ,uz;L nrhw;fis xypf;Fk; nghONj mr;

nrhw;fspy; Vw;gLk; xyp khw;wj;ijf; fhzyhk;. nrhw;fis ,izj;J

vOJk;NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis ehd;F tifahfg; gpupg;gu;. nrhy;fhg;gpau;

,tw;iw xypj; jpupG vd;gu;. ,uz;L nrhw;fs; Gzu;e;J vOJk;nghOJ

Ntnwhd;W Mjy;> kpFjy;> Fd;wy;> ,ay;ghjy; vd;Dk; ehd;F epiyfSs;

VNjDk; xU epiyapy; xypj; jpupG epfoyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpau; vOj;Jj; jpupG

vd;W $whky; xypj; jpupG vd;W $wpaNj ,q;F epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

9. nkhop NgWghL

glk;> ,lk; vd;Dk; ,t;tpU nrhw;fisAk; ghu;j;jhy; ,t;tpU

nrhw;fSk; ,U NtWgl;l nghUis czu;j;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ GupAk;. g> ,

vd;Dk; ,U vOj;Nj ,q;Fg; nghUs; NtWghl;bidg; Gyg;gLj;j ty;yd.,t;tpU vOj;JfisAk; jdpj;jdpNa gfu xypad;> ,fu xypad; vd;gu;.

,it Nghd;W Xu; vOj;J NtWgl;lhy; nghUs; NtWghl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;

nrhw;fis ehk; fhzyhk;. jkpo; gapYk; khztu;fSf;F ,j;jifa

nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa ,dq; fhzTk; gpioapd;wp vOjTk; gapw;rp ngw

Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf ufu> wfu NtWghl;bidAk; dfu> zfu>

NtWghl;bidAk;> yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghl;bidAk; njupe;J

nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

(1) ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr nrhwfs:

muk; xU fUtp mwk; jUkk;

mup ntl;L mwp njupe;Jnfhs;

miu ghjp> khtiuj;jy; miw tPl;bd; gFjp

,uq;F fUiz fhl;L ,wq;F fPNo th

,ue;jhd; ahrpj;jhd; ,we;jhd; nrj;jhd;



11

,iu jPdp ,iw flTs;

ciu nrhy; ciw jiyaiz ciw

vup jP vwp tPR

(2) dfu> zfu> efu NtWghlLr; nrhwfs:

gzp Vty; gdp Fspu;r;rp

jpd; rhg;gpL jpz; typik

fd;dd; fu;zd; fz;zd; fpU\;zd;

vd;dhs; vd; Ms; ve;ehs; ve;j ehs;

<e;jhs; nfhLj;jhs; <d;whs; ngw;nwLj;jhs;

md;dhs; mts; me;ehs; me;j ehs;

,d;dhu; ,j;jifahu; ,e;ehs; ,e;j ehs;

Cd; khkprk; Cz; czT

(3) yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghl;Lr nrhwfs;:

mfyk; tpupT mfsk; jhop

mfy; ePq;F mfo; Njhz;L

,opj;jy; ,wf;Fjy; ,spj;jy; gupfhuQ; nra;jy;

thio thio kuk; this kPd;

tpsp mio tpop fz;

Ntiy njhopy; Ntis fhyk;

myF gwit %f;F@ msF gwitapd; ngz;ghw; ngau;@ moF tdg;G

myW cuf;ff; $g;gpL msW rpjW moW NrW

thy; thy; ths; Ma;jk; tho; thO

,U tbtk:

nkhop NtWghL Ngr;R nkhopapYk; vOj;J tbtpYk; fhzf; $ba

xd;W. xU nrhy;iy ,uz;L tifahfTk; vOjyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; rpy

,lq;fspy; Ez;zsthd nghUs; NtWghl;il ,r; nrhw;fspy; fhzyhk;.

Mo;thu; Ms;thu; Nfhtpy; Nfhapy;

RURUg;G RWRWg;G ahu; Mu;

gtsk; gtok; ahW MW



12

Jis njhis ahid Mid

tul;rp twl;rp akd; vkd;

tpau;it Ntu;it coWjy; csUjy;

ahz;L Mz;L

xypj jpUj;jk:

rpyu; nrhy;ypd; mbr;nrhy; gw;wpj; njupahJ gpioAw vOJfpd;wdu;.

,j;jifa jtWfisAk; vOJk; nghOJ fisa Ntz;Lk;. ek;kpy; gyUk;

,j; jtWfisr; nra;tjhy; ,j; jtWfisj; jtwhfNt fUJtjpy;iy.

,Ug;gpDk; ,j;jifa jtWfisj; jpUj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ

mtrpakhFk;.

gpio jpUjjk; gpio jpUjjk;

mlkhdk; milkhdk; Cuzp CUzp

mlkio milkio vz;iz vz;nza;

,lJ gf;fk; ,lg; gf;fk; ve;jd; vd;wd;

ce;jd; cd;wd; fj;jupf;Nfhy; fj;jupf;Nfhy;

clik cilik fu;g;G+uk; fUg;G+uk;

rpj;jupf;fpwhs; rpj;jpupf;fpwhs; Rtw;wpy; Rtupy;

njhe;jpuT njhe;juT ehfuPfk; ehfupfk;

ehop ehopif gjl;lk; gjw;wk;

taW tapW tuT rpyT tuT nryT

tpdhafu; tpehafu; nta;apy; ntapy;

ntd;dp nte;ePu; NjdPu; NjePu;

NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sit m. fp. gue;jhkhdhu; vOjpAs;s ‗ey;y

jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh‘ vd;w E}ypypUe;Jk; fzgjp gps;is vOjpa ‗gapw;rpj;

jkpo;‘ (Kjyhk; ghfk;) vd;w E}ypypUe;Jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;litahFk;. vOj;Jg;

gpiofs; tuhkypUf;f khztu;fs; ,e; E}y;fspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s



13

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisj; njupe;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. vOj;Jg; gpiofs; tuhky;

,Uj;jw;Fr; rpy topfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mitahtd:

1. gpioaw;w E}y;fisg; gbj;jy;

2. nrhy;ypd; gFjp ghu;j;J vOJjy;3. nghUs; epidNthL vOJjy;

vdNt> nghUswpe;J vOjpdhy; vOj;Jg; gpiofs; Vw;glh vd;gu; m. fp.

gue;jhkdhu;. ,itNa ey;y jkpo; vOJtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilf;

fhuzpfs; vdyhk;.

jkpo vOj;jpay -- tpsffg; glk

khztu fUjjpy; nfhss Ntz; bad:

1. nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ahit?

2. nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ahit?

3. nrhy;Yf;F <w;wpy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ahit?

4. gpd;tUk; ,izr; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; NtWghl;bidg; Gyg;gLj;jp

mtw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jg; goFf.

muk; mwk;> ,wq;F ,uq;F> ,iu ,iw>

gzp gdp> md;dhs; me;ehs;> <e;jhs; <d;whs;>

mfy; mfo;> ,opj;jy; ,spj;jy;> tpsp tpop>

Ntiy Ntis.

jkpo; vOj;Jfs; xyp khw;wk ; xyp NtWghL

capu; nka; capu;nka; Ma;jk;

(12) (18) (216) (1)

1. Xupdkhjy;

2. mir nfly;

3. capu; Njhd;wy;

4. capnuhl;L

5. capu; nfly;

6. nka; nfly;

7. ,lk; ngauy;

8. clk;g nka;

1. ufu> wfu NtWghL

2. dfu> zfu NtWghL

3. yfu> ofu> sfu NtWghL

4. ,U tup tbtk;

5. xypj; jpUj;jk;



14

5. gpd;tUQ; nrhw;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpioapidj; jpUj;Jf:

mlkhdk;> ce;jd;> rpj;jupf;fpd;whs;> vz;iz> tuT rpyT> ntd;dp>

NjdPu;.

6. gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspy; tUk; l> y vOj;Jfs; jkpopy; (nrhy;Yf;FKjypy;) vt;thW ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;?

7. jkpo; vOj;Jfspy; fhzg;gLk; xyp khw;wk;> xypj; jpUj;jk;> xyp

NtWghL Mfpad Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit?

8. Xupdkhjy;> nkhopj; jpupG Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit?

9. jkpo; vOj;Jfspd; nghUs; NtWghL Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpf;f.

Jiz Gupej E}yfs;:

1. m. fp. gue;jhkhdu; : ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh?

my;yp epiyak; 19 Kj;J Kjypj; njU>

Ntg;Ngup> nrd;id – 600007.

Mwhk; gjpg;G 1978

2. njd;GNyhypA+u; gapw;rpj; jkpo; (Kjyhk; ghfk;)

K. fzgjpg; gps;is njd;GNyhypA+u;> ,yq;if>

Kjw; gjpg;G – 1955.

3. uh. rPdpthrd; vk;. V. nkhopapay;>

ghup epiyak;> 59 gpuhl;Nt>

nrd;id – 1

Kjw; gjpg;G – 1960.



15

ghlk - 2

nrhy;ypay;

xU tpsffk:

khztu;fSf;F vOj;Jg; gapw;rp vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdNjh mt;tsTKf;fpakhdJ nrhw; gapw;rpahFk;. Xu; vOj;jhdJ jdpj;J epd;Wk; my;yJ

gy vOj;JfNshL Nru;e;Jk; xU nghUis czu;j;Jkhapd; mJ nrhy;

vdg;gLk;. vOj;Nj jdpj;Jk; njhlu;e;Jk; nghUs; jupd; gjkhk; vd;W

gtze;jpahu; $WtJk; ,JNt. njhy;fhg;gpau; fhye;njhl;Nl nrhy;ypd; kuG

mwpe;J nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Nghf;F tsu;e;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.

nkhop vd;gJ gy;NtW nrhw;fspd; njhFjpNa. nkhopapd; fz;Zs;s

vy;yhr; nrhw;fSk; nghUs; czu;j;jf; $badNt. ,jidNa

njhy;fhg;gpaUk;> ―vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt‖ vd;gu;> ,j;jifanrhw;fshdJ kf;fsJ xypg;G Kiwapd;> ,l NtWghl;bd;> jl;gntl;g

epiyapd; fhuzkhfg; gy khWjy;fSf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. rhg;gpl;lhd; vd;W

xUtd; nrhd;dTld; nrd;id khepyj;jpYs;s jkpou;fs; kl;Lky;y

cynfq;fpYk; FbNawpAs;s vy;yhj; jkpou;fSk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

,j;jifa ,ay;ghd nrhw;fis ,aw;nrhy; vdTk; ,lj;Jf;F ,lk;

khWgl;L tUk; nrhw;fisj; jpirr; nrhy; vdTk; tof;fpy; khwp

xypf;fg;gLk; nrhw;fisj; jpupnrhy; vdTk; tlnkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;J

jkpopy; gof;fj;jpy; cs;s nrhw;fis tlnrhy; vdTk; $Wtu;.

ngau;r nrhy;:

,aw;nrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> tlnrhy; vd;Dk; ehd;F tifahd

nrhw;fisAk; khztu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,Ue;jhYk;

nrhw;fs; vd;wTld; khztu;fspd; ftdj;Jf;F tuNtz;bad ,uz;L

tifahd nrhw;fshFk;. xd;W ngau;r; nrhy;. ,uz;L tpidr; nrhy;. ngau;r;

nrhy;yhdJ Ntw;Wik AUG nfhs;Sk;. tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ Ntw;Wik

cUG Vw;fhJ. ngau;r; nrhy;yhdJ fhyk; czu;j;jhJ. tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ

fhyk; czu;j;Jk;. ,itNa ngau;r; nrhy;Yf;Fk; tpidr; nrhy;Yf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfshFk;. jkpopy; cs;s ngau;r; nrhw;fis ,uz;L

tifahfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

1. nghUis czu;j;Jtd

2. khw;whf czu;j;Jtd

vd ,Utifg;gLk;.



16

nghUis czuj;Jtd:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fz;zd;> rhe;jh> epyk;> fhyk;> kfd;> kfs;> ek;gp>

eq;if.

khwwhf tUtd:

vLj;Jf; fhl;L: mtd;> mts;> mtu;> mJ> mit.

jkpopy; ngau;r; nrhw;fs; jpizg; ghFghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;

miktdthFk;. ,Nj Neuj;jpy; ngau;r; nrhy;yhdJ ,LFwpahfNth> fhuzg;

ngauhfNth fhuz ,LFwpahfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

,LFwpg ngau: fy;> kz;.

fhuzg ngau: tapW> if.fhuz ,LFwpg; ngau: ehw;fhyp> fhw;whb.

,t;tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngau;r; nrhw;fis nghUs; mbg;gilapy;

nghUl;ngau;> ,lg; ngau;> rpidg; ngau;> gz;Gg; ngau; vdg; gFg;gu;. Xu;

mbr; nrhy;NyhL Mf;f cWGfs; Nru;e;J ngau;r; nrhy;yhtij Mf;fg;

ngau;r; nrhy; vd;gu; uh. rPdpthrd;.

Mffg ngaur nrhy;:

vLj;Jf; fhl;L: ky; mu; kyu;

,Us; J ,Ul;L

Nrhu; T Nrhu;T

ngau;r; nrhw;fis> 1. tpidahyidAk; ngau;> 2. njhopw; ngau;> 3.

ghy;gfu; ngau;> 4. fhuzg; ngau; vdTk; gpupg;gu;.

1. tpidahyizAk; ngau:

‗mtd; nra;jhd;‘ vd;Dk; njhlupy; nra;jhd; vd;Dk; tpid Kw;whdJ

‗nra;jhidf; fz;Nld;‘ vd;Dk; njhlupy; tpidahyizAk; ngau;

MfptpLfpwJ.

2. njhopw ngau:

tpidahyizAk; ngau;> fhyk; czu;j;Jk;> njhopw; ngau;> fhyk;

czu;j;jhJ. jy;> my;> mk;> I> if> it> F> G> rp> tp> Ts; kw;Wk;



17

,d;Ndhud;d tpFjpfSs; VNjDk; xd;wpidf; nfhz;LtUtJ njhopw; ngau;.

mtw;wpw;Fr; rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

tpidab jy; : nra;jy; mk; : Nehf;fk;

my; : Xly; it : ghu;itif : tUif jp : kwjp

G : kbg;G I : nfhiy

F : Nghf;F

ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; Nru;e;Jk; ngau;r; nrhy;yhjy; cz;L. ,jidg;

ghy;gfu; ngau;r;nrhy; vdyhk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

nra;J mtd; nra;jtd;

xU fhuzk; gw;wp tUk; ngau;r; nrhy;iyf; fhuzg; ngau; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

nghd;dd; : nghd;id cilatd;

kuNkwp : kuk; VWgtd;

rhyp> thd;> khd;> fhud;> fhup te;ju; Kjyhd tlnkhopr; nrhw;fNshL

Nru;e;Jk; ngau;r; nrhy;yhjy; cz;L. ,jidf; fyitr; nrhy; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

thd; : jdthd;> ghf;fpathd;

khd; : ePjpkhd;> Gj;jpkhd;

fhud; : gzf;fhud;> Ntiyf;fhud;

fhup : gzf;fhup> Ntiyf;fhup> tk;Gf;fhup

te;ju; : nry;te;ju;> jd;te;ju;.

xd;wd; ngau; kw;nwhd;Wf;F Mfp tUtij MFngau; vd;gu;.

―jiyf;F ,uz;ldh nfhL‖ vd;gjpy; ‗jiy‘ vd;gJ Misf; Fwpg;gjhy;

MFngau; vd;whapw;W. ,JNghd;W tpdhg; ngau; vdTk;> njhFjpg; ngau;

vdTk; ghFghL nra;ayhk;. ngau;r; nrhw;fisg; gw;wp NgRk;nghOJ jpiz>ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Ntw;Wik gw;wp tpsf;fKk; khztu;fSf;F XusthtJ

Ntz;Lk;.

jpiz:

jkpopy; ngaUk; tpidAk; ghy;> jpiz> fhl;Ljy; ngupJk;

tw;GWj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J nkhopapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.



18

Mq;fpyj;jpy; tpidr; nrhw;fspy; ghy; ghFghL ,y;iy. I cut, You cut, They

cut vd tUtijf; fhzyhk;. jpiz vd;gJ xOf;fk; my;yJ ghFghL

vdg;gLk;. cau;jpiz> m/wpiz vdj; jpiz ,Utifg;gLk;.

cau;jpiz : kf;fs;> Njtu;> eufu;

m/wpiz : kuk;> kiy> eha; ,t;tpuz;L jpizf;Fk; ciladthfTk; xU rpytw;iwr; nrhy;yyhk;.

flTs; ,Uf;fpwhu; : rhkp tUfpwhu;

flTs; ,Uf;fpwJ : rhkp ,Uf;fpwJ

ghy; :

ghy; vd;gJk; gFg;G my;yJ gpupT vdg;gLk;. Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;>

gyu; ghy;> xd;wd; ghy;> gytpd; ghy; vdg; ghy; Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

cau; jpiz Mz;ghy; : fz;zd;> mtd;

ngz;ghy; : rPij> mts; gyu;ghy; : kf;fs;> gyu;

xd;wd;ghy; : khL> mJ

gytpd;ghy; : khLfs;> mit

vz;:

vz; xUik gd;ik vd ,U tifg;gLk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;lijf;

Fwpg;gJ gd;ik vdg;gLk;.

,lk;:

jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if vd ,lk; %tifg;gLk;.

jd;ik

xUik gdik

ehd;> ahd; ehk;> ehq;fs;> ahk;> ahq;fs;

Kd;dpiy

xUik gdik

eP ePu;> ePq;fs;

glu;f;if

xUik gdik

mtd;> mts;> mJ. mtu;fs;> mit



19

―xU nghUis xUfhy; tpid Kjyhf;fpAk;> xUfhy; nrag;gL

nghUshf;fpAk;> xUfhy; fUtpahf;fpAk;> xUfhy; Vw;gjhf;fpAk;> xUfhy; ePq;f

epw;gjhf;fpAk;> xUfhy; ,lkhf;fpAk; epw;gjhy; Ntw;Wik vdg; ngau;

ngw;wjha;r; nrhy;Ytu; nja;tr;rpiyahu;. RUq;fr; nrhd;dhy; ngau;r;

nrhy;ypd; nghUis NtWgLj;JtNj Ntw;Wik vdyhk;. ,ay;gha; epw;Fk; ngau;fs; thf;fpaq;fspy; tUk;nghOJ mtw;wpd; nghUs; jpupe;J tUk;. ,J

Ntw;Wik. ,g;gbj; jpuptjw;F mwpFwpahfg; ngau;fspd; vOj;JfNsh

nrhw;fNsh Nru;f;fg;gL;. ,t;thW Nru;f;fg;gLk; vOj;JfisAk; nrhw;fisAk;

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vd tpsf;Ftu; m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;.

NtwWik NtwWik cUGfs

1. Kjyhk; Ntw;Wik : cUG ,y;iy.

2. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik : I

3. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik : My;> Md;> xL> XL> cld;> nfhz;L.

4. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik : F> nghUl;L> epkpj;jk;> Mf.5. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik : ,y;> ,d;> ,ypUe;J> epd;W.

6. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik : mJ> MJ> m> cila.

7. Vohk; Ntw;Wik : ,y;> cs;> ,lk;> Kd;> gpd;> fz;> ghy;> fPo;.

8. vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik : cUG ,y;iy.

tpidr nrhy:

ngau;r; nrhy;Yf;Fk; tpidr; nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghlhdJ

kpf Ez;zpaJ. ngau;r; nrhy; fhyk; fhl;lhJ. tpidr; nrhy; fhyk;

fhl;Lk;. ngau;r; nrhy; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;. tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ

Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;fhJ. tpidr; nrhy; gw;wp m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; $Wtij

,q;F epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ―nkhopf;F ,d;wpaikahj cWg;G

tpidr; nrhy;yhFk;. tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ xU nghUspd; Gilg;

ngau;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk;. tpidr; nrhy; njupAk;gbahfthtJ Fwpg;ghfthtJ

fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. ,jdhy; tpidr; nrhy;iyg; nghJthff; fhyf; fpstp

vd;gu;. jkpopy; tpidr; nrhw;fspd; jd;ikfis ed;F mwpe;jhy;jhd;

nkhopapy; ty;ytuhjy; ,aYk;.‖

tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ njupepiy tpid vd;Wk; Fwpg;G tpid vd;Wk;

,U tifg;gLk;. njupepiy tpidahdJ tpidabiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

Xbdhd; - ,jpy; XL vd;gJ tpidg;gFjpahf ,Uf;Fk;. Fwpg;G

tpidapd; gFjpahdJ ngau;r; nrhy;yhapUf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:



20

nghd;dd; - ,jpy; nghd; vd;gJ ngau;r;nrhy;.

tpidahdJ Kw;W vd;Wk; vr;rk; vd;Wk; ,Utifg;gLk;. xU

nrhy;yhdJ Kw;Wg; ngw;wpUg;gpd; Kw;W vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fhf;if gwe;jJ.

,jpy; gwe;jJ vd;gJ Kw;Wg; ngw;w epfo;r;rpahjypd; tpidKw;W

(Finitive Verb) vdg;gLk;. fhf;if fupaJ vd;gJ FwpG tpidKw;W.

vr;rk; vd;gJ xU fUj;jhdJ \ nrayhdJ Kw;Wg; ngwhky; ,Ug;gJ.

,J nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. ‗XLfpw Fjpiu‘ ,J

nganur;rk;. (Relative Verbal form) ,jpy; ‗XLfpw‘ vd;Dk; nrhy;

Kw;Wg;ngwhky; Fjpiu vd;Dk; ngau; nfhz;L Kbe;jJ. ,jdhy;> ,J

nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,JTk; njupepiyg; nganur;rk;> Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;>

vd ,U tifg;gLk;. NkYk; cld;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;

vdTk; gpupg;gu;. Mbg; ghbdhs; vd;Dk; njhlupy; ‗Mb‘ vd;Dk; tpidahdJ

Kw;whfg; ngwhky; ‗ghbdhs;‘ vd;Dk; tpidKw;W nfhz;L Kbe;jpUg;gjhy;

tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,t; tpidnar;rkhdJ gpwpnjhU

tpidnar;rj;ijAk;> nganur;rj;ijAk;> tpidKw;iwAk;> njhopw; ngaiuAk;>

tpidahyizAk; ngaiuAk; xl;b tUk;. fPNo rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd:

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:Xb te;J epw;fpwhd; Xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; te;J

vd;Dk; tpidnar;rj;ijj; jOtp

epw;fpwhd; vd;Dk; tpidKw;W nfhz;L

Kbe;jJ.

Xb te;j igad; Xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; te;j vd;Dk;

nganur;rj;ijj; jOtp epd;wJ.

Xb tpisahLjy; Xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; tpisahLjy;

vd;Dk; njhopypd; ngaiuf; nfhz;L

Kbe;jJ.

Xb te;jd;

tpOe;J fple;jhd; Xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; tpOe;jtd;

vd;Dk; tpidahyizAk; ngau; nfhz;L

Kbe;jJ.



21

,t; tpidnar;rkhdJ ,we;jfhy tpidnar;rk;> epfo;fhy

tpidnar;rk;> vjpu;fhy tpidnar;rk; vd %tifg;gLk;.

1. ,wejfhy tpidnarrk:

c> ,> a;> vd;gdtw;iwg; gFjpfshff; nfhz;L tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:nraJ Nghdhd> Xb Mbdhd> Ngha epdwhd

2. epfofhy tpidnarrk;:

nra vd;Dk; tha;ghL nfhz;L KbAk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L: nra;ar; nrhd;dhd;> Ml tUfpwhd;

3. vjpufhy tpidnarrk;:

,J> ,d;> My;> thd;> ghd; vd;Dk; tpFjpfSs; VNjDk; xd;iwg;

ngw;W tUk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L: te;jhy; jUNtd;> nra;thd;> GFNtd;> cz;ghd;>

NghNtd;. ,it Nghd;W vjpu; kiwahfTk; J> ky;> Nk vd;Dk;

tpFjpfisf; nfhz;Lk; vjpu;kiw tpidnar;rk; tUk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

fhzhJ nrd;whd;> cz;zhky; Nghdhd;> cz;zhNk

nfhLj;jhd;.

tpidnar;rq;fisg; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fk; khztu;fSf;F kpfTk;

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. gy thf;fpaq;fis ,izj;J XNu thf;fpakhf

vOJtjw;F tpidnar;r mikg;G cjTfpwJ.

mtd; Xbdhd;> mtd; Mbdhd;> mtd; ghbdhd; vd;Dk; %d;W

thf;fpaq;fisAk; Xb Mbg; ghbdhd; vd xNu thf;fpakhf vOjp tplyhk;.

jkpo; nkhopapy; tpidnar;rq;fs; kpfTk; mw;Gjkhdit. kpf ePz;l

,uhkhazf; fijiaNah ghujf; fijiaNah tpidnar;rq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp E}W gf;fk; tuf;$ba xNu thf;fpakhf vOjptpl KbAk;.

jd tpidAk> gpw tpidAk;:



22

xU nrayhdJ Neupilahfr; nra;gtidr; rhu;e;J tUtJ jd; tpid

vd;Wk;> xUtd; nra;Ak; nrayhdJ mtidr; rhu;e;J tuhky; gpwiur;

rhu;e;J tUtjw;Fg; gpwtpid vd;Wk; tpidiag; ghFghL nra;tu;.

jdtpid gpwtpid

jpUe;Jthd; jpUj;Jthd;

mikthd; mikg;ghd;

mlq;Fthd; mlf;Fthd;

ngUfpdhd; ngUf;fpdhd;

MLthd; Ml;Lthd;

khWthd; khw;Wthd;

khwpdhd; khw;wpdhd;

tpid tiffs:

tpidr; nrhy;iy mJ czu;j;Jk; nghUSf;F Vw;gTk;

tifg;gLj;Jtu;. ,jid Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‗MOODS‘ vd;gu;. xU nraiyg;

gw;wpr; nrhy;tjid tpid epiyAzu;j;jy; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L: jkpo; cz;L@ mtd; fupad;.

xU nraiyr; nra;a xUtid VTtJ Vty; tpid vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

el> th Ngh> cz;.

xUtid tho;j;jTk; itaTk; nra;tjid tpaq;Nfhs; tpid vd;gu;.

Vty; tpidNa tpaq;NfhshfTk; tUk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

eP nra;f Vty; tpid

eP tho;f tpaq;Nfhs; tpid

xU epge;jidapd; mbahf tUtij fl;lis tpid vdyhk;. ,d;>

,y;> My;> fhy;> Vy;> Mapd; Kjypatw;Ws; xd;W nfhz;Ltupd;> fl;listpidahFk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

tupd; jUNtd; tupy; jUNtd;

tUq;fhy; fpilf;Fk; tUthNay; fpilf;Fk;

tUthNay; ey;yJ fpilf;Fkhapd; ey;yJ

Nfl;lhy; fpilf;Fk;.



23

,J nra; vd tUtij> nra; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpid vdyhk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

ney; tpisa kio nga;jJ.

Nfhop $tg; nghOJ tpbe;jJ.

nra tpidAk;> nragghlL tpidAk:

Mq;fpyj;jpy; nra;tpid nrag;ghl;L tpid vd ,Utifahd tpid

mikg;Gfs; cz;L.

ehd; ,e;j tPl;ilf; fl;bNdd;.

,e;j tPl;il ehd; fl;bNdd;

vd ,U tifahfj; jkpopy; xU tif tpidkhw;wKk; nra;ahky; nrag;gL

nghUis Kjypy; itf;f KbfpwJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrag;gL nghUis

Kjypy; itj;J mjw;Fr; rpwg;Gf; nfhLf;f ‗,U‘ vd;w nghUisAilaJiz tpidfs; Kd;du; mikf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

This house was built by me.

This house has been built by me.

This house is being built by me.

This house is built by me.

vd;W Mq;fpy thf;fpaq;fs; nrag;ghl;Lg; nghUspy; mikjy; kpFjp vd;gu;

uh. rPdpthrd;.

jkpopy; Mapw;W> My; vd;Dk; Jiz tpidfisf; nfhz;L

nrag;ghl;L tpidg; nghUs; czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

Kbe;J Nghapw;W

mJ vd;dhy; cile;jJ.

,it Nghd;Nw nganur;rKk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; nrag;ghl;L tpidr; nraiy czu;j;Jtijf; fhzyhk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

vOjpd E}y; Ntz;Lk; - nganur;rk;

nrhd;dJ NghJk; - tpidahyizAk; ngau;.



24

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nrag;ghl;L tpid tbtk; ,y;iynad;gJ xU

rpy nkhop E}yhupd; fUj;jhFk;. gL vd;w Jiz tpid nfhz;L

nrag;ghl;L tpidg; nghUis czu;j;JtNj jkpo; tof;fhFk;.

xypr nrhwfs:

nrhy;Yf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; njhlu;G ,Ug;gJ NghyNt xypf;Fk;

XusTf;Fj; njhlu;G ,Uf;fpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wk; cupr; nrhy;iyf;

fzk; xypr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; vdyhk;. cupr; nrhy;yhdJ gz;G>

Fwpg;G Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk; vd;gu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. ,ir

gw;wp mikAk; nrhw;fNs xypr; nrhw;fshFk;. xypr; nrhw;fs; xypf;

Fwpg;GfshfTk; KOr; nrhw;fshfTk; tUtdthFk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

xy;nyd xypj;jJ - xypf; Fwpg;ghf te;jJ.

Ff;$ vd;wJ Nfhop - xypf; Fwpg;ghf te;jJ.xypr; nrhw;fs; ,ul;bj;Jk;> vd;W> vd vd;Dk; Jiz tpFjpfs; nfhz;Lk;

,y;yhkYk; tUk;. ,tw;iw ,ul;ilf; fpstp vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

jljl vd;W jl;bdhd;

klkl vdg; Ngrpdhd;

glglj;jJ

JbJbj;jJ.

xNu nrhy;yhdJ kWKiwAk; Kd; nrhd;djw;F vjpnuhypahf

tUtij vjpnuhypr; nrhy; vdyhk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

tz;b fpz;b> NrhW fPW> jz;zp fpz;zp> tPL fPL> fe;jy;

fpe;jy;. ,q;Ff; fp> fP vdj; njhlq;Fk; nrhw;fNs vjpnuhypr;

nrhw;fshf te;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;ntjpnuhypr; nrhw;fs;

nghUs; czu;j;jh. rk;gsk; fpk;gsk; vd;Dk; vjpnuhypr;

nrhy;ypy; kl;Lk; fpk;gsk; vd;gJ yQ;rk;> Coy; Mfpatw;if;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

tk;G Jk;G> Xl;il xilry;> rhf;Fg; Nghf;F> nfhQ;r eQ;rk;>

mb jb> mf;fk; gf;fk;> kpr;rk; kPjp> fq;F fiu> jq;F jil>

Ngr;R %r;R> vf;fr; rf;fk;> fpl;lj; jl;l.



25

,q;F Kjy; nrhy;iyj; njhlu;e;J tuf;$ba nrhy;yhdJ

nghUs; czu;j;Jk; nrhy;yhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jid ,izr;

nrhy; vd;gu;.

,it jtpu rpy xypr; nrhw;fs; kpFjpg; nghUis czu;j;JtijAk; fhzyhk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

gr;irg; gNry;> fd;dq; fNuy;> nts;is ntNsu;> rpd;dQ; rpW>

jd;de; jdp> Gj;jk; GjpJ> ntl;il ntsp> el;leL> gl;lg; gfy;>

jl;Lj; jil

,ilr; nrhy :

ngau; tpidr; nrhw;fisr; rhu;e;J tuf;$ba nrhy;Yf;F ,ilr; nrhy;

vd;gu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. ed;D}y; $Wk; ,ilr; nrhy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; khztu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpakpy;iy. ,Ue;jhYk;

Vfhu ,ilr; nrhy;> Xfhu ,ilr; nrhy;> ck;ik ,ilr;nrhy; Mfpatw;iwg;

gw;wp XusT njupe;J nfhs;StJ eyk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

ghz;ltUs; jUkNd ey;ytd; - gpupepiy

gs;spf;$lj;jpw;Fj;jhNd Nghfpwha;? - tpdh

fhjNy ngupJ - cau;T

fhkNk ngupJ - ,opT

,ijg; NghyNt Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy;yhdJ>

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

gpr;ir vLf;fNth te;jha;? - xopapir

ehNdh nra;Ntd;? - vjpu;kiw

ePNah ghbdha;? - tpdh

ehNah eupNah te;jpUf;Fk; - Iak;

ck;ikr; nrhy;yhdJ>

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

%tUk; te;jdu; - Kw;Wk;ik

ehAk; ,r;Nrhw;iwj; jpd;dhJ - ,opT



26

Fuq;Fk; VwKbahj kuk; - cau;T

mz;zDk; jk;gpAk; te;jhu;fs; - vz;Zk;ik

ePAk; Ngh> ehDk; tUfpNwd; - ,we;jJ

jOtpaJ Kjyhd nghUspy; tUk;.



27

nrhy;ypay; tpsf;fg; glk; - 1

jpid (2) ghy; (5) tO (7) Ntw;Wik (8) njhif (6) ,lk; (3) fhyk; (3) nghJ nkhop

cau; jpiz>

m/wpiz

Mz;ghy;

ngz;ghy;

gyu;ghy;

xd;wd;ghy;

gytpd;ghy;

jpiztO

ghy;tO

,ltO

fhytO

kuGtO

nrg;GtO

tpzt

1-Mk; Ntw;Wik

2-Mk; Ntw;Wik

3-Mk; Ntw;Wik

4-Mk; Ntw;Wik

5-Mk; Ntw;Wik

6-Mk; Ntw;Wik

7-Mk; Ntw;Wik

8-Mk; Ntw;Wik

Ntw;Wikj;

njhif

ctikj; njhif

tpidj; njhif

gz;Gj; njhif

ck;ikj njhif

md;nkhopj; njhif

jd;ik

Kd;dpiy

glu;if

tof;F

nra;As;

,we;j fhyk;

epfo; fhyk;

vjpu; fhyk;

ciuahrpupau;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sgngw;w nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapd; tiuglk; ,J. ,jd; Kyk; nrhy;

gw;wpa Muha;r;rpapid vz; tifahf Nkw;nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gJ tpsq;Fk;. gl;lg; gbg;G gapYk;

khztu;fs; ,t;ntz; tifahd nrhy;yhuha;r;rptopj; jkpo;r; nrhw;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;thu;fshdhy;

mtu;fs; nkhopj;jpwd; kpf;ftuhf tpsq;Fjy; jpz;zk;.



28

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

nrhyypay; tpsffg glk - 2

khztu kdjpy nfhssNtzbad:

1. gpd;tUk; jd;tpidfisg; gpwtpidfshf;fp thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jj;

jUf:

mfy;> mlq;F> mUe;J> ,U> cij> csw;W> XL> nry;> jL> gapy;>

kiw> it.

2. gpd;tUk; gpwtpidg; gFjpfSf;Fupa jd;tpidg; gFjpfis vOjp

mtw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jj; jUf:

mwptp> Ml;L> ,zf;F> cUf;F> fhl;L> Njw;W> czu;j;J> Nghf;F>

khw;W> %l;L> tUj;J> tPo;j;J.

3. ngauhf;fr; nrhw;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; vOjpg; goF.

4. thd;> khd;> fhud;> fhup> te;ju; - vd;Dk; ,r; nrhw;fspd; mbahfj;

Njhd;Wk; ngau;r; nrhw;fis vOJf:

5. nrag;gL tpidf;Fk; nrag;ghl;L tpidf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; je;J tpsf;F.

6. gpd;tUk; xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fis (xypr; nrhw;fis) thf;fpaq;fspy;

mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

jdp nkhop njhlu; nkhop

ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup(rhj;jhd;) (cz;lhd;) (kw;W) (edp)

,Unkhop(rhj;jhd; czlhd;)

gd; nkhop

(mwk; Ntz;murd; cyGupe;jhd;)



29

klkl> jljl> rlrl> ryry> FGFG> rsrs> flfl> glgl>

jsjs> ksks> fyfy> gsgs> NrhNrh> fzfz> lklk>

tltl.

tz;bfpz;b> NrhWfPW> tPLfPL> rk;gsk; fpk;gsk;> ghid fPid>

rl;bfpl;b> NkhU fPU> jz;zp fpz;zp.7. gpd;tUk; ,dr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jg; nghUs;

Gyg;gLj;Jf:

fq;F fiu> jq;F jil> mf;fk; gf;fk;> kpr;rk; kPjp> Ngr;R %r;R>

vf;fr; rf;fk;> fpl;lj; jl;l> Nfhl;il nfhj;jsk;> gl;lk; gjtp> rl;l

jpl;lk;> mUik ngUik> eiu jpiu> Fg;igf; $sk;> ,d;g Jd;gk;>

jg;gpj; jtwp> cUz;L jpuz;L> fz;l Jz;lkhf> rhf;Fg; Nghf;F.

Jiz Gupej E}yfs;:

1. uh. rPdpthrd; : nkhop ,ay;>ghup epiyak;> 59> gpuhl;Nt> nrd;id - 1.

Kjw;gjpg;G 1960.

2. m.fp. gue;jhkdhu; : ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh?

my;yp epiyak;>

19> Kj;JKjyp njU> Ntg;Ngup>

nrd;id – 600007.

Mwhk; gjpg;G> 1978.



30

ghlk - 3

njhlupay;

Xu; mwpKfk:

vOj;J> jdpj;Njh my;yJ ,ize;Njh nrhy;yhfpwJ. ,r; nrhy;yhdJ

nghUis czu;e;J jdp epiyahf nkhopapy; nray;gl;lhYk; xU

fUj;jpid> Xu; vz;zj;ij/mDgtj;ij ntspaplg; NghJkhdjhf

,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ. vdNt> xU fhyj;jpy; kdk; gy nrhw;fis

,izj;Jg; ghu;f;fj; njhlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k; Kaw;rpapd; tpisNt

kdpjd; jd; mDgtj;ijr; nrhw;fshy; njhlu; nkhopahf> thf;fpaq;fshf

ntspaplj; njhlq;fpdhd;. njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpd; Kjy;

mjpfhukhfpa fpstpahf;fk; vd;Dk; jiyg;Gf;F tpsf;fk; $wpa

nja;tr;rpiyahu; fpstpahf;fk; vd;why; fpstpajhf;fk; vdTk;>

fpstpajhf;fk; vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; nrhy;ypdJ njhlu;r;rp vdTk;

$wpapUg;gJ ,q;F epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

nkhopg; gapw;rp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; vOj;jpay;> nrhy;ypay; vd;Dk; ,U

ghlq;fisg; gbj;j khztu;fSf;Fj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?> njhlu; nkhop

vd;why; vd;d? vd;gdtw;iw tpsf;fp mtw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

njhlupay; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; vOjg; ngw;wNj ,g; ghlkhFk;. jkpopy;

njhluikg;Ggw;wp> njhlupay;gw;wpg; gy nkhop E}y; ty;ytu;fs; gy

E}y;fis vOjpapUe;jhYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gpioaw vOjTk;> GJg;GJ

thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;fTk;> gy thf;fpaq;fspd; mikg;gpidg;

Gupe;Jnfhs;sTk; cjtf;$ba tifapy; khztu;fSf;nfd tOjg;

ngw;Ws;s E}y; xd;W$l fpilahJ vdyhk;.

,Ue;jhYk; Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu; vOjpa ‗cau;juf; fl;Liu

,yf;fzk; (Kjyhk; ghfk;)‘ vd;Dk; E}iyAk; njd;GNyhypA+u; K. fzgjpg;

gps;is vOjpa ‗gapw;rpj; jkpo; (,uz;lhk; ghfk;)‘ vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,q;F

Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpU E}y;fSk; khztu;fSf;F thf;fpa mikg;Gg; gw;wpAk;> thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;Fk; tifiag; gw;wpAk; tpupthfr;

nrhy;Ytijf; fhzyhk;. khztu;fs; ,t;tpU E}y;fisAk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,it jtpu m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; vOjpa ‗ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh?

vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s thf;fpa KiwfisAk;> mikf;Fk; tiffisAk;

‗thf;fpa mikg;gpy; mwpa Ntz;bad‘> ‗Njb itj;j nry;tk;‘ Kjyhd



31

mjpfhuq;fisf; fl;lhak; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw gbg;gpd; khztu;fs;

nkhopj; jpwNdhL vOj;Jj; jpwd; kpf;ftuhfTk; tpsq;Ftu; vd;gJ cWjp.

‗thf;fpak;‘ vd;gJ tlnrhy; vd;W Nfl;Fk;NghJ tpag;gilayhk;.

thf;fpaj;jpw;Fj; jkpo;r; nrhy; ,y;iyah? vd;W xUtu; Nfl;fyhk;.thf;fpaj;ij ‗Kw;Wr; nrhw;nwhlu;‘ vdyhk;. thf;fpak; vd;gNj ngupJk;

toq;fpte;jpUg;gjhy; ehk; mr; nrhy;iy Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhy; jtwpy;iy.

‗Kw;Wr; nrhw;nwhlu;‘ vd;why; ,d;W mJ gyUf;Fg; Gupahj Gjpuhf ,Uf;Fk;.

thf;fpak; ciueilapy; kpfkpf ,d;wpaikahj gFjpahFk; vd;W m.fp.

gue;jhkdhu; $WtJ nghUj;jNk. thf;fpaq;fspd; mikg;GKiw gw;wpg;

NgRtij nkhop E}y; ty;Yeu; njhlupay; vd;gu;. ciuahrpupau;fSk;

,Unkhopj; njhlu;. gd;nkhopj; njhlu; vdg; NgRtjhy; thf;fpa mikg;Gg;

gw;wp ,dp NgRk;nghOJ nghJthfj; njhlu; vdg; Ngryhk;.

njhlupaiy %d;W tifahfg; gpupg;gu; nkhop E}yhu;. mit

gpd;tUkhW: 1. njhlu; mikg;G 2. njhlu; Kiw 3. njhlu; ,iaG

1. njhlu mikgG:

thf;fpaq;fspy; gytifr; nrhw;fs; rpy xOq;fhd Kiwfspy;

njhlu;e;J epw;fpd;wd. ‗rhj;jhd; cz;lhd;‘ vd;Wk; njhlupy; cs;s ,uz;L

nrhw;fSk; jk;kpy; njhlu;GiladNt. ,ijg; Nghd;Nw ―ePz;L tsu;e;j

kuj;jpd; Nky; Vwpdhd;‖ vd;Dk; njhlupy; xt;nthU nrhy;Yk; mLj;jpUf;Fk; nrhy;NyhL njhlu;GilaJ vdf;nfhs;shky; ―ePz;L tsu;e;j kuj;jpd; Nky;

Vwpdhd;‖ vd;gJ xU njhFjpahfTk;> ―Fs;s cUtKs;s igad;‖ vd;gJ

xU njhFjpahfTk; nfhz;L nghUs; czu;fpwhu;fs;. ,j;

njhFjpfSf;fpilNa cs;s cwT vj;jijfaJ vd;gJ xt;nthUtUf;Fk;

njupahtpbDk; gof;fj;jhy; nrhy; njhFjpfspd; mikg;Gf;fs; mtu;fs;

kdj;jpy; gjpe;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,t;tikg;Gfis khztu;fSf;F tpsf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

―ngupa ebfd; tpiue;J te;jhd;‖ vd;Dk; njhlupy; ‗ngupa ebfd;‘ vd;gJ xU njhlu;. ‗tpiue;J te;jhd;‘ vd;gJ ,d;ndhU njhlu;. ,j;

njhliu>

1. ebfd; te;jhd; 2. ngupa ebfd; 3. tpiue;J te;jhd; 4. ngupa

ebfd; tpiue;J te;jhd;.



32

vd tpupj;Jiuf;fyhk;. ,jidf; fPo;f; fhZk; tpsf;fg; glj;jpd; %yk;

mwpayhk;.

xU njhlupy; nrhw;fs; NkNy nrhd;d Kiwapy; xd;iwnahd;W

mLj;jpUf;Fk; epiyapidj; njhluikg;G vd;gu;. ‗ngupa‘ vd;Dk; nrhy;

‗ebfd;‘ vd;Dk; nrhy;iy mLj;J tUtij mz;ik epiyAWg;G vd;gu;.

rpy Ntisfspy; nrhw;fs; mz;ik epiyapy; njhlu;e;J tUk;nghOJ

nghUs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLtJz;L. ―Vio murhq;f Copad;‖ vd;Dk; njhlupy;

cs;s nrhw;fisf; fPNo je;Js;s epiyapy; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; khWgLk;.

1. Vio murhq;f Copad;

2. murhq;f Vio Copad;

ciuahrpupau;fshy; Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;lg;gLk; ‗Gyp nfhy; ahid‘ vd;Dk; njhlUk; ,j;jifaNjahk;. Gypahy; nfhy;yg;gl;l ahid vdTk;

Gypiaf; nfhy;Yk; ahid vdTk; ,UNtW nghUs;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

,g;nghUs; kaf;fj;ij ePf;Ftjpy; khztu;fs; kpff; ftdkhf

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. vdNt khztu;fs; njhluikg;Gg; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;j

Ntz;Lk;.

ngupa ebfd; tpiue;J te;jhd;



Vio murhq;f Copad;



33

,t;thW nrhw;fshdJ mz;ik epiyiag; ngw;W tUk;

njhluikg;ig mfepiyj; njhlu; vdTk;> Gw epiyj; njhlu; vdTk; gpupg;gu;.

,tw;iwj; njhif epiyj; njhlu; vdf; $Wtu; nja;tr;rpiyahu;.

ahidf; NfhL

nghd; Nkdpnfhy; ahid

fUq;Fjpiu

vd;gd njhif epiyj; njhlu; vdTk;> rhj;jhd; cz;lhd;> rhj;jid

ntl;bdhd;> cz;L te;jhd; vd;gd njhfh epiyj; njhlu; vdTk;

tpsf;Ftu;.

‗gbj;j Gytu; Ngrpdhu;‘ vd;Dk; njhlupYs;s ‗gbj;j Gytu;‘ vd;gij

ngau;j;njhlu; vdyhk;. ‗ngupa ebfd; tpiue;J te;jhd;‘ vd;Dk;

njhlupYs;s ‗tpiue;J te;jhd;‘ vd;gjid tpidj; njhlu; vdyhk;. Mq;fpy

nkhopaikg;igg; Nghd;W ngauil vd;Nwh tpidail vd;Nwh jdpaikg;G>

jkpopYk; ,y;iy. ngaiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; milfs; gy;Ntwhfj; jkpopy;

cs;sd. mNj Nghy tpidiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; milfSk; rpy cs. ,t;thW

njhlUk; njhluikg;ig milj; njhluikg;G vd;gu;. gz;G mbr;nrhw;fs;

ngUk;ghYk; ngauilfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;thW njhlUk; mikg;igg;

gz;Gj; njhif vd;gu; vd;W $wptpl;L> ‗ey;yigad;‘> ‗mofhd ngz;‘ vd;W

ngauilf;F Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lthu; uh. rPdpthrd;.

,Nj Nghd;W tpidailfshf tUtdtw;Wf;F> ‗Ntfkhf Xbdhd;‘>

‗md;ghfg; Ngrpdhd;‘ vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltu;. ,t;tikg;gpid

‗ngauilj; njhlu;‘ vdTk;> tpidailj; njhlu; vdTk; nrhy;yyhk;.

nkhj;jj;jpy; xU njhlu; \ thf;fpak; vd;gJ ngau;j; njhlUk; tpidj;

njhlUk; ,ize;Nj tuf;$ba xd;W vdyhk;. ,jid nkhop E}yhu; ―S →

NP + VP‖ vd;gu;.

gytifahd thf;fpa mikg;Gfisg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;F

Kd;dhy; xU thf;fpaj;jpy; vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;StJ mtrpak;.

vOtha; vd;gJ jiyikahd fUj;J vOtjw;F ,lkhf ,Ug;gJ.

gadpiy vd;gJ vOthapd; gaidj; jd;dplj;Nj epiyj;jpUf;fr;

nra;tJ.



34

nraw;gLtjw;F cupajhf cs;s nghUSf;F nrag;gLnghUs; vd;W

ngau;.

‗gwit $L fl;LfpwJ‘ vd;Dk; thf;fpaj;jpy; gwit vd;gJ

vOthahFk;. Kjypy; gadpiyiaf; fz;L gpbj;J> ahu; vd;W Nfl;lhy; m/wpiz vOthiaf; fz;L gpbf;fyhk;. gwit vd;d nra;jJ vd;W

Nfl;gjd;%yk; ‗$L‘ vd;gJ nrag;gLnghUs; vdf; fz;Lgpbj;Jtplyhk;. rpy

thf;fpaq;fspy; nrag;gLnghUs; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

,uhkd; ele;jhd;.

m. fp. gue;jhkdhupd; vOtha; Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

khztu;fSf;Fj; NjitahdJ. vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; (,uz;lhk; Ntw;WikapNy ,Uf;Fk; vOtha; njhf;F ,Uf;Fk;) Kjypad

thf;fpa cWg;GfshFk; vd;W $Wtu; Qh. NjtNeag;ghthzu;.

ngau;j; njhluikg;G tifapid vOtha;> gadpiyj; njhluikg;G

vdyhk;. ,JNt ngUk;ghYk; jkpopy; ,Ug;gJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

1. fz;zd; ey;ytd;

2. fz;zd; ele;jhd;

3. fz;zd; ey;ytdh?

4. fz;zd; tho;f.

vOtha; gadpiyj; njhlu;fspd; nghUSila miuFiwj;

njhlu;fSk; jkpopy; cs;sd.

1. Vty; : th> thUq;fs;> thUk;> tuhNj> thuhjPu;> thuhjPu;fs;.

2. tpaq;Nfhs; : tho;f> tsu;f.

3. tpsp : fz;Nz

4. jdpr; nrhw;fs;: ed;wp> tzf;fk;> eyk;.

5. gonkhop : ghYf;Fk; fhty;> G+idf;Fk; Njhod;.

vOtha; gadpiyj; njhlu;fspy; nghUk;ghYk; vOtha; Kd;dhYk;

gadpiyAk; mijr; rhu;e;jdTk; gpd;dhYk; miktNj Kiw>



35

nraw;gLnghUs; mJ eLtpy; epw;Fk;. fPNo cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;L ,ij ed;F

tpsf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

1. fz;zd; goj;ijf; fbj;Jj; jpd;whd;

2. goj;ijf; fbj;Jj; jpd;whd; fz;zd;

3. fz;zd; gbj;Jj; jpd;whd; goj;ij

4. goj;ijf; fz;zd; fbj;Jj; jpd;whd;

vdNt nrhw;fspy; vOtha; gadpiy mikAk; Kiw gw;wp khztu;fs;

njupe;J nfhs;Sj; mtrpak;.

thf;fpaj;jpy; vOthahf epw;Fk; ngaupd; jpiz> ghy;> vz;>

,lq;fSk; gadpiyahf epw;Fk; tpidKw;wpd; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lq;fSk;

xj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ijj;jhd; nkhop E}yhu; ,iaG vd;gu;. cau; jpizvOthahf ,Ue;jhy; cau;jpizg; gadpiyAk;> m/wpiz vOthahf

,Ue;jhy; m/wpizg; gadpiyAk; tuNtz;Lk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

rhj;jd; cz;lhd;

fkyh Xbdhs;

ez;gu;fs; $bg; NgRfpwhu;fs;

Fjpiu XLfpwJ

tz;bfs; Xlh

rpy rkaq;fspy; nrhw;fspy; jpiz tputp tUtJk; cz;L. mg;gb

tUk; nghOJ mr;nrhw;fspy; kpFjpahf te;Js;s jpizg; nghUSf;F Vw;g

gadpiy KbT nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

ehDk; vd; ehAk; nrd;Nwhk;.

1 2

2 1

21

22 1



36

ehDk; ePAk; mtDk; nrd;Nwhk;.

nghJthf nrhw;nwhlu;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs; Kbit xl;b fpstp>

thf;fpak; vdg; gpupg;gu;. xU njhlupy; vOthAk; gadpiyAk; ,ize;J

,Ue;Jk; nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;J KbT ngwhky; ,Ue;jhy; mj;njhlupidf; fpstp vdyhk;. ,jidf; fpstpak; vd;gu;. Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu;.

fpstpaj;ijg; ngau;f; fpstpak;> nganur;rf; fpstpak;> tpidnar;rf;

fpstpak; vdTk; gpupg;gu;. vd;gJ> my;yJ> vd;W> vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ

vOthiag; gadpiyNahL ,izg;gijg; ngau;f; fpstpak; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

Fapy; fhfj;jpd; vd;gJ ahUf;Fj; njupahJ

$l;by; Kl;ilapLk;

vOtha; ,izg;Gr; nrhy; gadpiy

ngau;f; fpstpak;

nganur;rf fpstpak;:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

jr;rd; nra;j (ngl;b)

ts;Stu; tFj;j (top)

tpidnarrf fpstpak;:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

kio nra;J (gapu; tpisfpwJ)

khztd; gbj;Jj; (NjWfpd;whd;)

Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; gpstpak; gw;wpa ,t;

tpsf;fkhdJ khztu;fSf;F thf;fpaq;fspd; tiffisg; gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhs;s cjTk;.

thf;fpaKk mjd tiffSk:

thf;fpaj;jpid %d;W tiffshfg; gpupg;gu;. mitahtd:

1. jdp thf;fpak;

2. njhlu; thf;fpak;

3. fyit thf;fpak;



37

fjk;g thf;fpak; (Mixed sentence) vd xd;wpidAk; Nru;j;J

thf;fpakhdJ ehd;F tifg;gLk; vd;gu;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;

rpytw;iwg; ghlrhiyfSf;nfd tFj;jikj;j ne];/tPy;L KjyhNdhu;

thf;fpa tiffs; fjk;g thf;fpak; vdTk; xd;W tFg;gu;. jkpo; nkhop

gapYk; khztu;fSf;F mk;Kiw rpwpJ Fog;gk; jUtjhFk; vdf; fUjpaikapd; ,q;Nf Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd K. fzgjpg;gps;is

$WtJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fNj.

1. jdp thffpak;:

xU vOthAk; gadpiyAk; ,ize;J tuf;$ba thf;fpaj;jpidj; jdp

thf;fpak; vdyhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

1. kapy; MLfpwJ.

2. rhj;jd; te;jhd;.,j;jdp thf;fpaq;fisg; ngauilj; njhlu;fisAk;> tpidailj;

njhlu;fisAk; ,izj;Jg; ngupJ gLj;jyhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

kay; MLfpwJ.

Xu; mofhd kapy; MLfpwJ.

mofhd kapy; MLfpwJ.

Xu; mofhd Mz; kapy; MLfpwJ.

,k;Kiwapy; xU jdp thf;fpaj;jpid xd;wpf;F Nkw;gl;l epiyapy; tpupj;Jk;

vOjyhk;.

2. njhlu thf;fpak;:

xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jdp thf;fpaq;fs; ,ize;J my;yJ gy

vOtha;fs; xU gadpiyNahL Nru;e;J my;yJ xU vOtha; gy

gadpiyfisf; nfhz;L tUtJ njhlu; thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

- ehd; nrd;idf;Fg; NghNdd;. NghdJk; vdf;Ff; fLikahd

fha;r;ry; fz;ljhy; clNd jpy;ypf;F; jpUk;gp tpl;Nld;.

xu; vOthapd; gy tpidfs; njhlu;e;J tupd; mitnay;yhk; Mq;fpyf;

$l;L thf;fpaj;jpy; Kw;WtpidahfNt ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; jkpopNyh mtw;Ws;

,Wjp tpid jtpu Vidanty;yhk; vr;r tpidahf ,Uf;fyhk;.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; $l;L thf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJ jkpopYk; $l;L thf;fpakhf ,Uf;f



38

Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epajp ,y;iy vd;gu; NjtNeag; ghthzu;. ,jw;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mtu; $WtJ:

Nambi went to School and learnt his lessions.

- Compound Sentence.ek;gp gs;spf;$lk; nrd;W jd; ghlq;fisg; gbj;jhd;.

- jdp thf;fpak;.

3. fyit thffpak:

fyit thf;fpak; vd;gJ gy thf;fpaq;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J xU

thf;fpakhf miktJ. ,jpy; xd;W Kjd;ik thf;fpakhf / fpstpahf

,Uf;Fk;. kw;wJ rhu;Gf; fpstpahf ,Uf;Fk;. rpy rkak; fyit

thf;fpaj;jpy; xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l rhu;Gf; fpstpfs; ,Uf;Fk;.

$w;Wtd; tUk; Ntis ahUf;Fk; njupahJ.

rhu;Gf; fpstp Kjd;ikf; fpstp

,k; %d;W tifahd thf;fpaq;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs; Kjiy Nehf;fp

ehd;F tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit gpd;tUkhW:

1. nra;jp thf;fpak; 2. Vty; thf;fpak;

3. tpdh thf;fpak; 4. czu;r;rp thf;fpak;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

1. kio nga;jhy; ney; tpisAk; - nra;jp thf;fpak;

2. ,J ahUila tPL? - tpdh thf;fpak;

3. ehisf;Fg; ghlk; gbj;J th - Vty; thf;fpak;

4. me;Njh> ahd; xU ghtKk; mwpNad;. - czu;r;rp thf;fpak;

thf;fpaKk; mjd; tiffisAk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;l khztu;fs; xU

thf;fpaj;jpid ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sTk; njupa Ntz;Lk;. jpiz> ghy;> vz;>,lk;> fhyk;> tpdh> nrg;G Kjyhd VO epiyfspy; jtwpd;wp

thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;fj; njupa Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;fis mjd; nghUSf;F

Vw;g gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU kdpjdplj;Jk; vz;zKbahj msTf;F

thf;fpaq;fis xUthf;Fk; jpwd; ,Uf;fpwJ. mtw;iwr; nraw;gLj;jg;

gad;gLtNj ,yf;fzkhFk;. vdNt ,g; ghlkhdJ gy tifahd

nrhw;fis cUthf;f cjTk; tifapy; vOjg;gl;lNj jtpu ,g;gbj;jhd;



39

khztu;fs; thf;fpaq;fis xUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjp Kiwg;gLj;jp

vOjg;gltpy;iy. thf;fpaq;fis ,yf;fz tOtpd;wp vOjpdhy; kl;Lk;

NghjhJ. mtw;wpd; nghUz;ik epiyapid ntspg;gLj;Jk; epiyapYk; vOj

Ntz;Lk;.

‗Kay; ghlk; tbf;fpwJ‘ vd;Dk; njhluhdJ ,yf;fz tOtw;w

nrhy;. Mdhy; jkpo; gbf;fpd;wtu;fs; ,jid thf;fpak; vdr;

nrhy;ykhl;lhu;fs;. xU Ntis ,J fijapy;> Gid fijapy; rhj;jpakhf

,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt> nghUz;ik epiyapYk;> thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;f

khztu;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

thf;fpak; - tpsf;fg; glk;

ngauil nrag;gLnghUs; tpidail

mil ngau; ngauil Ntw;WikAUG mbj;jhd;

me;jg; igad; mil ngau; I

,e;jg; igad; I

(me;jg; igad; ,e;jg; igaid mbj;jhd;)

ghlk - 4

eilapay; - Xu mwpKfk

kuG epiy:

nkhopahdJ Ngr;R nkhop> vOj;J nkhop vd ,U tifg;gLk;. vOj;J

nkhopf;nfd xU kuG cz;L. ,e;j kugpid epidT+l;LtJ ,yf;fzj;jpd;

gzpahFk;. Ngr;R tof;fpy; ehk; kuigg; Gwf;fzpj;Jf;$lg; Ngryhk;. Mdhy;>

,yf;fpaj;jpy; kuig kPwp vOJtJ vd;gJ $lhJ. ,J njhy;fhg;gpau;

tw;GWj;Jk; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ―kuG epiy jpupapd; gpwpJ gpwpjhFk;‖



40

vdTk;> ―kuG epiy jpupjy; nra;Al;fpy;iy‖ vdTk; kugpaypy; mtu;

$wpaijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‗nra;Al;F ,y;iy‘ vd mtu; $WtJ

,yf;fpaj;jpidf; Fwpj;j xd;whFk;. mk; kugpid ,ay;G tof;F vdTk;

jFjp tof;F vdTk; ,U tifahfg; gpupg;gu;.

,ay;G tof;F:

,ay;G tof;fpid> ,yf;fzKilaJ> ,yf;fzg; Nghyp> kUT+ vdTk;

gpupg;gu;. ,yf;fzKilaJ vd;gJ nrhw;fs; ,yf;fz Kiwapy;

gd;gLj;Jjy; vd;gjhFk;. ngau;> tpid vd;Dk; mbg;gilapy; nrhw;fis

mtw;wpd; nghUs; mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gjhFk;. ,yf;fzg; Nghyp

vd;gjid (Grammatical ambiquity) vdyhk;. jP RLk; vd;gjid %d;W

fhyj;Jf;Fr; Nru;j;Jr; nrhy;tJk;> md;gpd; kpFjp fhuzkhf cau;

jpizia m/wpizahfTk;> m/wpizia cau;jpizahff; $WtijAk;

nfhs;syhk;. (rhkp tUfpwJ my;yJ rhkp tUfpwhu;) NghypahdJ xU

nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gpwpnjhU nrhy; tUtjhFk;. xU nrhy;yhdJ kUtp

tUtJ kUc vd;gu;.

,yffpa cyfpy:

,t;thW ,ay;G tof;Fgw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;Sk;nghOJ ,yf;fpa

cyfpd; epiyj;Jtpl;l rpy kuGr; nrhw;fisg;gw;wpAk; njupe;Jnfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. Fuq;F vd;gjid> fLtd;> ke;jp vd;fpNwhk;. ,Nj tpyq;Ffspd;

,sikg; gUtj;jpd; ngau;fisAk; mtw;wpw;Fupa kuGr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L

Fwpg;gpl;L tUjiyAk; fhzyhk;.

capupdg ngau ,sikg ngau

gwit : ghu;g;G> gps;is.

mzpy; : gps;is

gd;wp> Gyp> Kay;> eup : FUis> Fl;b> gwo.> gps;is.

ML> Fjpiu> khd; : kwp> Fl;b.

ahid : fd;W> Fotp.

rpq;fk; : FUis

,it Nghd;W kuk; nrbfspd; ngau;fisAk; ehk; ghu;f;fyhk;.

nrhwnghUs khwwk;:

xU nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy nghUl;fSk; gy nrhy;Yf;F xU nghUSk;

,Ug;gd ,yf;fpa cyfpy; kl;Lkpd;wp Ngr;R tof;fpYk; fhzyhk;.



41

xd;wpidr; nrhy;Yjy; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyf; Fwpg;gjw;Fj; jkpopy; 30 f;F

Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; ,Ug;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltu; Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu;.

,yf;fpa cyfpy; tof;fj;jpy; cs;s nrhw;fs; fhyg; Nghf;fpy;

tof;fw;wjhfptpLtijAk; fhzyhk;. my;yJ mjw;fhd nghUis

,oe;JtpLtijAk; fhzyhk;. ,jidr; nrhw;nghUs; khw;wk; vd;gu;. ,Jehd;F epiyfspy; eilngWk;.

1. cau;T (Elevation) : murd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lkhfpa Nfhapy;

,g;nghOJ ,iwtd; ,Uf;Fk;

,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

2. ,opT (Degradation) : jk;gpuhd;> gz;lhuk; Kjypa

nrhw;fspd; ,d;iwa epiy.

3. nghJ (Common) : gs;sp vd;gJ gLf;ifaiwiaAk;

fy;tp gapYk; ,lj;ijAk;

Fwpg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

4. tiuaiw : gps;is vd;Dk; nrhy; ,g;nghOJ

xU tFg;ghiuf; Fwpf;Fk;

nrhy;yhf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

jFjp tof;F:

jFjp tof;F vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ngr;R tof;fpy; epiyj;J tpl;l

tof;fhFk;.

,lf;fulf;fy;: nrhy;y Ntz;lhjtw;iw kWj;Jr; nrhy;YjyhFk;.

―ff;$]; nrd;W te;Njd;‖ vd;gjidf; ―fhy; fOtp te;Njd;‖ vdr;

nrhy;YjyhFk;.

,ijNa ‗kq;fyr; nrhy; tof;F‘ vd;gu;. FOcf;Fwp vd;gJ

tpahghupfSf;fpilNa gy tiffspy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

‗Fl;b‘ vd;gijg; ‗ngz;‘ vd;W Fwpf;Fk; gupghi\iaf; fy;Y}up

khztu;fspilNa fhzyhk;.

nkhop eil:

,ay;G tof;Fk; jFjp tof;Fk; ,ize;j kuG topg;gl;l nkhopNa

,yf;fpaj;jpd; rhjdkhfpwJ. ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ jdp kdpjdpd; mDgt

ntspg;ghL. jdp kdpjdpd; mDgt ntspg;ghlhdJ fiy tbtk; ngWtjw;F

mtd; gad;gLj;Jk; rhjdNk nkhop. ,e;j nkhop nghJ nkhopapypUe;J



42

khWgl;ljd;W. nghJ nkhopia cs;thq;fpa xd;W. Xu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy;

gjpthfpapUf;Fk; nkhopNa ,yf;fpa Mrpupaupd; nkhopahFk;. ,jid nkhopg;

gjpg;G vd;gu;.

xU nghUis czu;j;j Xu; Mrpupad; nkhopiaf; ifahSk; jpwNdmtdJ eilahFk;. xUtdpd; nkhopj; jpwDf;Fk; nkhop eilfFk; cs;s

njhlu;G gpupf;f KbahjJ. nkhopNa eil@ eilNa Mrpupad; vd;gu;. xU

gilg;igg; gbj;jTld; ,J ,sq;Nfhtpd; eil vd;Wk;> ,J fk;gd; eil

vd;Wk;> ,J ghujpapd; eil vd;Wk;> ,J GJikg;gpj;jd; eil vd;Wk;> ,J

jp. [hdfpuhkdpd; eil vd;Wk;> ,J yh. rh. uhkhkpu;jj;jpd; eil vd;Wk;

ek;khy; vg;gbr; nrhy;y KbfpwJ?

eilapay;:

,J xt;nthU MrpupaDf;Fk; xU nkhop eil cz;L vd;gJGupaitg;gjhFk;. ,k;nkhop eil vd;gJ ,ilawhf gapw;;rpapd; nghUl;L

Mo;e;j mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ce;Jjypy;

miktjhFk;. Xu; ,yf;fpa Mrpupadpd; nkhopeilia Muha Nkw;nfhz;l

newpKiwNa eilapay; vdg;gLk;. ‗Stylisti‘ vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ ‗Die

Stylistik‘ vd;Dk; n[u;khdpar; nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jJ vd;gu;. eilapay;

gw;wpa Muha;r;rpahdJ ,d;W tsu; epiyapNyNa ,Uf;fpwJ. xUtdpd;

eilgw;wpaJ Xu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;igj; jpwdhAk; Jiwapid tsg;gLj;j

cjTk;.

eilapay; MaT:

eilapay; Muha;r;rpapid %d;W epiyfspy; Nkw;nfhs;Stijf;

fhzyhk;.

1. gilg;gpd; rhu;G

2. cUtikg;Gr; rhu;G

3. gilg;Gf;F ntspepyTk; #oy; rhu;G

Kjy; gFjp Xu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ig xl;baJ.

,uz;lhtJ gFjp gilg;gpd; mikg;G> nkhop gw;wpaJ.

%d;whtJ gFjp gilg;G Njhd;wpa fhyj;Jr; #oy; gw;wpaJ.

,Ue;jhYk; nkhopg; gjpT vdg;gLk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; nkhopiag;

nghUl;Gyg;ghL> tbtk; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;. ,jid ntspaPl;L epiyapy;

gilj;jy;> Rl;Ljy; vdTk; nrhy;yyhk;. nkhop eilgw;wpr; nrhy;Ytjw;F

Kd;dhy; eilapay;gw;wp XupU thu;j;ijfs; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.



43

jkpopy:

jkpopy; eilapay; gw;wp E}y;fs; xd;Wk; ntsptutpy;iy vd;W

nrhy;yyhk;. ,Jtiu ,uz;L E}y;fs; kl;LNk te;Js;sd. NrhkNy vd;gtu;

vOjpa ‗tsUk; jkpo;‘ XusT ciueiliag;gw;wpr; nrhy;YtjhFk;. lhf;lu; kh. ,uhkypq;fk; vOjpa Gjpa ciueil vd;Dk; E}y;

ciueiliag;gw;wpaJ. ,it jtpu lhf;lu; n[. ePjpthzd; vd;gtUk;

jpUkiy vd;gtUk; eilapay;gw;wp nkhopE}y; mbg;gilapy; E}y;fs;

vOjpapUf;fpwhu;fs;. eilapay; vd;gJ ftpij> Gid fij> ciueil

gw;wpaJ vd;whYk; gl;lg; gbg;Gg; gapYk; khztu;fSf;F ciueil gw;wpa

Muha;r;rp mwpT ,Ue;jhYk; NghJkhdJ vdyhk;.

nray Kiwj jkpo:

nray; Kiwj; jkpopd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; khztupd; nkhopeilapid tsk; ngwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. eilapay; gw;wpr;

nrhy;Ytjw;F Kd;dhy; jkpopy; ,Jtiu cUthfpAs;s ciueilg;

Nghf;Ffisg; gw;wpAk; khztu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

ciuahrpupau;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;j ciueil xd;W. ,J ,d;W ngUk;ghYk;

jkpo;g; gz;bjj;jpd; ghw;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. kiwkiyabfshy;

Njhw;Wtpj;jj; jdpj; jkpo; eil kw;nwhd;W. ,J XusT nkhopg;gw;W

nfhz;l eil vdyhk;.

nrhy; vd;gjid ,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr; nrhy;> tlnrhy; vdj;

njhy;fhg;gpau; ehd;fhfg; gpupg;gu;. xU nkhopapy; Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fs;

fyg;gJ ,aw;if. mg;gbf; fyf;Fk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fis nkhop kuGf;Nfw;g

jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhy;fhg;gpaUf;Fk; cld;ghlhd

xd;whFk;. Mdhy;> jdpj; jkpo; thjpfNsh tlnrhw;fis ,g;NghNj ehk

;jil nra;ahtpbd;> jkpo; jd;dpiy nfl;L NtW nkhop Nghy Mfptplf;$Lk;

vd;W $Wtu;.

jkpopy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisr; Nru;g;gjhy; jkpo; jd; ,dpikia

,oe;J tpLtNjhL gy jkpo;r; nrhw;fSk; tof;fpy; ,y;yhky; ,we;J

Ngha;tpLk;. ,jw;F khwhf> cyfpy; capu;g; nghUs; vJTk; gpwtw;wpd;

fyg;gpd;wpj; jdpj;J tho ,ayhJ@ gpwtw;wpdpd;Wk; jhd; ngw;W tsu;jYk;>

jd;Dilatw;iwg; gpwtw;wpw;Fj; je;J tho itj;jYk; cyf ,ay;ghFk;.

capupy;yhjJjhd; jdpj;J epw;Fk;. ,j;jd;ik vy;yh nkhopfSf;Fk; xf;Fk;.

jkpo; nkhop capUld; $baJ. tsUk; ,ay;GilaJ. Mjypd; jd;



44

nrhw;fis cld; thOk; gpwtw;wpw;Fj; jUk; jhDk; gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fisf;

iff nfhsSk vdw nfhsifis ehk; VwWf; nfhss Ntz; Lk.

kWkyurrp eil vd;gJ gpwpnjhd;whFk;. ,Jjhd; vy;NyhUk; tpUk;gf; $ba

eilahFk;. ,J fUj;ij czu;j;Jtij Kf;fpakhff; nfhz;lJ vdyhk;.

ciu eil:

jkpopy; trd eil vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;? ,f; Nfs;tpf;Fg; NgRfpw

rhaypNyNa kf;fs; NgRk; vspa Neuhd nkhopapNyNa trdk; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jpU b.Nf. rpjk;guehj Kjypahu; Nghd;wtu;fSk;

$Wfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; trdk; vd;gJ epjhdpj;J vOjg;gLtJ@ mtfhrj;Jld;

vOjg;gLtJ MFk;. Ngr;Rf;fspy; NgRk;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; trjpfSk;> gpwTk;

trdk; vOJk;NghJ ,Ug;gjpy;iy vdyhk;. Mjyhy; NgRfpw rhay; vd;gjd;

nghUs; KOikAk; ek; kdj;jpy; nfhs;SNthNkahdhy;> NgRfpw rhaypy;

trdk; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;. NgRfpw rhaypy; ,Uf;ff;

$lhJ vd;w KbTf;Fj;jhd; tUNthk; vd;gu; Nguhrpupau; itahGupg; gps;is.

eilapd nghUl GygghL:

eilapd; nghUl; Gyg;ghl;bid ,U tifffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit

ntspg;gil> Fwpg;G vd;gdthFk;. ntspg;gil vd;gJ nkhop eilapd; Gwj;

Njhw;wk vdyhk;. ,J nrhy;Yf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; Neubj; njhlu;G nfhz;lJ

– vspikahdJ. Fwpg;G vd;gJ jkpopy; cs;Siw ctkk; Nghd;wJ.

,yf;fz mikg;Gf;F kPwpa epiyapy;> nghUSf;F Xu; cs;shu;e;j mu;j;jk;

nfhLg;gJ vdyhk;. ,J Mrpupaupd; Mj;khu;j;jg; gz;G nfhz;lJ vdyhk;.

Mrpupaupd; nkhop eilapy; ntspg;gilahfj; Njhd;Wtijj; njupepiy

vdTk;> mzp epiy vdTk; tFf;fyhk;. njupepiy xd;Wk; xd;Wk; ,uz;L

vdr; nrhy;YtjhFk;. mzp epiy vd;gJ <UapUk; XUapuhapd; vdr;

nrhy;YtjhFk;.

eil moF:

trd eilf; fiyapd; ,ay;ig ,uz;L epiyfspdpd;W Nehf;fp ehk;

fw;fyhk;. xUepiy nkhopiag; Gwj;Nj epd;W toq;Ftijg; gw;wpaJ. ,jd;

Nehf;fk; gpioaw;w jpUe;jpa eil vd;W nfhs;syhk;. kw;nwhU epiy

nkhopia mfj;Nj epd;W toq;FtjhFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk; gpwiu trPfupj;jy;

Nghd;w mofhFk;. ,jid mofpa eil vd;Wk; $Wtu;. nrhy;yikg;ig

khj;jpuk; Ma;e;jhy;> xU jpUe;jpa eilNa ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. ,J rhjhuz

kf;fSila Ngr;rpy; ,Uf;Fk; FiwghLfis vq;Fk; Kiwg;gl ePf;Fjyhy;

tpistjhFk;. Mdhy;> ,t;thW jpUj;jKw;w eilapYk; Nkk;gl;L>

moFilj;jhf trdk; mika Ntz;Lnkdpy;> mg;nghOJ Kd;Nd Fwpj;j



45

Fw;wq;fis ePf;FtJld; MrpupaDf;Fupa Mj;k Fzq;fs; rpyTk; nghUe;jp

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f; Fzq;fs; eil mofpw;F cjTtdthFk; vdgu;

n`u;gu;l;.

eil mofpwF Ntz;Ltd:

eil mofpw;F Ntz;Ltd:

1. gpioaw;w eil

2. mzp eil.

mzp eil vd;wTld; eilf;Fj; Njitahd myq;fhuk; nra;jy; vd;W

epidj;Jf; nfhz;L ctikfisAk; rpNyilfisAk;> Ntz;lhj myq;fhur;

nrhw;fisAk; tof;fpoe;j nrhw;fisAk;> gad;gLj;JtJ $lhJ. jkpopy;

kuGj; njhlu;fSk;> tsikj; njhlu;fSk;> ctikj; njhlu;fSk; Vuhsk;.

mtw;iw ,lkwpe;J gad;gLj;jpdhy;jhd; eil moF ngWk;. ,J NghyNt

nghUs; njupe;J gonkhopfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,JTk; msTfle;Jtpl;lhy; nghUl; rpwg;ig ,oe;J tpLk; vdyhk;.

ciueilfF cupa myqfhuq;fshfr rpytwiwf; Rlbf fhlLtu:

1. ctik (Similie)

2. cUtfk; (Metaphor)

3. vJifAk; NkhidAk;

4. cau;T etpw;rp (Hyperbole)

5. MFngau; (Metonymy)

6. tf;fiz (Pun)

7. Kuz; (Irony)

8. nka;ik Kuz; (Paradox)

9. nrhy;Kuz; (Oxymoran)

10. rpNyil> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; (Pathelic Falley)

11. xypf;Fwpg;G (Onametopocia)

12. Nkw;Nfhs; (Quotation)

,tw;iw eilaoFf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; ,it eilapy;

,aw;ifahfg; nghUe;jp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nraw;ifahf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

Vnddpy; gofpa ,aw;if eil NtW. nraw;if eil NtW. ,uz;bw;Fk;

cupa NtWghl;il `h];ypl; ed;whf tpsf;fp ,Uf;fpwhu;.



46

,awif eil:

ebg;gpd;wp ,aw;ifahf vOJtJ vd;why; kdjpy; Njhd;wpagb

vOJtJ vd;W epidf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; nrhy;ypd; jpl;gKk;> ciuapd;

J}a;ikAk; ,aw;if eilapy; Ntz;Lk; msT Ntnwhd;wpw;Fk; Ntz;bad

my;y. nghUsw;w Mlk;gur; nrhw;fis ,aw;if eil mwNt xopj;JtpLk;.,jw;Fk; Nkyhf fPo;ikahd ,ay;Gs;s njhlu;fisAk; nghUj;jkw;W

nefpo;e;J nry;Yk; thrfq;fisAk; FOcf;Fwpfs; vd;W nrhy;yj;jFk;

nrhw;fisAk; Kw;Wk; ,e;eil ePf;fptpLk;. iff;F vl;ba Kjy; thu;j;ijia

,J vLj;Jf; nfhs;Stjpy;iy. nghJ [d tof;fpy; cs;stw;wpy; kdk;

Nghd Nghf;Fg;gb thf;fpaj;jpy; njhlu;e;J nry;Yk;gb ,J tpLtjpy;iy.

nkhopapd; cz;ikahd kugpidj; njupe;J ,k;kuNghL xj;J> nrhw;fis

thf;fpaj;jpy; njhlu;r;rpAwr; nra;Ak;. cz;ikahd ,aw;if eil vd;gJ

rhjhuzkhd rk;gh\izapy; nrhy; td;ikAila xUtd; thu;j;ijfisj;

njupe;J vLj;J yhtfj;JlDk; Mw;wYlDk; njspTlDk; NgRjy;NghyvOJtjhFk;. ,td; ghz;bj;a glhNlhgq;fisAk; gpurq;fg;

ngUtPr;RfisAk; mwNt ePf;fp tpLthd;.

(Nguhrpupau; itahGupg; gps;isapd; nkhop ngau;g;G).

eil tpsffg glk;

nkhopg; gjpT

nghUl; Gyg;ghL tbtk;

ntspg;gil Fwpg;G

njupepiy mzpepiy



47

khztu kdqnfhs;s Ntzbad:

1. ,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;Fgw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.

2. nkhop eil vd;gJ ahJ> nkhop eil rpwg;ghf mikaNtz;Lkhapd; ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;j Ntz;ba fUj;Jfs; ahit?

3. nkhop eil moFf;F nkU$l;Lk; rhjdq;fs; ahit?

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.

4. eilapd; nghUl; Gyg;ghl;bd; tiffs; ahit? mit ve;j

mstpw;F nkhop eilfF gad;gLfpd;wd?

Jiz Gupej E}yfs;:

1. G. W. Turner: Stylistics, Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondworth, England – 1973

2. v];. itahGupg; gps;is: jkpopd; kWkyu;r;rp vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s

‗jkpopy; trd eil‘ vd;Dk; fl;Liu. etghujp gpuRuhyak;

ypkpnll; jpUney;Ntyp [q;\d; - 1947.

3. NrhkNy : ‗tsUk; jkpo;‘> ghup epiyak;> 59> gpuhl;Nt> nrd;id-1.



48

ghlk - 5

eilahffk;

rejpg gpioapdwp vOJjy:

ey;y jkpo; vOJtJ vd;why; vd;d nghUs;? mofhd nrhw;fis

mzp mzpahf mLf;fpg; gpioahf vOJtJ vd;W nghUs;gLkh? ,y;iy.

gpioaw;w jkpopy; ,yf;fz kuG Fd;whJ vOJtJjhd; ey;y jkpopy;

vOJtJ MFk;. typ kpFjy; vd;gJ ey;y jkpo; vOj tpUk;GNthu; mwpe;J

nfhs;s Ntz;Ltdtw;Ws; xd;W. ty;nyOj;J kpFe;J tUjiyNa

,yf;fzj;jpy; RUf;fkhf typ kpFjy; vd;gu;.

typ kpFjy;:

,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,izAk;nghOJ ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa r>

r> j> g vd;Dk; ehd;F ty;nyOj;Jfs; kl;LNk kpFk;. ,uz;L nrhw;fspy;

Kjw; nrhy;iy epiy nkhop vdTk; ,uz;lhtJ nrhy;iy tUnkhop vdTk;

nrhy;Ytu;. ,uz;L nrhw;fs; NrUk;nghOJ tUnkhop Kjypy; f> r> j> g

,Ue;jhy; epiy nkhopr; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; Kd; nrhd;d ehd;F capu;

nka; vOj;Jfspd; nka;naOj;jhdJ kpFe;J tUk;. ,jidNa nghJthf

typ kpFjy; vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.

me;j

igad;

me;jg; igad;epiynkhop tUnkhop

‗ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ Vd; Ntz;Lk;? vd;W tpdtyhk;. nghUisj;

njspthfTk; rupahfTk; czu;tjw;Fk; jkpo; nkhopf;Nf cupa

,d;Ndhiria ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,ijj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. typ

kpFjy; jkpo; nkhopapYk; kiyahs nkhopapYk; fhzg;gLtjd;wp NtW

nkhopfspy; ,y;iy vd;W nkhop E}ywpQu;fs; $Wtu; vd ty;nyOj;J

kpFtjpd; ,d;wpaikahikiar; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltu;. m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;.

,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,ize;jhy; njhluhfpwJ. ,t;thW cUthd

njhluhdJ njhfh epiyj; njhlu; vd;Wk; njhif epiyj; njhlu; vd;Wk;

,Utifg;gLk;.



49

,U nrhw;fs; ,ize;jpUe;J ,t;tpW nrhw;fSf;F eLtpy; vr;

nrhy;Yk; nghUs; nfhs;Sk;nghOJ kiwahJ ,Ue;jhy; mr; nrhw;nwhliuj;

njhfhepiyj; njhlu; vd;gu;. Nfhop $tpw;W vd;gJ njhfhepiyj; njhlu;.

kiwe;J tUtJ njhif epiyj; njhluhFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:CWfha; - tpidj; njhif.

,J CWk; fha;> CWfpd;w fha;> Cwpa fha; vd %d;W fhyj;Jf;Fk;

nghJtha; fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhdJ kiwe;jpUg;gjhy; ,J njif

epiyj; njhluhFk;.

(1) njhfh epiyj njhlu:

1. fz;zd; ghbdhd; --- vOtha;j; njhlu; (fz;zd; - vOtha;)

2. fz;zh th --- tpspj; njhlu; (fz;zh – tpsp)3. ghbdhd; fz;zd; --- tpid Kw;Wj; njhlu; (ghbdhd; - Kw;W)

4. gbj;j igad; --- nganur;rj; njhlu; (gbj;j – nganur;rk;)

5. kw;nwhd;W --- ,ilr;nrhy; njhlu; (kw;W-,ilr; nrhy;)

6. rhy cz;lhd; --- cupr;nrhy; njhlu; (rhy – cupr; nrhy;)

7. Ngh Ngh --- mLf;Fj; njhlu; (Ngh – vd;gJ mLf;fp

tUtjhy;)

2. njhif epiyj njhlu:

1. nrbnfhb --- ck;ikj; njhif (nrbAk; nfhbAk;)

2. kiyj; Njhs; --- ctikj; njhif (kiy Nghdw Njhs;)

3. nfhy; ahid --- tpidj; njhif (nfhy; vd;gJ %d;W

fhyj;Jf;Fk;)

4. fUq;Fjpiu --- gz;Gj; njhif (fUik – gz;G)

gyh kuk; --- ,U nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj; njhif (gyhTk;

kuKk; vdr; rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; nghJg;

ngaUk; ,ize;J tUtjhFk;.)

5. ahidg; ghfd; --- Ntw;Wikj; njhif (ahidia Xl;Lk; ghfd;)

6. ige;njhb te;jhs; --- md;nkhop njhif.

NkNyAs;s mWtifahd njhif epiyj; njhlu;fSs; Ntw;Wikj;

njhlu; ePq;fyhfTs;s Ie;J njhlu;fSk; Ntw;Wikay;yhj njhlu;fs; vdg;

nghUs;gLk; my;topj; njhlu; vdTk; miof;fg; ngWk. vdNt> njhif



50

epiyj; njhlu; vd;gJ Ntw;Wikj; njhlu;> my;topj; njhlu; vd ,U

tifg;gLk;. Ntw;Wikj; njhlupYk; Ntw;Wik cUG tUk; njhlu;>

Ntw;Wikj; njhlu; vd;Wk;> Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J tUtij Ntw;Wik

cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhif vdTk; miof;fg;ngWk;. vdNt>

Ntw;Wikj; njhifahdJ gd;dpuz;L tifg;gLk;. njhlUk; njhifAk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;Stjhy; re;jpg; gpioapd;wp vOjyhk;.

Vd kpf Ntz;Lk?

nrhw;fspd; eLNt ty;nyOj;J ,l;L Vd; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;Fr;

rpy mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fs; cz;L. nrhw;fs; ,ize;J tUk;nghOJ ,U

nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis cUnghypad; khw;wq;fs; vd;gu;.

,k; khw;wq;fs; xU nkhopf;Fj; Njitjhdh? my;yJ ,k; khw;wq;fs; Vd;

xU nkhopapy; eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nfs;tpfs; vOtJ ,aw;ifNa.

,tw;wpw;F ,uz;L fhuzq;fisr; nrhy;yyhk;. 1. nghUs; NtWghl;bidg;

Gyg;glj;Jtjw;Fk; 2. xypg;G Kiwapid vspikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,k; khw;wq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

Xlh Fjpiufs;

Xlhf; Fjpiufs;

vd;Dk; ,t;tpU njhlu;fs; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; NtWgl;bUg;gijf;

fhzyhk;. ‗Xlh Fjpiu‘> ,dp Xlh vdg; nghUs; jUtijAk;> ‗Xlhf;

Fjpiufs;‘ vd;gJ Xlhj Fjpiufs; vdg; nghUs; jUtijAk; fhzyhk;.

xypg;G epiyapYk; Xlh Fjpiufs; vd ,U nrhw;fisAk; gpupj;J

cr;rupg;gjw;Fk; Xlhf;Fjpiufs; vdr; Nru;j;J cr;rupg;gjw;Fk; cs;s

epiyapidg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Kd;dij xypf;Fk; nghOJ Vw;gLk;

ehtirg;ghdJ gpd;dij xypf;Fk; nghOJ Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ehthdJ kpfTk;

vspjhfr; nrhw;fis cr;rupg;gJ fhzyhk;.

kzp moF vd ,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,izAk; nghOJ Kjy;

nrhy;ypYs;s ,fuj;ijAk; ,uz;lhtJ nrhy;ypYs;s mfuj;ijAk;

ehthdJ xNu rkaj;jpy; xypf;f Kbtjpy;iy. Vnddpy; ,fuKk; mfuKk;

gpwf;Fkplq;fs; NtWNtW. ,fuk; Edp ehit xl;bg; gpwf;Fk; capnuOj;J@mfuk; gpd; mz;zj;ij xl;bg; gpwf;Fk; capnuOj;J. vdNt> ehtpw;F

vspjhf ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;L ,t;tplj;jpy; afu clk;gLnka; ,l;L vOJtu;.

kzpaoF vd cr;rupg;gJ ehtpw;F vspjhf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt>

Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ty;nyOj;J kpFj;J vOJtJ NjitahFk;.

tynyOj;J kpFk ,lqfs:



51

1. m> ,> c> vd;Dk; Rl;L vOj;Jfspd; gpd;Dk;> v vd;Dk;

tpdhntOj;jpd; gpd;Dk; tuf;$ba nrhw;fhsdJ f> r> j> g> vd;Dk;

nka;naOj;jpid Kjypy; nfhz;bUe;jhy; me;j ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.

m igad; mg; igad; , ngz; ,g; ngz;

v rpwtd; vr; rpWtd;?

2. me;j> ,e;j ve;j vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.

me;j igad; me;jg; igad;

ve;j ngz; ve;jg; ngz;?

3. mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; kpFk;.

mg;gb ghu;j;jhd; mg;gbg; ghu;j;jhd;,g;gb Nghdhd; ,g;gbg; Nghdhd;

vg;gb nrhd;dhd; vg;gbr; nrhd;dhd;

4. mq;F ,q;F> vq;F vd;Dk; nrhw;fspy; kpFk;.

mq;F nrd;whs; mq;Fr; nrd;whs;

,q;F fpilf;Fk; ,q;Ff; fpilf;Fk;

vq;F

Nghtha;

vq;Fg; Nghtha;

5. ,dp> jdp> vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; kpFk;.

,dp Nghfyhk; ,dpg; Nghfyhk;

jdp fl;blk; jdpf; fl;blk;

6. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik AUG I tpupe;J tUk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; tUk; f> r>

j> g vd;Dk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.

(mtd; I) mtid re;jpj;Njd; mtidr; re;jpj;Njd;

fz;zid ghu;j;Njd; fz;zidg; ghu;j;Njd;

7. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cWG kpf;F tUk;NghJ ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.

(mtd; F) mtDf;F nfhL mtDf;Ff; nfhL

vdf;F jh vdf;Fj; jh



52

8. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; m/wpizg; ngau;fspd; gpd;

ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.

Gyp (mJ) jiy Gypj;jiy

FUtp $L FUtpf; $L

9. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; kpFtijf; fhzyhk;.

kid (fz;) gpwe;jhu; kidf;fz; gpwe;jhu;

Fb gpwe;jhu; Fbg;gpwe;jhu;

10. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapy; kpFk;.

japu; (japiuAila) Flk; japu;f;Flk;

fha;fwp fil fha;fwpf;fil

11. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapy; kpFk;.

gl;L (gl;bdhy; Mfpa) Nriy gl;Lr; Nriy

Nkhu; Fok;G Nkhu;f; Fok;G

12. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapy; kpFk;.

Foe;ij (Foe;ijf;F) ghy; Foe;ijg; ghy;

Nfhop jPdp Nfhopj; jPdp

13. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapy; kpFk;.

tha; (thapd;) ghl;L tha;g; ghl;L

tpop Gdy; tpopg; Gdy;

14. XnuOj;J xU nkhopf;Fg; gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.

G+ gwpj;jhd; G+g; gwpj;jhd;

jP gpbj;jJ jPg; gpbj;jJ

if Foe;ij iff; Foe;ij

15. <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.

mwpah (j) gps;is mwpahg; gps;is

fhzh (j) fhl;rp fhzhf; fhl;rp

Xlh (j) Fjpiu Xlhf; Fjpiu



53

16. mfu> ,fu <w;W tpidnar;rj;jpd; gpd; typ kpFk;.

tu nrhd;dhd; tur; nrhd;dhd;

nky;y Ngrpdhu; nky;yg; Ngrpdhu;

Xb Nghdhd; Xbg; Nghdhd;

17. Ma;> Ngha;> Mf> vd vd;Dk; tpidnar;rq;fspd; gpd;Dk; typ kpFk;.

ghu;g;gjha; nrhd;dhd; ghu;g;gjha;r; nrhd;dhd;

Ngha; ghu;j;jhd; Ngha;g; ghu;j;jhd;

,Ug;gjhf nrhd;dhd; ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhd;dhd;

vd $wpdhd; vdf; $wpdhd;

18. td;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.vl;L njhif vl;Lj; njhif

gj;J ghl;L gj;Jg; ghl;L

fw;W nfhLj;jhd; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhd;

tpl;L nrd;whd; tpl;Lr; nrd;whd;

itj;J Nghdhd; itj;Jg;Nghdhd;

ghf;F jpd;whd; ghf;Fj;jpd;whd;

19. jpU> eL> KO> tpO> nghJ> mZ Nghd;Ws;s Kw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fis

mLj;J tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.jpU njhz;L jpUj; njhz;L

eL njU eLj; njU

KO Ngr;R KOg; Ngr;R

tpO nghUs; tpOg; nghUs;

nghJ gzp nghJg; gzp

mZ Fz;L mZf; Fz;L

20. ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj; njhifapy; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.ij jpq;fs; ijj; jpq;fs;

rhiu ghk;G rhiug; ghk;G

21. ctikj; njhifia mLj;J typ kpFk;.

jhkiu fz; jhkiuf;fz;



54

kiy Njhs; kiyj;Njhs;

22. l> w vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; ,ul;bj;J neby; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;Jf;Fg;

gpd;Dk; ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.

khL > khl;L rhzk; khl;r; rhzk;tPL > tPl;L NrhW tPl;Lr; NrhW

MW > Mw;W jz;zPu; Mw;Wj; jz;zPu;

fpzW> fpzw;W jtis fpzw;Wj; jtis

23. a> u> o Mfpa vOj;Jfs; <w;whfr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; f> r> j> g

kpFk;.

ngha; fhjy; ngha;f; fhjy;

Cu; Ngr;R Cu;g; Ngr;RfPo; jpir fPo;j; jpir

24. kfu <w;Wg; ngau;fspYs;s kfu vOj;jhdJ NrUk; ,lj;Jk; f> r> j> g

kpFk;.

ku (k;) fpis kuf; fpis

tl;l (k;) fpzW tl;lf; fpzW

tynyOj;Jfs; kpfh ,lqfs; :ty;nyOj;J kpfhky; tUkplj;ij typ kpfhik vd miog;gu;.

ty;nyOj;ij kpFtpj;J vOjg; gofpa xUtu; fz;l ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk;

ty;nyOj;J ,l;L vOjj; njhlq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;. ty;nyOj;J kpfh

,lq;fspy; ty;nyOj;J kpFtpj;J vOJtJ jtW.

nra;j igad; nra;j igad;

,q;Nf ty;nyOj;J kpfhik Ntz;Lk;. nra;jy; vd;Dk;

nganur;rkhdJ igad; vd;Dk; ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbfpwJ. ,jw;Fg;

gjpyhf nra;jg; igad; vd ty;nyOj;J kpFtpj;J vOjpdhy; nghUs; khwptpLtij fhzyhk;. vdNt ty;nyOj;J kpfhj ,lq;fisg; gw;wpa

tpsf;fKk; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd xd;whFk;.

1. mJ> ,J> vJ> mit> ,it> vit> md;W> ,d;W> vd;W>

mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jid> mt;tsT> ,t;tsT> vt;tsT>



55

mt;thW> ,t;thW> vt;thW> gb> MW Nru;e;J tUk;

tpidnar;rq;fs; xU> ,U> mW> vO vd;gJ Mfpa ,r;

nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd; tUnkhop Kjypy; f> r> j> g vd;Dk;

vOj;Jfspd; tUf;f vOj;J ,Ue;jhy; kpfhJ.

mJ ngupJ mJ ngupJ

vit $tpd vit $tpd?

vj;jid G+f;fs; vj;jid G+f;fs;?

vt;tsT nfhLj;jhu; vt;tsT nfhLj;jhu;

fz;lgb nra;jhd; fz;lgb nra;jhd;

nrhd;dthW nra;jhd; nrhd;dthW nra;jhd;

xU nghUs; xU nghUs;

mj;jid> vj;jid> ,j;jid vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd;tUk;

ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.

mj;Jiz ngupJ mj;Jizg; ngupJ vd kpFtJ fhzyhk;.

Mdhy; mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jid vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; tUk;

ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfhJ.

2. gy> rpy vd;Dk; gd;ik m/wpizg; ngau;fspd; gpd;

ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFtJ ,y;iy.

gy Ngu; gyNgu;

rpy ngau;fs; rpyngau;fs;

Mdhy; ,itNa jk;Kd; jhk; tUfpd;w nghOJ ty;nyOj;J kpFe;Jk;

kpfhkYk; tUjy; cz;L.

gy gy gygy> gw;gy my;yJ gyg;gy

rpy rpy rpyrpy rpw;rpy my;yJ rpyr;rpy

3. nra;j> nra;fpw vd;Dk; tha;g;ghLfisf; nfhz;L KbAk;

nganur;rq;fspd; gpd;tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfh.

nra;j igad; nra;j igad;

nra;fpw njhopy; nra;fpw njhopy;



56

4. ,ilr; nrhw;fshfpa V> X ,tw;wpd; gpd;Dk; tpdh ,ilr;

nrhy;yhfpa ‗M‘ fhuj;jpd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ ,y;iy.

(mtd; V) mtNd ghu;j;jhd; mtNd ghu;j;jhd;

(mts; X) mtNsh nfhLj;jhs; mtNsh nfhLj;jhs;

(mtd; M) mtdh Nfl;lhd; mtdh Nfl;lhd;

5. tpspg; ngau;fspd; gpd; ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ ,y;iy.

mz;zh ghu; mz;zh ghu;

jk;gp Ngh jk;gp Ngh

6. xL> XL vd;Dk; %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspy; tUk; ty;nyOj;J

kpfhJ.

jk;gpNahL nrd;whd; jk;gpNahL nrd;whd;

nghd;dNdhL Ngrpdhd; nghd;dNdhL Ngrpdhd; 7. ,Ue;J> epd;W vd;Dk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspd; gpd;Dk;

kpfhJ.

tPl;bypUe;J nfhLj;jhd; tPl;bypUe;J nfhLj;jhd;

kiyapdpd;W fope;j kiyapdpd;W fope;j

8. mJ vd;Dk; Mwhk; Ntw;WikAUgpd; gpd;Dk; kpfhJ.

fe;jdJ rl;il fe;jdJ rl;il

9. tpidj;njhif gpd; kpfhJ.

RL fhL RLfhL

CW fha; CWfha;

10. <Wnfl;l nganur;rj;ijj; jtpu gpw nganur;rq;fspd; gpd;

ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ fpilahJ.

ngupa ngl;b ngupa ngl;b

rpwpa Fjpiu rpwpa Fjpiu

ey;y ghk;G ey;y ghk;G

gbj;j igad; gbj;j igad;

gbahj ngz; gbahj ngz;



57

11. nkd;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;J

kpfhJ.

vd;W $wpdhu; vd;W $wpdhu;

ed;W Ngrpdhu; ed;W Ngrpdhu;

fz;L nrhd;dhu; fz;L nrhd;dhu;

te;J nfhLj;jhd; te;J nfhLj;jhd;

12. ,ilj; njhlu;> Ma;jj; njhlu;> capu;j; njhlu;> nebw;nwhlu;f;

Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ ,y;iy.

nra;J nfhz;lhd; nra;J nfhz;lhd; -- ,ilj; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

v/F Njhs; v/F Njhs; -- Ma;jj; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

tuF rpwpaJ tuF rpwpaJ -- capu;j; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

ehL ngupaJ ehL ngupaJ -- nebw; nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

13. mfu <w;Wf; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; kpfhJ.

ngupa igad; ngupa igad;

mupa gzp mupa gzp

14. my;topf; fz; vOtha;j; njhlupd; gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfh.

gy nfhbaJ gy nfhbaJ

muh (ghk;G) fbj;jJ muh fbj;jJ.

15. ,U tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J tUe; njhlu;fspy; tUk;

ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfhJ.

Rg;gpukzpa ghujp Rg;gpukzpa ghujp

Mjp gftd; Mjpgftd;

Njr gf;jp Njrgf;jp

16. ck;ikj; njhiff;Fg; gpd; typ kpfhJ.

ahid Fjpiu ahid Fjpiu

,uhg; gfy;> Vw;wj; jho;T> Kjypa ck;ikj; njhifr; nrhw;fs; ,jw;F tpjp

tpyf;fhdit.

17. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njif gpd;tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ.

gq;F gpupj;jhd; gq;F gpupj;jhd; (gq;ifg; gpupj;jhd;



58

vd tpupAk;)

gwit gpbj;jhd; gwit gpbj;jhd;

fdp jpd;whd; fdp jpd;whd;

jkpo; gbj;jhs; jkpo; gbj;jhs;

ePu; Fbj;jJ ePu; Fbj;jJ.

18. td;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ‗fs;‘> ‗jy;‘ vd;Dk;

tpFjpfs; NrUk;NghJ tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpFjy; rpwg;gd;W. Mdhy;

gpioad;W.

thf;F fs; thf;Ffs;

vOj;J fs; vOj;Jfs;

$g;G jy; $g;Gjy; fUj;Jfs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> thf;Ffs; thf;Ff;fs;> ghl;Lfs; ghl;Lf;fs;

vd ,U NtW tbtq;fSk; ,d;W tof;fhw;wpy; cs;sd.

m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; vOjpa ‗ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh? vd;Dk;

E}ypYs;s typ kpFk; tpjpfspd; njhFg;G> typ kpfhikf;Fupa tpjpfs;

Kjyhd mjpfhuq;fspy; nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg; ngw;wJ ,g; ghlk;. re;jpg; gpioapd;wp

vOJtJ vd;gJ nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. typ kpFjY;Fk;

typ kpfhikf;Fk; ,q;Ff; nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;sij khztu;fs; gbj;Jg;

ghu;j;J mjd; topr; nrhw;fis cUthf;f Kaw;rp nra;thu;fNsahdhy;

nkhopj; jpwd; kpf;ftu;fshf tpsq;Fthu;fs; vd;gJ cWjp.

epWj;jf; Fwpfisg gadgLj;Jjy

epWj;jf; Fwpfs:

fhw; Gs;sp> miug; Gs;sp vd toq;Fk; epWj;jf; Fwpfs; vy;yhk; jkpo;

nkhopf;Fg; GJikahditahFk;. ,tw;wpd; Njhw;wk; kpfTk; rkPgj;Nj>

Nkdhl;bdupd; tUifia xl;bNa epWj;jf; Fwpapidg; gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk;

jkpopy; GFe;jJ. Mq;fpNyau; tUiff;F Kd;du; jkpopy; Vfhu Xfhu

ck;ikfs; epWj;jf; Fwpfspd; gq;fpidr; nra;J te;jd vdyhk;. Mdhy;>

Nkdhl;by; epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F

Kd;Ng gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. mup];NlhNghd]; vd;ghu;. fp. K.

%d;whk; E}w;whz;bdstpy; VNjh xUtifahd epWj;jf; Fwpaikg;G



59

Kiwiaf; ifahz;lhu; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ ehk; ifahSfpd;w

epWj;jf; Fwpfs; 15 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; my;ijd; mr;rfj;jpid

mikj;j my;j]; kDrpa;]; vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;ldthk;. mf;FwpaPl;L

Kiwapid Kjd; Kjyhfj; jkpopy; GFj;jpf; ifahz;l ngUik> ey;Y}u;

MWKf ehtyu; mth;fisr; rhu;e;jjhFk; vd;gu; K. fzgjpg; gps;is.

> — fhw; Gs;sp (Comma)

@ — miug; Gs;sp (Semicolon)

: — Kf;fhw; Gs;sp (Colon)

. — Kw;Wg; Gs;sp (Full Stop)

? — tpdhf; Fwp (Question Mark)

! — czu;r;rpf; Fwp (Interjection Mark)

―——‖ — ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;G (Double Quotation)

‗——‘ — xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;G (Single Quotation)

……….. — njhlu; tpLghl;Lf; Fwp

— — tpLFwp (Dash)

* — cLf;Fwp (Star Mark)

—….— — jdpepiyj; njhlu;f;Fwp (Parenthesis)

( ) — gpiwf;Fwp (Brackets)

[ ] — gfu mikg;Gf; Fwp (Brackets)

fhwGssp: (>)

1. nrhw;fis tupirg;gLj;jpr; nrhy;Yk;nghOJk; xt;nthU

nrhw;fisg; gpupj;J vOJk;nghOJk;.

mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;git cWjpg; nghUs;fshk;.

2. ,izahf tUtdtw;iw Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ.

,d;gKk; Jd;gKk;> tpUg;Gk; ntWg;Gk; ,y;yhjtNd cz;ikj;

Jwtpahthd;.

3. thf;fpaj;jpy; xU vOthAk; gy gadpiyAk; Nru;e;J tUk;nghOJ

jd; fztd; nfhiyAz;L ,we;jhd; vd;W Nfl;l fz;zfp

nghq;fpnaOe;jhs;> tpk;kpdhs;> fyq;fpdhs;.

4. Mdhy;> Mifahy;> mjdhy;> MfNt> ,dp> NkYk; Kjyhd

,izr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd;Dk;.



60

nra;As; gbg;gjw;Fr; rpwpJ fbdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. vdpDk;> mJ

ekf;Fj; jdpikapy; ,dpik jUfpwJ.

5. tpspg; ngau; tUk; nghOJ.jk;gP> ehk; tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghfyhk;.

6. Kftupapy; ngaUf;F mLj;Jk;> gl;lj;Jf; ,WjpapYk;.

m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;> vk;. V.>

7. Mq;fpyj; Njjp KiwapYk;.

Vg;uy; 1> 1979.

8. Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpf;F Kd;.

fz;zd; jdJ ez;gidf; fz;lJk;> ―,d;W khiyapy;

tUfpwhah? ‖ vd;W Nfl;lhd;.

miugGssp: (;)

1. thf;fpaj;jpy; xNu vOthahdJ gy gadpiyfisf; nfhs;Sk;

nghOJ ,ilapYs;s gadpiyfSf;F miug; Gs;sp ,Ljy;

Ntz;Lk;.kdpj tho;f;if> Xu; MW@ Fsk; md;W.

2. Vnddpy;> Vndd;why; Kjyhd fhuzf; fpstpfSf;F Kd;.

ehd; ,d;W Ngrkhl;Nld;@ Vndd;why; vdf;Fj; njhz;il rupapy;iy.

3. xU thf;fpaj;jpy; gy rpW thf;fpaq;fs; ,Ue;J KOf; fUj;ijr;

nrhy;Yk; nghOJ.

kzk; mwpe;jij kiwj;Jg; ngha; nrhy;yhNj@ nrhd;dhy; kdNk

tUe;Jk;.

4. xd;Wf;F khwhd fUj;ijf; nfhz;l rpW thf;fpaq;fs; ,ize;J

xU fUj;jpid tpsf;Fk; nghOJ>

fw;wty;y mwpQu;fs; mlf;fkhapUg;gu;@ fy;yh %lu;fs; Muthuk;

nra;tu;.



61

Kffhw Gs;sp: (:)

1. thf;fpaj;jpy; $wpa xd;wid tpupj;Jf; $Wk; nghOJ>

vOj;J ,U tifg;gLk;: xd;W capnuOj;J> kw;nwhd;Wnka;naOj;J.

2. Kf;fhw; Gs;spAld; Nfhbl;L vOJtu;.

gpio jpUj;Jf: -

3. Nkw;NfhSf;F ,ilNa

jpUf;Fws; mjpfhuk; 8 : 6

4. xU fUj;ij typAWj;Jk; nghOJ.

xd;iwf; $u;e;J rpe;jpf;f> E}y;fisg; gbj;Jg; goF: mJNt

fy;tpf;F kpfTk; Ntz;LtJ.

KwWgGssp: ( . )

1. thf;fpa Kbtpy;.

eP ntspNa Ngh.

2. nrhw; FWf;fj;jpd; NghJ.

fp. K.> fp. gp. (fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;> fpwpj;J gpwe;jjw;Fg;

gpd;)

tpdhf; Fwp: (?)

ghLgl;lhy; gyd; ,y;yhky; NghFNkh?

cdf;Fg; nghWg;G VJ?

czurrpf; Fwp: ( )

jk;gp cd; ehit mlf;fpg; NgR!

NkwNfhs Fwpfs: (

―….

‖

‗…..

‘)

xUtu; $Wtij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nghOJ ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;

FwpapLtJk;> xU Nkw;NfhSf;Fs; tUk; gpwpnjhU Nkw;Nfhisr; nrhy;Yk;

nghOJ xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpapid ,LtJk; tof;fk;.―ehd; Ngha; tUNtd;‖ vd;whd;.

―cyf tho;f;if Jd;gNk epiwe;jJ‖ vd;Dk; nfhs;if cz;ikf;Fk;

cj;jpf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjd;W vd;gij mf; fl;Liuapy; jpU. kzptz;zdhu;

ep&gpj;Js;shu;.



62

njhlu tpLghl;Lf; Fwp: ( …… …..)

xU njhlu; tpLgl;bUe;jhy;.

md;gu;fNs…. NfSq;fs;

mtd; ngau;…… ahd; $wkhl;Nld;.

jdpepiyj njhluf; Fwp: ( —…………..— )

xU thf;fpaj;jpy; mjNdhL njhlu;gpy;yhj jdp thf;fpaq;fs;

njhlu;gpy;yhj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ.

ez;gh ck;ikf; fz;lJk; --- xspahkw; nry;YfpNwd;.

vdf;F ntl;fk; te;J tpl;lJ.

milgGf; Fwpfs: ( [ ] { })

1. xU nghUis tpsf;Fk; nghOJ.

FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; Fd;W (kiy) fhzg;gLk;.

2. Mq;fpyj; njhlu;fis vOJk; nghOJ.

milg;Gf; Fwpfs;. (Brackets)

cLfFwp: (*)

mbf;Fwpg;Gf; fhl;Ltjw;F ,f;Fwpiag; gad;gLj;Jtu;.

gl;lg;gbg;gpy; gapYk; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd epWj;jf; Fwpfisg;

gw;wpAk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; ghq;fpidAk; XusT RUf;fpa Kiwapy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nehf;fpy; vOjg;gl;lJ ,g; ghlk;. ,J

nghUk;ghYk; m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; vOjpa ‗ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh? ‘

vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s epWj;jf; FwpfSk; jtWfSk; vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;

njd;GNyhypA+u; K. fzgjpg; gps;is vOjpa gapw;rpj; jkpo; (,uz;lhk;

gjpg;G) vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s epWj;jf; Fwpfs; vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpidAk;

Jizahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lJ ,J. epWj;jf; Fwpfisj; jtwhfg;

gad;gLj;Jtjhy; nghUNs khwptpLtij m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; gytplq;fspy;

Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;shu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:1. eP gok;> ghf;F> ntw;wpiy thq;fp th.

2. eP gok; ghf;F> ntw;wpiy thq;fp th.

vd;Dk; njhlu;fisf; ftdpj;jhy; nghUs; NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

vdNt> epWj;jf;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ jtwpd;wpg; gad;gLj;j



63

Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ mit nkhopf;F Xu; moifj; ju

Ntz;Lk;.

jd $wwpidAk; gpwu $wwpidAk gadgLj;Jk; ghq; F

jd$wWk; gpwu $wWk;:

―kf;fs; ciuahLk;nghOJ NgRk; Ngr;rpid ----- ,U tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

xd;W> xUtu; Ngr;rpid ----- mtu; NgrpagbNa ----- jd;ik ,lj;jpw;F Vw;g ---

- mDgtpj;Jf; $WtJ. mq;qdk; $Wtij ‗Neu;f; $w;W‘> ‗jd; nkhop‘ ‗jd;

$w;W‘> vd;gJz;L. kw;iwaJ> xUtu; Ngr;rpid nghUs; khWglhjgb ----

glu;f;if ,lj;jpw;F Vw;g ---- khw;wpaikj;Jf; $WtJ. ,q;qdk; $Wtij>

‗maw; $w;W‘> ‗may; nkhop‘> ‗gpwu; $w;W‘ vd;gJz;L‖ vd> jd; $w;Wk;

gpwu; $w;Wk; gw;wp K. fzgjpg; gps;is tpsf;Ftij ehk; kdjpy; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; nkhopapy; jd; $w;Nw kpFjpahf tof;fpYs;sJ. jd; $w;Wk;

gpwu; $w;Wk; rpy Ntisfspy; ---- Vd; ngUk;ghYk; ---- NtWghbd;wpNa

jkpou;fs; vOjp tUfpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; khztu;fs; ,j; jtwpidf; fisa

Ntz;Lk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

1. ―fe;jh ghlk; gb‖ vd;whu; Mrpupau; ---- jd; $w;W.

―fe;jidg; ghlk; gbf;fr; nrhd;dhu; Mrpupau; ---- gpwu; $w;W

2. mtd;> ―ehd; gbg;Ngd;‖ vd;whd; ---- jd; $w;W.

mtd; jhd; gbg;gjhff; $wpdhd; ---- gpwu; $w;W.

jd;$w;W> gpwu;$w;W thf;fpaq;fspy; nrhw;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fisg;

gw;wpa njspT khztu;fSf;F Ntz;Lk;. $w;Wfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisf;

fPo;f; fhZkhW tupirg; gLj;jyhk;.

jd $wW \ gpwu $wW:

ehd; ---- jhd; \ vd; vd;Dila ---- jd; jd;Dila \ eP ---- ehd;>mtd;> ,td; \ cd; ---- vd; jd; \ mtd; ---- eP> mtd;> ,td; \ eP> mtd;>

,td; \ ,J> ,it ---- mJ mit \ ,q;Nf ---- mq;Nf ,d;W ---- md;W \

ehis ---- mLj;j ehs;> kW ehs; \ New;W ---- Kjy; ehs;.



64

,k; khw;wq;fis khztu;fs; cupia Kiwapy; vOJk;nghOJ

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

khztu fUjjpy; nfhss Ntz; bad:

1. re;jpg; gpiofs; vd;why; vd;d?2. ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk; ,lq;fs; ahit?

3. ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfh ,lq;fis tpsf;Ff.

4. epWj;jf; Fwpfis Vd; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;? tpsf;Ff.

5. njhifepiyj; njhlu;> njhfhepiyj; njhlu;: Fwpg;G tiuf.

6. ey;y jkpo; vOJjy; vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.

7. jd;$w;iwg; gpwu; $w;whf khw;wp vOJk; nghOJ ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;j

Ntz;bad ahit?



65

ghlk - 6

gpio jpUj;jk;

nkhop eilg gapwrp ---- 1

RUffk:

xypKiwf; Fog;gk; jtpu;j;jy; ---- nrhw;fspd; KjypYk; ,ilapYk;

,WjpapYk; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ---- nrhw;fspilNa Vw;gLk; Fog;gk; jtpu;j;jy; -

--- nrhw;fspd; Xir ,irtha; tUk; Fog;gk; ---- rpy nrhy; ,izfs; ----

ntz;zPuh nte;ePuh? ---- Kbg;Giu ---- tpdhf;fs;.

ey;y jkpo; vOJtjw;F nkhop eilg; gapw;rpAk; Jiw nkhopg;

gapw;rpAk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;Ndhk;. nkhopiag; gpioapy;yhky; vOjTk;>

kaf;fk; ,y;yhky; vOjTk;> ,dpik Nru;j;J vOjTk; fw;gNj nkhop

eilg;gapw;rp. ,e;jg; gapw;rpiag; ngWk;NghJ> ekJ nkhop eil mdpik

cilajhf miktNjhL> nrwpTk; njspTk; cilajhfTk; mikfpwJ.

vOj;Jg; gpioAk;> nrhw; gpioAk;> nrhw;nwhlu;g; gpioAk; ,y;yhky;

mikAk; NghJjhd; nkhopeil rPuhdjhf mikfpwJ. vdNt> ekJ

thf;fpaq;fspy; Vw;glf; $ba vOj;Jg; gpiofis ePf;fp> nrhy;ypd; nghUs;

mwpe;J gad;gLj;jp> kaf;fkpy;yhjjhf thf;fpaq;fs; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

xypf; Fog; gk ePqf:

vOj;Jg; gpio Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;> xU nrhy;ypy;

vOj;Jfs; mike;J epw;Fk; Kiwikiag; gw;wpa (,yf;fz) kuG

njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ekJ nkhopapy; ,Uf;fpd;w rpy vOj;Jfshy;

mikAk; nrhw;fis> mtw;wpd; nghUs; NtWghl;Lld; czu;e;J nfhs;Sjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> muk;> mwk; vd;W ,uz;L nrhw;fs;@ kdk;> kzk;

vd;W ,uz;L nrhw;fs;@ miy> mio> mis vd;W %d;W nrhw;fs;.

,tw;iwg;Nghy; rw;Nwwf;Fiwa xNu xypAk; tbtKk; cila nrhw;fisf;

ifahSk;NghJ gpio Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ. ,J ekJ Ngr;Rg; Gof;fj;jhy;

Vw;glf;$ba gpio. NgRk;NghJ rw;Nw jLkhw;wk; ,Ue;jhy; Nfl;gtu;fs;



66

mt;tsthf ,ijg; nghWl;gLj;j khl;lhu;fs;. kio vd;gij kis vd;Wk;>

gok; vd;gij gsk; vd;Wk;> tPuk; vd;gij tPwk; vd;Wk; cr;rupg;gtu;fs;

cz;L. jkpo; ehl;bd; rpy ,lq;fspy; jpUtpoh vd;gijj; jpUtp\h vd;Wk;

nrhy;Ythu;fs;. thiog; gok; vd;gij thag; gok; vd;W nrh;YNthUk;

csu;.

Ngr;R nkhopapYk; ,it gpioNaahk;. vd;whYk;> mq;Nf NgRfpd;wtu;

vij; Fwpf;fpwhu; vd;gJ vspjhfg; Gyg;gl;LtpLtjhy;> fUj;ij czu;e;J

nfhs;tjpy; ngupa Fog;gk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy;> vOj;J nkhopapy;

,j;jifa Fog;gq;fs; Vw;glhjgbg; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ‗mwk; nra

tpUk;G‘ vd;gij ‗muk; nra tpUk;G‘ vd;W vOjpdhy; nghUNs Ntwhfp

tpLfpwJ my;yth? (mwk; vd;why; jUkk; my;yJ ey;y fhupak; vd;W

nghUs;. muk; vd;whNyh ,Uk;G Kjypa cNyhfq;fis cuhtpj;

Nja;g;gjw;F cupa fUtp vd;W nghUs;.)

,j;jifa vOj;J (xyp)f; Fog;gj;ij ePf;Ftjw;Fr; rpy topfs;

cs;sd. ciueil my;yJ ftpijg; Gj;jfq;fisg; gbg;gjhy; nrhw;fSf;F

cupa rupahd nghUs; ek; neQ;rpy; epiyf;fpwJ. ekf;Fj; njupe;j my;yJ

ehk; mt;tg;NghJ Nfl;fpw nrhw;fspy; ,g;gbg;gl;l xyp xw;Wik cila

nrhw;fis xUq;F itj;J epidj;Jg; ghu;j;jhYk; ekf;Fj; njspT

Vw;gLfpwJ.

gapwrp:

gpd;tUk; ,izr; nrhw;fspd; NtWghL Gyg;gLk;gb mtw;iwj;

jdpj;jdp thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jg; goFf:

mupjy; — mwpjy; ,uq;fy; — ,wq;fy;

cup — cwp Cuy; — Cwy;

vup — vwp Vup — Vwp

fiu — fiw fup — fwp

jpiz — jpid Giz — Gidghzk; — ghdk; thdk; — thzk;

gpd;tUk; Kk;ikr; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; NtWghL njupAk;gb mit

xt;nthd;iwAk; jdpj;jdp thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jg; goFf:-



67

,iy ,is ,io ciy cis cio

cyT csT coT xyp xsp xop

fpyp fpsp fpop jiy jis jio

typ tsp top tiy tis tio

,tw;wpy; ve;jr; nrhy;Yf;fhtJ nghUs; njupahtpl;lhy;> ‗jkpo;

mfuhjp‘ my;yJ ‗jkpo; - jkpo; - Mq;fpy mfuhjp‘apd; Jiz nfhz;L

njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

nrhyypd Kjypy; tUk vOj; Jfs:

ekJ nkhop gy fhykhfg; Ngrg;gl;Lk; vOjg;gl;Lk; tUfpw nkhop.

,jdhy; ,e;j nkhopf;F vd;W rpy eilKiw kuGfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.

,yf;fzf;fhuu;fs; kf;fspd; Ngr;rpypUe;Jk; vOj;jpypUe;Jk; ,e;j kuGfisf; fz;lwpe;J njhFj;Jj; je;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.

xU nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; vit> nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy;

xd;Nwhnlhd;W NrUk; vOj;Jfs; vit> nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tUk;

vOj;Jfs; vit vd;Dk; tptuk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,ijj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy;

ekJ nkhop MSikapy; Vw;glf;$ba gy gpiofisj; jtpu;j;Jtplyhk;.

goq;fhyj;jhu;> ek;kplk; cs;s (capUk; nka;Akhfpa) Kg;gJ

vOj;Jfspy; 21 vOj;Jfs;jhd; nrhw;fspy; Kjypy; tUk; vd;W

fzf;fpl;lhu;fs;. 12 capu; vOj;JfSk;> f> r> Q> j> e> g> k> a> t

vd;Dk; 9 nka; vOj;JfSNk nrhw;fsp;d Kjypy; tUk; vd;gJ mtu;fspd;

fzf;F. mjhtJ> jkpopy; ve;j xU nrhy;Yk; ,e;j ,Ugj;jpNahU (21)

vOj;Jfspy; xd;iwj;jhd; njhlf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J ekJ

gioa ,yf;fz E}yhfpa njhy;fhgg;gpak; jUfpd;w fzf;F.

,ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,itfNshL q vd;Dk; vOj;ijAk; Nru;j;J

nrhw;fSf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ,Ugj;jpuz;L (22) vd;W

nrhy;Ythu;fs;. mq;qdk;> ,q;qdk; Kjyhd nrhw;fspy; cs;s qdk;

vd;gjpy; ,g;gb tUtjhff; fUjpdhu;fs;. ed;D}y; vd;Dk; ,ilf;fhy

,yf;fzk; ,e;jf; fUj;ijr; nrhy;YfpwJ.

,f;fhyj;jhu;> NkYk; rpy vOj;Jfs; nkhopf;F (nrhy;Yf;F) Kjypy;

tUtjhff; fz;lwpe;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. njhyfhg;gpak;> ed;D}y; Mfpaitfspy;



68

cs;s tpjpg;gb k> z> u> y> s> o> w> d vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; ve;jr;

nrhy;ypYk; Kjypy; tuf;$lhJ. ,g;NghJ ekJ kf;fspd; Ngr;rpYk;

vOj;jpYk; ,e;j tpjp khwptpl;lJ. lau;> lkhuk;> yl;L> ug;gu; Kjyhd

nrhw;fs; ekJ kf;fspilNa kpFjpahf toq;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;ld. vdNt>

,g;NghJ nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;jfspd; njhif ,Ugj;jp ehd;fhf(24) cau;e;Jtpl;lJ. (capu; vOj;Jfs; 12> nka; vOj;Jfspy; f> r> Q> l>

j> e> g> k> a> u> y> t vd;Dk; 12).

Kd;ngy;yhk;> jkpopy; rpy vOj;Jfis Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs;

,y;iy> mg;gbg;gl;l xypfis Kjyhf cila Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fs;

tUk;NghJ> mtw;wpd; Kd;dhy; m my;yJ , vd;Dk; capu; vOj;ijr;

Nru;j;J vOJtJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. uhkrhkp vd;gij ,uhkrhkp vd;W

vOJthu;fs;. yl;Rkzd; vd;gij ,yl;Rkzd; vd;W vOJthu;fs;. uq;fk;

vd;gij muq;fk; vd;W vOJthu;fs;.

,g;NghJ> ,g;gb vOJtjw;F tha;g;G ,y;yhky;> kpFjpahd nrhw;fs;

jkpopy; te;J toq;fj; njhlq;fptpl;ld. mtw;Wf;F m> , nfhLj;J

vOjpdhy; nghUl; Fog;gk; Vw;gLfpwJ. rhd;whf lau; vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr;

nrhy;iy ,lau; vd;W vOjpdhy; nghUNs khwpg; NghfpwJ. ug;gu; - ,ug;gu;>

yl;L - ,yl;L> yhup - ,yhup> uhl;bdk; - ,uhl;bdk; Kjyhd nrhw;fSk;

,t;thNw.

,e;jf; Fog;gq;fisf; ftdpj;j Nguhrpupau; m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;

mtu;fs; ,dpNky; l> u> y vd;Dk; vOj;JfisAk; nrhw;fSf;F Kjypy;

tUk; vOj;Jfshff; nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhu;. mtu; vOjpa ‗ey;y jkpo; vOj

Ntz;Lkh? vd;Dk; Gj;jfj;jpy; ,e;j tptuk; cs;sJ.

nrhw;fSf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jfisg; gw;wpa tpjpapd; kpf

Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jfs; cz;L. capu; vOj;Jfs; jhkhf nrhy;ypd; Kjypy;

tUk;. mzpy;> MW> ,iy> <if> czT> Cl;lk;> vopy;> Vw;wk;> Iak;>

xOq;F> Xu;ik> xsit vd;gd Nghy nka;naOj;Jfs; jhkhf nrhy;ypd;

njhlf;fkhf tukhl;lh. mit VjhtJ Xu; capu; vOj;NjhL Nru;e;J (capu;

nka; vOj;J) jhd; nrhw;fSf;F Kjypy; tu Ntz;Lk;.

nka;naOj;Jfs; capNuhL Nru;e;Nj nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk;NghJ>

ve;nje;j nka;naOj;Jfs; ve;nje;j capu; vOj;JfNshL Nru;e;J Kjypy;



69

tUk; (ve;jnje;j capu;fNshL Nru;e;J Kjypy; tuhJ) vd;gij ekJ

,yf;fzq;fs; njspthf tpsf;fp tptupf;fpd;wd.

f> r> j> g> k vd;Dk; nka;naOj;Jfs; vy;yh capu; vOj;JfNshLk;

Nru;e;J nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk;. fdp> fhjyp> fpis> fPw;W> FWk;G> $l;lk;>nfl;b> Nfs;tp> ifg;G> nfhil> NfhL> ft;T Kjypad Nghy. Mdhy; Q>

a> t Kjypa rpy nka; vOj;Jfs; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUnkd;whYk;

vy;yh capu;fNshLk; mit Nru;e;J (nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy;) tUtjpy;iy. Q

tupirapy; Qkyp> QhapW> QpkpW> nQz;L vd;Dk; rpy capu;nka;fNs

nrhy;ypd; njhlf;f vOj;jhf tUfpd;wd. kw;wit tUtjpy;iy. a

tupirapYk; ap> aP> na> Na> ia> nah> Nah Kjypa vOj;Jfs; nkhopf;F

Kjypy; tukhl;lh.

,e;j tptuq;fisj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy; ehk; gpiofs; nra;a

khl;Nlhk;. New;W vd;gij NQw;W vd;Wk;> NehQ;rhd; vd;gij NQhQ;rhd; vd;Wk; vOj khl;Nlhk;. ,iy vd;gij aiy vd;W vOj khl;Nlhk;. xd;W

vd;gij nahd;W vd;W vOj khl;Nlhk;. tPL vd;gij T+L vd;W vOj

khl;Nlhk;. vOj;jpNy kl;Lky;y ekJ Ngr;rpNy$l ,j;jifa nfhr;ir

vOj;Jfs; Clhlkhl;lh. vOj;jhYk; Ngr;rhYk; ekJ vz;zq;fis

kw;wtu;fSf;Fr; nrg;gkhfj; njuptpg;gjw;F cupa xU fUtpjhNd nkhop?

,ilapy tUk vOj;Jfs;:

nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa tUk; vOj;Jfisg; gw;wpAk; jpl;ltl;lkhd

tpjpKiw cz;L. ve;j vOj;ij mL;J ve;j vOj;J tUk;@ ve;j vOj;Jf;Fg;

gpwF ve;j tOj;J tuhJ vd;gij vy;yhk; me;j (,yf;fz) tpjp ekf;Fj;

njspthfr; nrhy;YfpwJ.

jkpopy; cs;s gjpndl;L (18) nka; vOj;Jfspy; u;> o; vd;Dk;

,uz;Lk; xNu nrhy;ypy; ,ul;bj;J tukhl;lh. mjhtJ u; te;jgpd;> mNj

nrhy;ypy; NkYk; xU u; mij mLj;J tuhJ. o Tk; mg;gbNa. xU

ofuj;ij mLj;J kw;nwhU ofuk; tuhJ. mg;gbr; nrhw;fNs jkpopy;

fpilahJ.

,e;j vOj;Jfisj; njhlu;e;J (mLj;J) NtW vOj;Jfs; kl;LNk

tUk;. mjhtJ Nru;jy;> Xu;ik> tho;jy; vd;gd Nghy tUk;.

Vida gjpdhW (16) nka; vOj;JfSk; jj;jk; vOj;NjhL ,ul;bj;J

tUk;. gf;fk;> mq;qdk;> cr;rk;> kQ;iQ gl;lk;> tz;zk;> gj;J> nre;epwk;>



70

mg;gh> mk;kh> nka;ad;> ney;yp> mt;it> cs;sk;> Kw;wk;> rpd;dk; vd;gd

vLj;Jf;fhl;L. ,tw;wpy; ,uz;lhtJ tUgit f> q> r> iQ> ep Kjypa

capu;nka; vOj;JfNsahdhYk;> mit tUk;NghJ mNj nka; vOj;J

tUtjhfNt nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. capu;nka; vOj;jpNy Kjypy; nka; vOj;J

(f; m f@ k; m k) jhNd ,Uf;fpwJ?

nka; vOj;Jfis ty;ypdk; (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) nky;ypdk; (q;> Q;>

z;> e;> k;> d;)> ,ilapdk; (a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;) vd;W gpupj;J ,Uf;fpNwhk;.

ty;ypd nka; vOj;ij mLj;J kw;nwhU nka; vOj;J tuhJ.

(capu;nka;jhd; tUk;) tf;g;> kpf;r;ru;> Kg;j; vd;gd Nghy nka;fs; ,ize;J

jkpopy; nrhw;fs; tUtjpy;iy.

,e;j tpjpKiwfisj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy; Kaw;r;rp> mjw;f;F

vd;nwy;yhk; gpioahf vOj khl;Nlhk; my;yth?

,Wjpapy tUk vOj;Jfs;:

jkpopy; xU nrhy; ve;nje;j vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L KbAk;> ve;nje;j

vOj;Jfs; nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tukhl;lh vd;gJk; Kf;fpakhf epidtpy;

nfhs;sj; jf;fJ. gd;dpuz;L capu; vOj;JfSk;> Q;> z;> j;> k;> d;> a;> u;>

y;> t;> o;> s; vd;Dk; gjpNdhU (11) nka; vOj;JfSk; Fw;wpay; cfuKk;

nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs;.

,tw;wpy; capu; vOj;J vd;gJ jdp capnuOj;jhfTk; tuyhk;@

nka;NahL Nru;e;j capu;nka; vOj;jhfTk; tuyhk;. (capu;nka; vOj;jpy;> f;

, fp vd;gJ Nghy; capu; vOj;J xypjhNd filrpapy; epw;fpwJ?) M>

X Kjyhd tpag;Gr; nrhw;fspYk; msngilapYNk capu; vOj;J nrhy;ypd;

filrpapy; tUk;. kw;nwy;yh ,lq;fspYk; nka;naOj;NjhL Nru;e;Nj capu;

vOj;J nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tUk;.

nka; vOj;Jfspy;> NkNy Fwpj;j gjpndhd;Wk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy;

tUk; vd;gJ $lg; gioa Kiwjhd;. ,g;nghOJ mtw;wpy; rpy vOj;Jfs; nrhy;ypd; filrp vOj;jhf tUtjpy;iy.

cupQ;> nghUe;> njt; vd;gd Nghd;w nrhw;fs; Kd;G gof;fj;jpy;

,Ue;jd. ,g;NghJ ,e;j vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L KbAk; nrhw;fs; mjpfk;

toq;Ftjpy;iy. vdNt> jdp nka;fshf nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; ,Ug;git d;>



71

k;> a;> u;> y;> o;> s;> d;> vd;Dk; vl;L vOj;JfNs. (fz;> mwk;> nka;> Cu;>

fhy;> Kd;> kPd;).

F> R> L> J> G> W vd;Dk; MW vOj;JfSk; gy ,lq;fspy; KO

cr;rupg;G ngwhky; xyp Fiwe;Nj tUk;. mtw;iwNa ehk; Fw;wpay; cfuk; vd;fpNwhk;. ,itAk; nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tUk; vd;gJ jkpopd; kuG.

nrhw Foggk; ef; fy;:

vOj;Jfisf; ifahs;tJ NghyNt> nrhw;fisf; ifahs;tjpYk;

ekf;Fj; njspT Ntz;Lk;. z> d vOj;Jfspy; Fog;gk; Vw;gl tha;g;G

,Ug;gJ NghyNt> rpy nrhw;fspYk; Fog;gk; Vw;gLtJz;L. gbe;jhd;

vd;gjw;Fk; gbj;jhd; vd;gjw;Fk; nghUspy; njhlu;Ng ,y;iy. fbe;jhd;

vd;gjw;Fk; fbj;jhd; vd;gjw;Fk; njhlu;Ng ,y;iy.

xU vOj;J khWjy;$lr; nrhy;ypd; nghUspy; ngupa khWjy;fis

Vw;gLj;jptpLfpwJ vd;gij ehk; kdj;jpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‗mope;jJ‘>

‗mopj;jJ‘ vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; xNu nghUs; cilait Nghyj;

Njhd;wpdhYk; ,tw;why; Fwpf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpapy; El;gkhd NtWghL

cs;sJ. ‗mope;jJ‘ vd;why;> jhNd rpije;jJ vd;W nghUs;. ‗mopj;jJ‘

vd;why;> VNjh xd;W (kw;nwhd;iwr;) rpijj;jJ vd;W nghUs;. ,tw;wpy;

‗mope;jJ‘ vd;gijj; jd;tpid vd;Wk; ‗mopj;jJ‘ vd;gijg; gpwtpid

vd;Wk; nrhy;YfpNwhk;.

rpyNghJ> fpl;ljl;l xNu Xir cila nrhw;fspy; Fog;gk; Vw;gLtJk;

cz;L. Jfpy; vd;gJk; Japy; vd;gJk; xypapy; neUf;fkhf ,Ue;jhYk;

nghUspy; NtW Ntwhdit. Jfpy; vd;gJ Jzp> Japy; vd;gJ cwf;fk;.

Nta;jy; vd;gijAk; Nka;jy; vd;gijAk; rpyu; khw;wpf; ifahz;L tpLtu;.

$iu Nta;e;jhd; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhff; $iu Nka;e;jhd; vd;W nrhd;dhy;

vg;gb ,Uf;Fk;? ML khLfs; Gy;iy NkAk;> kdpjd; $iu Nta;tjw;Fg;

gjpyhf mij Nkayhkh?

iky; vd;gJ xU ePl;ly; msT> kapy; vd;gJ xU gwit. ngl;biaj;

jpwe;jhd; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhfg; ngl;biaj; Jwe;jhd; vd;W vOjptplf;$lhJ.

Jwe;jhd; vd;why; tpl;Ltpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhd; vd;W nghUs;. cw;whu;

cwtpdiu tpl;Ltpl;Lr; rhkpahuhfg; Ngha; tpLfpwtidj; Jwtp vd;W

nrhy;YfpNwhk; my;yth? Jwe;jtd; Jwtp.



72

nrhy ,izfs:

,uz;L nrhw;fis ,izj;J xU Gjpa nrhy;iy cz;lhf;Fk;NghJ

rpy gpiofs; Vw;gLtJ cz;L. ekJ filg; gyiffspYk; nra;jpj;

jhs;fspy; tUk; tpsk;guq;fspYk; ‗eak; Cj;Jf;Fsp ntz;iz‘ ‗mry; Njq;fha; vz;nza;‘ vd;gd Nghd;w nrhw;fisg; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;. ,jpNy

cs;s ntz;iz> vz;iz vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; gpioahf vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.

ntz;ik> nea; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J ntz;nza; vd;W

MfpwJ. mij ntz;iz vd;W vOjf;$lhJ. vs;> nea; vd;Dk; ,uz;L

nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J vz;nza; vd;W MfpwJ. mij vz;iz vd;W vOjf;

$lhJ.

ntz;iz vd;gJ ntz;ik iz vd;W gpupAk;> mjw;Fg; nghUs;

fpilahJ. mNj Nghy vz;iz vd;gJ vs; iz vd;W gpupAk;. ,jw;Fk;

nghUs; vJTk; fpilahJ. vdNt Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fis KiwNa

ntz;nza;> vz;nza; vd;Nw vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;.

nteepj; jzzP uh?

,tw;iwg; Nghd;w NtW rpy $l;Lr; nrhw;fSk; cz;L. ntd;dPu;>

nrd;dPyk; vd;nwy;yhk; rpyu; vOJthu;fs;. ,it nte;ePu;> nre;ePyk; vd;Nw

vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ntk;ik> ePu; vd;W ,uz;L nrhw;fshy; MdNj nte;ePu;

vd;Dk; $l;Lr; nrhy;. ,e;jr; nrhw;fs; ,izAk;NghJ ntk;ik vd;gjpy;

cs;s filrp vOj;J ePq;fpg; NghFk;. ntk;> ePu; vd;w nrhw;fNs epw;Fk;.

mJ ntk; ePu; vd;W Mfp> cr;rupg;G vspikf;fhf nte;ePu; vd;W MfpwJ.

nre;ePyk; vd;w nrhy;Yk; nrk;ik> ePyk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fshy; MdJ.

mit ,izAk;NghJ nrk; ePyk; vd;W Mfpr; nre;ePyk; vd;Nw mika

Ntz;Lk;.

nte;ePu; vd;gijr; RL jz;zPu; vd;Nw rpyu; vOJthu;fs;. jz;zPu;

vd;why; Fspu;e;j ePu; vd;W nghUs;. vdNt RL jz;zPu; vd;why; ntg;gkhd

Fspu;e;j ePu; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. mg;gb ePu; fpilahJ. jtpuTk; ,q;Nf ehk;



73

Fwpg;gpl tpUk;GtJ RL ePu; vd;Dk; nte;ePiuNa. #lhf ,Uf;fpd;w ePiu

ntg;gkhd Fspu;r;rpahd ePu; vd;W nrhy;yf; $lhjy;yth?

,d;Dk; gy Ngu;> xU gb NkNy nrd;W nte;epj;jz;zp vd;ghu;fs;.

mjhtJ nte;ePu; jz;zPu; vd;fpwhu;fs;. mg;gb vd;why; Rlitj;J Mwitj;j ePu; vd;W nghUs; (#lhf ,Uf;fpw) nte;ePiu ,g;gbf; Fog;gkhd

nrhw;fshy; Fwpf;ff; $lhJ my;yth?

epidtpNy nfhs;Sqfs:

vz;iz my;y> vz;nza;@

ntz;iz my;y> ntz;nza;@

ntd;dPu; my;y> RL jz;zPu; my;y> nte;epj; jz;zPUk; my;y> mJ

nte;ePu;.

KbgGiu:

fpl;lj;jl;l xNu tpjkhd xyp cila vOj;Jfisj; njspthfg;

gapd;W mtw;why; Vw;gLk; nghUs; NtWghl;il czu Ntz;Lk;. fpl;ljl;l

xNu tpjkhd Xir cila nrhw;fis Ms;tjpYk; ftdk; Ntz;Lk;.

nrhy;ypd; KjypYk; eLtpYk; tuf;$ba vOj;Jfs; vitnait vd;gij

mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jtwhd nrhy;yhl;rpfisf; nfhQ;rk; Cd;wpf;

ftdpj;J mtw;wpd; mikg;igj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ekJ

nkhopeilg; gapw;rp tsk; ngWfpwJ. ehk; ifahSk; Ngr;R nkhopapYk;

vOj;J nkhopapYk; rpwe;j nrg;gk; Vw;gLfpwJ.


1. gpd;tUk; nrhy; ,izfspd; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;gb jdpj;jdpNa

thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;J vOJ.

(m) Ntiy> Ntis (M) Fiu> Fiw (,) ,iy> ,io (<) xyp>

xsp (c) vz;iz> vz;nza;>

2. nrhy;Yf;F KjypYk; ,ilapYk; tUk; vOj;Jfisg; gw;wpa

njspT nkhopeilg; gapw;rpapy; ve;j msT cjTfpwJ?

3. gpd;tUk; nrhw;fspd; gpwtpid tbtj;ij vOJf:

vOe;jhd;> tpOe;jhd;> Xbdhd;> tzq;fpdhd;> fw;whd; ;.

4. nte;epj; jz;zPu; vd;gJ gw;wp xU Fwpg;G tiuf.



74

ghlk - 7

Foggk; ePf; Fjy;

nkhop eilg gapwrp – 2

RUffk:

kuig ,og;gjh? ---- capupdq;fspd; Fuy; ---- nray; mbg;gilapy;

nrhw;fs; ---- cUtKk; gUtKk; ---- ,iy> Xiy> kly; ---- nrhy;

gQ;rkpy;iy ---- MZk; ngz;Zk; ---- Fl;bfs; FQ;Rfs; ---- njhLf;fth

fl;lth? ---- tpdhf;fs;.

kuig ,oggjh?

jkpo; nkhop nrhy; tsKila nkhop. gy E}w;whz;Lfshfg; gapd;W

tUfpd;w nkhop. vdNt> El;gkhd fUj;Jfis tpsf;Fk; Mw;wy; jkpOf;F

cz;L. MapDk;> ek; kf;fspNy gyUf;F nkhopapy; Nghjpa gapw;rp ,y;iy.

mb kdj;jpd; tpisthd xU ke;jeilg; Nghf;Fk; ekJ tho;tpd;

midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; glu;e;J fplf;fpwJ. ekJ Ngr;R nkhopapYk;> ,e;j

ke;jeil xUtpjkhd kaf;fj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. vdNt> gyupd;

nkhopeil Nghjpa jpl;g El;gj; njspT ,y;yhky;> typTk; ngypTk; ,oe;J

fplf;fpwJ. eype;j clYf;F Cl;lk; Nru;g;gjw;F clw;gapw;rp

Njitg;gLfpwJ. mJ NghyNt nkhop eilf;F Cl;lk; Nru;f;fTk; rpy

gapw;rpfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ve;jr; nrhy;iy vq;Nf vg;gb Ms;tJ vd;fpw

njspit ehk; gapy Ntz;bAs;sJ.

mjpfk;> mNefk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fs; kpFjp vd;Dk; xNu

nghUisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. Mdhy;> ,tw;wpy; mjpfk; vd;w nrhy;iy mstpd;

kpFjpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk; mNefk; vd;w nrhy;iy vz;zpf;ifapd;

kpFjpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,JNghyNt

vj;jid> vt;tsT Nghd;w nrhw;fis> ―cdf;F vj;jidg; Gj;jfq;fs;

Ntz;Lk;? ‖ vd;W vz;izf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk;> ―vt;tsT ney;

Ntz;Lk;? ‖ vd;W msitf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk; gad;gLj;JtJ nkhop

eilf;Fj; njspitAk; mOj;jj;ijAk; nfhLf;Fk;.



75

rpy nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhykhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUspy; gad;gl;L

te;Js;sd. mtw;wpd; kuG mwpahky;> mtw;iwj; jhWkhwhfg; gad;gLj;jj;

njhlq;fp tpl;lhy; nkhop kuG rpijtNjhL ekJ Ngr;rpYk; vOj;jpYk;

,Uf;f Ntz;ba El;gKk; rpije;J NghFk;. ‗gl;bdk;‘ vd;w nrhy; flw;fiuefuj;ijAk; ‗gl;lzk;‘ vd;w nrhy; ehl;bd; cl;gFjpapy; cs;s

efuj;ijAk; Fwpj;J te;Js;sd. ,d;W gyu; ,e;j NtWghL njupahky;

ifahStjhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; nrhw;fs; jdpj;jd;ikia ,oe;J tpLk;epiy

cUthfp tpLfpwJ.

Kd;ngy;yhk; gl;bdj;jhu; vd;W nrhd;dhNy mtu; xU flw;fiu

Ciur; Nru;e;jtu; vd;W tpsq;fptpLk;. ,g;NghJ me;jr; nrhy;yhl;rpapy;

Vw;gl;l kaf;fj;jhy;> me;jf; Fwpg;Ng mope;J Ngha; tpl;lJ. kuG topahf

ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; gy nrhw;fisg; Ngzpf; fhg;gjd; thapyhf>mtw;iw kW gapw;rp nra;J nkhopeilNahL ,ioa tpLtjd; thapyhf>

nkhopeil nrg;gKk; EZf;fKk; ngw;Wj; jpfOk; vd;gJ ntspg;gil.

capupdq;fspd Fuy;:

ek;ikr; Rw;wp thOk; capupdq;fis tpyq;F> gwit> Cu;td>

ePe;Jtd vdg; gythwhfg; gpupj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. fhiy Kjy; khiy tiu ----

rpyNghJ ,utpNy $l mtw;wpd; Fuy;fisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl tho;fpNwhk;.

,e;jf; Fuy;fspd; NtWghl;ilf; fUjpAk;> mtw;iw vOg;Gfpw gpuhzpfspd;

moF> Mw;wy;> Kjypa gz;GfSf;F Vw;gTk;> mtw;wpd; Fuy;fis

ntt;NtW nrhw;fshy; (ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs;) Fwpg;gpl;L te;jhu;fs;.

ahid gpspWk;@

eha; Fiuf;Fk;@

fOij fidf;Fk;@

eup CisapLk;@

Me;ij myWk;@

kapy; mfTk;.

vd;gd Nghy xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; ntt;NtW nrhw;fis Ms;tNj jkpo; kuG.

,jw;F khwhf> ahid fj;JfpwJ@ eup fj;JfpwJ@ fOij fj;JfpwJ@

Me;ij fj;JfpwJ vd;W nrhd;dhYk; ekf;Fk; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;. Mdhy;

mjpNy Xu; moNfh njspNth ,y;iy. xypfisf; nfhz;Nl xt;Nthu; capu;g;

gpuhzpiaAk; NtW gpupj;J czuf;$ba El;gKk; ,y;iy.



76

nkhop vd;gJ ntWk; nrhw;fspd; Nfhu;it my;y@ rupahd nrhy;iy

cupa ,lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp> ekJ fUj;ijg; nghUj;jkhf> tpsf;fkhf

tpsf;FtNj nkhop. vdNt> nkd;ikahd kapypd; FuiyAk; fLikahd

Me;ijapd; FuiyAk; fj;JfpwJ vd;w xNu nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;ff;$lhJ.

mg;gbf; Fwpj;J tpl;lhy; nkhop eilapd; capNuhl;lNk Fd;wptpLfpd;wJ.

nray mbggil:

mUtp> MW> Vup Mfpa vy;yhtw;wpYk; cs;sJ jz;zPu;jhd;. Mdhy;>

mUtpapy; jz;zPu; topfpwJ (my;yJ tpLfpwJ) vd;fpNwhk;. Mw;wpy; jz;zPu;

XLfpwJ vd;fpNwhk;. Vupapy; jz;zPu; Njq;FfpwJ vd;fpNwhk;. ,tw;iw

khw;wpr; nrhd;dhy; nghUNs Fok;gp tpLfpwJ. mUtpapy; jz;zPu; Njq;fp

epd;why;> ahUk; Fspf;f KbahJ my;yth?

xNu ,lj;jpy; kpFjpahfr; NrUk; capu;g; gpuhzpfis my;yJ capu; ,y;yhj nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;fTk; ntt;NtW nrhw;fs; toq;fptUfpd;wd. gy

MLfs; Nru;e;jhy; Ml;Lf; $l;lk; vd;gjpy;iy@ ‗Ml;L ke;ij‘ vd;fpNwhk;.

kf;fs; gyu; Nru;e;jhy; ‗kf;fl; $l;lk;‘ vd;fpNwhk;. fw;fs; Nru;e;jhy; fw;

Ftpay;> kiyfs; Nru;e;jhy; kiyj; njhlu;> kuq;fs; Nru;e;jhy; kur; Nrhiy>

ahidfs; Nru;e;jhy; ahidg; ge;jp vd;fpNwhk;. xNu fhk;gpy; jpuz;bUf;Fk;

nghUl;fisf;$l mtw;wpd; NtWghL Gyg;gLk; tpjkhf> G+q;nfhj;J vd;Wk;

gof; Fiy vd;Wk; nrhy;YfpNwhk;. tpwF Nrfupj;J xd;whfr; Nru;ejhy;

tpwFf; fl;L vd;fpNwhk;. ehw;iwg; gpLq;fp xd;whfr; Nru;j;jhy; ehw;WKb

vd;fpNwhk;.

,g;gb vz;zpnaz;zp ntt;NtW nrhw;fis MsNtz;Lk;. ,jdhy;

me;jr; nrhw;fspNyNa mq;F elf;Fk; nraypd; jd;ik mofhfTk;

RUf;fkhfTk; tpsf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwJ. RUf;fKk; njspTk;jhNd nkhopf;F

moF?

fw;fis Xu; ,lj;jpy; jpul;Lk;NghJ gug;gpg;Nghl khl;lhu;fs;@ Ftpj;Nj

NghLthu;fs;@ vdNt fw; Ftpay;. ahidfs; xd;W NrUk;NghJ tupir

tupirahfNt NrUk;. vdNt> ahidg; ge;jp. tpwifj; jpul;b cWjpahd

fapw;why; (nfhbahy;) ,Wf;fpf; fl;LfpNwhk;@ vdNt> tpwFf; fl;L. ehw;iw

mg;gb ,Wf;fpf; fl;bdhy; rpije;J NghFk;. vdNt nkJthf> mitfspy;

rpy ehw;Wfisf; nfhz;Nl nkd;ikahf Kbe;J itf;fpwhu;fs;. MfNt mJ

ehw;W Kb.



77

cUtKk; gUtKk:

nray;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lky;yhJ tbtk; gUtk; vd;Dk;

mbg;gilapYk; nrhy;yhl;rp mika Ntz;Lk;. Xu; ,iyapd; gy;NtW

gUtq;fisj; jspu;> ,iy> gOg;G> rUF> vd;Dk; NtW NtW nrhw;fshy;

Fwpf;fpNwhk;. ,e;jr; nrhw;fisr; nrhd;dTlNdNa ekf;F mjd; Njhw;wKk; tpsq;fptpLfpwJ.

mUk;G> Kif> nkhl;L> kyu;> myu;> tP> nrk;ky; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

ekf;Fg; GJikahfj; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy;> ekJ Kd;Ndhu;fs;> kyupd; gy;NtW

gUtq;fis ,e;jj; jdpj;jdpr; nrhw;fshNyNa Fwpj;J te;jhu;fs;. kyUk;

gUtj;jpy; cs;s G+itNa kyu; vd;whu;fs;. ed;whf tpupe;jJ myu;. myu;e;J

thba Njhw;wj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ tP@ thbr; RUz;L fPNo tpOe;jgpd;> mJ

nrk;ky; vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gl;lJ> ,d;W ,j;jidAk; Mshtpl;lhYk;> mUk;G>

kyu;> myu;> tP vd;Dk; mj;jidAk; G+ vd;Dk; xNu nrhy;yhy;

Fwpg;gijahtJ jtpu;f;fyhk; my;yth?

,iy> Xiy> kly:

gUtj;jhy; kl;Lky;y> Njhw;wj;jpdhYk; ,ay;gpdhYk;$l> xNu ,dg;

nghUis NtW NtW nrhw;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. G+ Ve;jj; njhlq;FKd;

kuk;> nrb> nfhb vy;yhtw;wpYk; tsUk; cWg;Gf;F ,iy vd;w nghJg;

ngau; cs;sJ. Mdhy;> vy;yhtw;iwAk; ehk; ,iy vd;Nw nrhy;tjpy;iy.

Gy;ypd; ,iyiaj; jhs; vd;fpNwhk;. ney;Yk; xU tifg; Gy;Ny.

Mjyhy;> ney;ypd; ,iyiaAk; jhs; vd;Nw nrhy;YfpNwhk;. ―mupjhs; tu

kWehs; gapuhFk;‖ vd;w ehl;Lg; ghly; cs;sJ my;yth?

ek;Kila Kd;Ndhu;fs; gid> njd;id> fKF> Kjypa kuq;fisAk;

Gy; vd;Nw nrhd;dhu;fs;. gidf;Fj; jhyg; Gy; vd;w xU ngaUk; cz;L.

vjd; mbkuj;jpd; cl;ghfk; cWjpahf (tapuk;) ,Uf;fpwNjh mJ kuk;

vd;Wk;> vjpNy ntspg; ghfk; cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwNjh mJ Gy; vd;Wk;

fUjg;gl;ld. ―Gwf; fhodNt Gy;nyd nkhopg‖ ―mff; fhodNt kuk; vd

nkhopg‖ vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. (fho; vd;why; cWjp my;yJ tapuk; vd;gJnghUs;).

,e;jg; Gw;fs; kw;w Gw;fisg; Nghy; jiuapNy fplf;ftpy;iy. thDw

Xq;fp epw;fpd;wd. vdNt> ,tw;wpd; ,iyfisj; jhs; vd;W nrhy;y

Kbatpy;iy. (ekJ cwTf;fhu tPl;Lg; igad; rpWtdhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Nl

vd;W miof;fyhk;> mtd; tsu;e;j gpwF mg;gb miof;f KbAkh?



78

ngaiuj; njupe;J nfhz;L mijr; nrhy;yp miof;fpNwhk; my;yth?) MfNt

Xq;fp tsu;e;Jtpl;l njd;id> gid> fKF Kjypa Gw;fspd; ,iyfis

Xiy vd;W nrhd;dhu;fs;.

njd;id> gid Nghd;w kw;nwhd;W jhio. ,JTk; mtw;iwg;Nghy; Gy;ypd tifiar; Nru;e;jJjhd;. MdhYk;> mtw;iwg;Nghy klu; (fhk;G)

vLj;J ,iy vLf;fhky;> klYk; ,iyAk; Nru;e;Nj ,Ug;gjhy; jhioapd;

,iy kly; vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. fKfpd; ,iy fhk;gpy; ,Ue;Jk;

,y;yhjJ Nghd;w Xu; mikg;GilaJ. vdNt> fKfpd; ,iyiaAk;

rpyNghJ kly; vd;W nrhy;tJz;L.

nrhy gQrkh?

,g;NghJ gy Gjpa mwptpay; Jiwfs; cs;sd. coTj; njhopy;>

ifj; njhopy; Mfpa gioa njhopy;fSk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;LtpupTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jj; Jiwfisg; gw;wpnay;yhk;> jkpopy; Gjpa

Gj;jfq;fs; tuNtz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gLfpNwhk;. Mdhy;> clNdNa>

―mtw;wpw;Fupa Jiwr; nrhw;fs; ,y;iyNa‖ vd;w mtyf; Fuy; vOfpwJ.

(nlf;dpf;fy; nlu;k;];) ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; jkpopd; nrhy; gQrk; my;y> jkpopy;

cs;s nrhw;fisNa ehk; gad;gLj;jhky; tpl;L tpl;Nlhk;. mtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jp tuhjjhy; mg;gbr; nrhw;fNs ,y;iy vd;W fUjp tpl;Nlhk;.

kuk;> nrb> nfhb> Gy; Mfpatw;wpd; ,iyfSf;F kl;Lky;y mtw;wpd;

tpijfSf;Ff;$lj; jkpopy; ntt;NtW ngau;fs; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. kpsfha;>

fj;jpup Mfpatw;wpd; tpijfis tpj;J vd;fpNwhk;. kh> gyh> gid

Mfpat;wwpd; tpijfisf; nfhl;il vd;fpNwhk;. Nrhsk;> ney; Kjypatw;wpd;

tpijfis kzp vd;fpNwhk;. Mkzf;F> Ntk;G Mfpatw;wpd; tpijfis

Kj;J vd;fpNwhk;.

mJ kl;Lkh? fyg;ig vd;Dk; xNu nghUspd; ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;

gy;NtW nrhw;fs; cs;sd. Nkop> Vw;fhy;> Fw;wp> nfhO> Efk; Kjyhd gy

gFjpfs; ,ize;Nj xU fyg;ig cz;lhf;FfpwJ.

,e;jr; nrhw;fis vy;yhk; ,lj;jpw;F Vw;wgb> nghUs; nghUj;jj;NjhL

ifahz;lhy; ekJ nkhopNa Gjpa tsk; ngWk;. new; fjpupy; kzpfs; mzp

mzpahf cs;sd vd;gjw;Fk; new;fjpu; ed;whf cs;sJ vd;gjw;Fk;

NtWghL cz;L my;yth? MZk; ngz;Zk;: capu; tiffspd; (Mz;>

ngz;) ghy; Ntw;Wikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; jkpo; nkhopf;Nf jdp moF



79

Nru;f;fpd;wd. Mz;> ngz; vd;Dk; nrhw;fis Kd;Nd Nru;j;J (Mz; Nfhop

ngz; Nfhop vd;gJ Nghy) vOjpdhYk; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;. vd;whYk;> Nrty;>

ngl;il vd;Dk; jdpj;jdpr; nrhw;fshy; mtw;iwf; Fwpj;jhy; RUf;fkhfTk;

mofhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; my;yth?

―fhjy; klg;gpbNahL fspW tUtijf; fz;Nld;‖ vd;W ghLfpwhu;

mg;gu;> ,ijNa ngz; ahidNahL Mz; ahidfs; tUtd fz;Nld;

vd;why; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk;? nghUs; tpsq;fp tpLfpwJ. Mdhy; nkhop moF

Fd;wp tpLfpwJ my;yth?

,NjNghy;> fhis khL> gR khL vd;W nrhy;yhky; fhis> gR vd;W

nrhy;YfpNwhk;. Mz; Fuq;F> ngz; Fuq;F vd;W nrhy;yhky;> fLtd;> ke;jp

vd;W nrhy;YfpNwhk;.

―,g;gb vy;yhk; Vd; nrhy;tJ? Mz;> ngz; vd;W Nru;j;jhy; vd;d?

vd;W vz;zj; Njhd;Wk;. fUj;J tpsq;Fk; vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy;>

mjpNy xU fdpT ,Uf;fhJ. khdk; kiwg;gjw;F cs;s Milia vg;gb

vg;gbnay;yhk; moFgLj;JfpNwhk;. grpiaj; jzpg;gjw;F cs;s cztpNy

vj;jid tiffs;. nkhop eilapYk; kf;fs; moif tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;.

Fl;bfs; - FQ; Rfs:

ghy; ghFghl;bNy kl;Lkpd;wp ,sikg; ngau;fspYk; jkpo; nkhop

tifikg;ghL (ntiul;b) fhl;LfpwJ. fpspapd; gps;isiaf; FQ;R vd;Wk;

vUikapd; gps;isiaf; fd;W vd;Wk; nrhy;tNj jkpo; tof;fk;.

capu;fis> mwptpd; mbg;gilapy; MW tifahfg; gpupj;Jg;

ghu;f;fpNwhk;. MW mwpT cila kdpjNd capu; tiffspNy cau;e;jtd;

vd;W nrhy;YfpNwhk;. mg;gbahdhy; XuwpT capu;> MW mwpT capu; vd;Wk;

xt;nthd;wpd; gps;isiaAk;> me;j NtWghL tpsq;Fk; tifapy;

Fwpg;gpLtJjhNd Kiw?

Nfhopf; FQ;R> fpspf; FQ;R> kPd; FQ;R> vd;nwy;yhk; nrhy;yp tUfpw

ehk;> ehapd; gps;isia eha;f; FQ;R vd;W nrhy;tjpy;iy. me;jg;

gpuhzpfis Neupy; ghu;j;jpUg;gjhy;> rpwpaijAk;> ngupajhf ,Ug;gijAk;

xNu nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;ff; $lhJ vd;gJ ekf;Nf Gupe;J tpLfpwJ.



80

ek;Kila gps;isiaf; Foe;ij vd;fpNwhk;. ek; tPl;L vypapd;

gps;isiaf; FQ;R vd;fpNwhk;. ―fhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;R nghd; FQ;R‖

vd;gJ cz;ikNa. mJTk; jd; nkhopapy; jd; gps;isiaf; ―Foe;jha;‖

vd;W miof;ff;$Lk;. Mdhy;> fhf;ifapd; gps;is fWg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ

vd;gJ kWf;f Kbahj cz;ik my;yth? ,Nj Nghyj;jhd;> me;je;jg; ‗gps;isapd;‘ Njhw;wk;> ,ay;G MfpaitfSf;F Vw;gNt mjw;Fj; jFe;j

nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

,uhkDf;Fr; #l;l Ntz;ba Kbiag; gujDf;Fr; #l;Ltjw;Fj;

jpl;lkpl;lhs; ifNfap. ,ij mwpe;J rPw;wk; nfhz;l ,yf;Ftd;> ―rpq;ff;

FUisf;F ,L jPQ;Rit Cid ehapd; ntq;fd; rpW Fl;bid Cl;l

tpUk;gpdhs;‖ vd;W nfhjpf;fpwhd;. ,q;Nf rpq;ff; Fl;bDf;F Cl;Lk; Cid

ehapd; Fl;bDf;F Cl;l tpUk;gpdhs; vd;W nrhd;dhy; mjpNy njhdpf;Fk;

,sf;fhuk; tUkh?

njhLf;fth? fllth?:

epd;whs;> Xbdhs;> gLj;jhs; vd;nwy;yhk; nrhy;Yk;NghJ me;jr;

nrhw;fspd; nghUs; ekf;Fj; njspthf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,JNghy; xt;nthU

nraiyAk; ,jw;F cupa nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gNj nghUj;jk;. MdhYk;>

nray;fspd; El;gkhd NtWghL njupahjtu;fs; xU nrhy;iyNa gy

nray;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fog;gk; tpistpf;fpwhu;fs;. ekJ nkhop eil

jpUe;j Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,e;j kaf;fr; nrhy;yhl;rp jtpu;f;fg; glNtz;Lk;.

Vw;nfdNt fl;Ljy;> Kbjy; vd;Dk; nrhw;fisg; ghu;j;Njhk;.

mNjNghy> cupa nrhw;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J Msg; gof Ntz;Lk;. kuj;ij

ntl;lyhk;. jf;fhspg; goj;ij ntl;lf;$lhJ. mij eWf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jf;fhspg; goj;ij kuk; ntl;Ltijg; Nghy ntl;bdhy; mjd; rhW njupj;J

ek; Mil tPzhfptpLk;.

tpwF cyu;e;J typik ngw;wJ. tpwFf; fl;ilfis xd;whfr; Nru;j;J

,Wf;fpf; fl;lyhk;. Mdhy; G+it mg;gbf; fl;btplf;$lhJ. G+nkd;ikahdJ. mij nky;ypa thio ehupy; njhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. moF

vd;gts;> ―ehnuLj;J eWk; kyiuj; njhLg;ghspd; tpuy; tistpy;

ehlfj;ijr; nra;fpd;whs;‖ vd;w ghLfpwhu; my;yth ftpQu;?



81

tpwif vupf;fNtz;Lk;. Ntz;lhj rUF> Fg;ig Kjypatw;iwf;

nfhSj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> tpsf;if vupf;fNth nfhSj;jNth $lhJ.

tpsf;if Vw;wNtz;Lk;. Eq;F> ,sePu; Nghd;witfisr; rPt Ntz;Lk;.

ngd;rpiyAk; rPtyhk;> Mdhy; jiyiar; rPtp tplf; $lhJ. jiyia

thuNtz;Lk;. ―jiy thupg; G+r; #l;b cd;idg; ghl rhiyf;Fg; Ngh vd;Wnrhd;dhs; cd; md;id‖ vd;WjhNd ftpQu; ghLfpwhu;. (jiy rPTjy;

vd;why; jyia ntl;Ljy; vd;W nghUs;.)

epfo;r;rpfspd; td;ik nkd;ikfSf;F Vw;gTk;> mtw;iw elj;jp

itg;gtu;fspd; ,ay;GfSf;F Vw;gTk; nrhw;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J Ms

Ntz;Lk;. Nghl;Nld; vd;gjw;Fk; itj;Njd; vd;gjw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L

my;yth? khL kpjpj;jJ vd;gjw;Fk; FUtp cl;fhu;e;jJ vd;gjw;Fk; NtWghL

cz;L my;yth?

KbgGiu:

rpy ,lq;fspy;> ehk; epfo;r;rpia mwpahjjhy; jtwhd nrhy;iyg;

gad;gLj;jp tpLfpNwhk;@ FQ;R> Fl;b> fd;W Kjypaitfisf; fz;L>

mitfspd; jd;ikia czuhjjhYk;> jtwhd nrhy;iyg;

gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. MapDk; gy ,lq;fspy;> mg;gb ,y;iy. epyikAk;

epfo;r;rpAk; ekf;Fj; njupAk;. MdhYk;> Nghjpa mf;fiw ,y;yhjjhNyNa

jtwhd nrhy; te;J tpLfpwJ. rpwpJ ftdkhf nkhopia Msg; gofpdhy;>

jtwhd nrhw;fshy; nghUs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLtjw;Nf ,lk; ,uhJ.

―vg;nghUs; vr;nrh(y;)ypd; vt;thW cau;e;Njhu; nrg;gpdu;. ---- mg;gbr;

nrg;Gjy; kuNg‖ vd;fpwJ ekJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. ―kuG epiy jpupapd; gpwpJ

gpwpJ MFk;‖ vd;Wk; mJ ek;ik vr;rupf;fpwJ.


1. capupdq;fs; Fuy; vOg;Gtij NtW NtW nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gJVd;?

2. Fk;gy; my;yJ gy nghUs;fs; NrUjy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fj; jkpopy;

cs;s ntt;NtW nrhw;fisj; je;J tpsf;Ff.

3. fl;Ljy;> Kbjy;> njhLj;jy;> vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; ve;j ve;j

,lq;fspy; Msg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;? Vd;?



82

4. ehk; nrhy;Yk; fUj;J kaf;fk; ,yyhky; (njspthfTk; mofhfTk;)

ntspg;gLtjw;F ehk; vt;nttw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;?

5. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fspd; rpwg;Gg; nghUs; NtWghl;il czu;j;Jk;

tz;zk; njhlu;fspy; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

1. ,iy> Xiy> kly;2. Vup> Fsk;> Fl;il

3. $l;lk;> Ftpay;> ke;ij

4. fLtd;> ke;jp> fspW> gpb> Nrty;> Nfhop

5. mUk;G> nkhl;L> Kif> kyu;> mtu;> tP

6. Fl;b> FQ;R> gps;is> fd;W> Fotp

7. fl;Ljy;> Kbj;jy;> njhLj;jy;> ntl;Ljy;> eWf;Fjy;

8. vupj;jy;> nfhSj;jy;> RLjy;> fUf;fy;

9. rPTjy;> thUjy;> Vw;Wjy;> ,wf;Fjy;

10. nkhopapy; nrhw;fspd; rpwg;Gg; nghUs; czu;e;Jgad;gLj;Jtjd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

11. kuG epiyiag; Nghw;w Ntz;bajd; fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.



83

khjpup tpdhj;jhs - I

B.A. (PROGRAMME) I – (NS)

TAMIL LANGUAGE-Paper I – (B)

(New Course)(Admission of 2005 and onwards)

(Write your Roll No. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper)

1. VNjDk; xU jiyg;gpy; gj;jp xd;W (Paragraph) 150 nrhw;fspy; vOJf:

(m) ehd; tpUk;Gk; E}y;

(M) nkl;Nuh uapy;

(,) kuk; eLNthk; kdk; epiwNthk;.

2. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gFjpiag; gbj;J gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil vOJf:

kjk; vd;gJ nfhs;if vd;Dk; nghUs; jUtJ. kdj;ij> mwpit> mUSzu;it

tsu;j;jw;Fupa rpygy nfhs;iffNs kjk; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; toq;fpd. rkak; vd;gJ

ed;F mike;jJ. jpUj;jkhf mike;jJ vd;w nghUSilaJ. mUsw;w kdpj tho;it

mUs; epuk;gpajhf mikg;gJ. jhd; tho;e;jhy; rup vd;Dk; jd;dy tho;it vy;yhUk;

,d;Gw;wpUf;f epidg;gJNt my;yhy; Ntnwhd;wwpNad; vDk; nghJ ey tho;thfr;

rikg;gJ. jdf;Fk; kl;Lk; Ntz;baitfisNa nra;a epidf;Fk; kdij md;gu;gzpnra;a Mshf;fp mikg;gJ. vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj vd;Dk; nghJg;gzp

kd;wkhf kdijj; jpUj;jpr; rikg;gJ --- rkak; - vd;Wk; ey;y nghUspNyNa

nghJikg; nghUspNyNa rhd;Nwhu; toq;fpdu;.

1. rkak; vd;why; vd;d?

2. rkak; vd;ndd;d nra;a ty;yJ?

3. rkak; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ?

3. gpio jpUj;jp vOJf:(m) thndhypapy; ghl;ilf; Nfl;L kfpy;e;Njd;.

(M) mLg;ngupf;ff; fwp Njit.

(,) jpUkdk; Kbe;jTld; fzgd; tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghdhs;.

(<) G+f;fl;bj; jisapy; #bdhs;.

(c) nrb tpijj;jhy; tsu;e;J epoy; jUk;.



84

4. xU nghUs; gy nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

rhd;Wfs; je;J tpsf;Ff.

my;yJ

xU nrhy; gy nghUs; nkhopf;F Mw;Wk; ed;ikapid tpsf;Ff.

5. vitNaDk; ,uz;bDf;F tpil vOJf:

m. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspilNaAk; rhjp Vw;wj;jho;T epyTk; mty epiyiag;

gs;sj;njU rpWfij glk; gpbj;Jf; fl;Lkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.

M. ,iyfs; rpupj;jd rpWfijapd; cs;slf;fj;ij tptupf;f.

,. tPL rpWfijia kjpg;gpLf.



khjpup tpdhj;jhs -

II

B.A. (PROGRAMME)/I — (NS) G

TAMIL LANGUAGE — Paper I (B)

(New Course)

(Admission of 2005 and onwards)

(Write your Roll No. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper.)

1. VNjDk; xU jiyg;gpy; (150 nrhw;fspy;)

gj;jp vOJf:

(m) ePupd; ,d;wpaikahik.

(M) Rw;Wg;Gwj; J}a;ik.

(,) ePtpu; Neupy; fz;l tu;j;jff;

fz;fhl;rp.

2. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gj;jpiag; gbj;Jg;

gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil vOJf:

vy;yhTapupYk; ,Uj;jy; ,iwaUs; epiy.

,t;tpiwaUs; epiyiag; ngw;W vy;yh

P.T.O.



( 2 ) 5195

capupYk; ,Ue;jtu; ,uhkypq;f mbfs;.

mjdhNyNa vt;TapuhapDk; mJgLk; Jd;g

epiyiaj; jhOk; va;jp thbdhu;> tUe;jpdhu;>

gijj;jhu;> Jbj;jhu;> ,isj;jhu;. thba

gapdhf; fz;L thbdhu;. tPLNjhwpue;Jk;

grpawhJ mau;j Ntw;wdhf; fz;Lsk;

gijj;jhu;. gpdpahy; tUe;JNthiuf; fz;L

Jbj;jhu;. khdpfisf; fz;L ,isj;jhu;.

kd;DapNu jd;Dapuhf nfhilikahy;

mt;Tapu;fspd; thl;lKk;> gijg;Gk; Jbg;Gk;

,isg;Gk; ts;syhUk; nfhz;lhu;. ,t;tUepaw;

nghJik cyfpw; guthtpbd; nghUspay;

nghJik cyfpw; guthJ.

(1) ,uhkypq;f mbfs; vg;gbg;gl;ltu;?

(2) ,uhkypq;f mbfspd; mUspay; nghJik

vg;gbg;gl;lJ?



(3) mUspay; nghJik guthtpbd; vd;dhFk;.

3. gpiojpUj;jp vOJf :

(m) Ntg;gq; Fr;rpahy; gy;jPj;JtJ ey;yJ.

(M) Fapy; $g;gpLtJ Nfl;gjw;F ed;whf

,Uf;Fk;.

(,) gy;ypf;Flk; Nghdh ghlk; gbf;fyhk;.

(<) Ml;Lf;F CU thrg;gb.

(c) Ie;jpy; tioahjJ Ik;gjpy;

tisAkh?

4. gy nghUs; xU nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

rhd;Wfs; je;J tpsf;Ff :

my;yJ

gynrhy; xU nghUs; nkhopapy; ngWk;

,lj;jpid tpsf;Ff.

5. vitNaDk; ,uz;bDf;F tpil

vOJf :

P.T.O.



( 4 ) 5195

(m) ‗je;ij-kfd; cwT epiyia ,iyfs;

rpupj;jd‘ rpWfij vt;thW rpj;jpupf;fpwJ?

tpsf;Ff.

(M) ‗Ntl;if‘ rpWfijia kjpg;gpLf.

(,) ‗tPL‘ rpWfijapy; ePtpu; mwpaf; fplf;Fk;

mbf; fUj;jpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.

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