SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼ s National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB). 1 Solar cell technologies – present and future Joachim LUTHER , Armin ABERLE and Peter Wuerfel Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) Nature Photonics Technology Conference, Tokyo, Japan 20 October 2010
Transcript
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Solar cell technologies – present and future
Joachim LUTHER , Armin ABERLE and Peter Wuerfel
Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS)
Nature Photonics Technology Conference, Tokyo, Japan 20 October 2010
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Main market technologies (PV cells)
Status of photovoltaics (market and prices)
Benchmarks for PV technologies 2010
Routes for performance enhancement of today's market technologies
Principles of PV energy conversion – compass for navigation
Concluding remarks
Outline
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Market shares of PV technologies 2009
82% 18% Total PV market in 2009
15% 4%
77%
4% Thin film PV market in 2009
Thin films Si Wafers
CdTe ClGS a-Si micromorph-Si
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Silicon wafer photovoltaics Status 2010
Production of silicon wafer PV is growing rapidly (> 30 % p.a.)
Proven technical lifetime of > 20 years
Module efficiencies 13 - 20%
Applications: All market segments, in particular those with limited space availability (high efficiency required)
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Thin-film photovoltaics Status 2010
Thin-film PV production is growing rapidly (> 30% p.a.)
Module efficiencies 4 - 13 %
Semiconductor material consumption reduced about 100 times compared to Si wafer PV
Warranted technical lifetime of 20 years
Main applications: Green-field power plants, BIPV
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Concentrating photovoltaics, examples
SolFocus
Concentrix
Emcore
Amonix
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Multi-junction solar cell, for concentrating and space applications
Wavelength [nm]
Spec
tral p
ower
den
sity
[W/m
2 m
]
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Plastic photovoltaics
Source: Konarka
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Main market technologies (PV cells)
Status of photovoltaics (market and prices)
Benchmarks for PV technologies 2010
Routes for performance enhancement of today's market technologies
Principles of PV energy conversion – compass for navigation
Concluding remarks
Outline
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Status of Photovoltaics 2009
Cumulative PV capacity globally installed 22 GWp
PV fraction of global electricity generation 0.1 %
PV fraction of German electricity generation 1.0 %
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA)
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Price experience (learning) curve, silicon-wafer based modules
1
10
1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000
Cumulative Power MWp
Euro
/ Wp
2
5
Source: Solar Generation, IEA-PVPS 2006; SERIS market research 2010
September 2010
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Main market technologies (PV cells)
Status of photovoltaics (market and prices)
Benchmarks for PV technologies 2010
Routes for performance enhancement of today's market technologies
Principles of PV energy conversion – compass for navigation
Concluding remarks
Outline
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Benchmarks for PV 2010, bulk power technologies
Module efficiency > 10%
Technical lifetime of modules 25 years
Module prices 2010 1.5 €/Wp
Solar electricity cost 20 € cents/kWh (at solar input 1 500 kWh m-2 a-1)
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Non-bulk power technologies, requirements, examples
Small power applications flexible compatibility with other
materials
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Main market technologies (PV cells)
Status of photovoltaics (market and prices)
Benchmarks for PV technologies 2010
Routes for performance enhancement of today's market technologies
Principles of PV energy conversion – compass for navigation
Concluding remarks
Outline
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Cost reduction in solar electricity
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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selective emitters
all-back-contact cells
n-type silicon
better light trapping
better surface passivation
hetero-junction cells
Silicon wafer technologies, routes to higher efficiency, examples
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Thin-film technologies, routes to higher efficiency, examples
Improved semiconductor material quality (lower contamination levels, improved doping control)
Tandem solar cells
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Wafer technologies in-line technologies in-line process analysis new schemes for contacting,
passivation, module assembly, …
Thin-film technologies optimisation of layer deposition improve TCOs, light trapping,
interconnection, encapsulation, …
Routes to optimised manufacture, examples
General remark: Integrated production today favourable
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Main market technologies (PV cells)
Status of photovoltaics (market and prices)
Benchmarks for PV technologies 2010
Routes for performance enhancement of today's market technologies
Principles of PV energy conversion – compass for navigation
Concluding remarks
Outline
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Converter
EExergie
EExergie = ( Ein - Eout ) - Tamb ·( Sin - Sout )
Ein
Sin
Eout
Sout
S Q
Tamb
Thermodynamic analysis, photovoltaic energy conversion
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Ts = 5777 K Tc = 300 K
effic
ienc
y
0%
40%
80%
100%
60%
20%
1 10 100 1000 10000
optical concentration
Source: R. Sizmann 1991
Thermodynamic limits, photovoltaic energy conversion
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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(Semiconductor) solar cells, ideal transport of energetically excited charge carriers
Avoiding irreversibility during transport of e and h, quasi Fermi levels approximately constant
Semi-permeable membranes for selectivity of transport
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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(Semiconductor) solar cells, chemical potential and cell voltage, achieving entropy balance
Quasi Fermi distributions, parameters εF and To Ideal cell voltage V = 1/e µeh εFC-εFV = (εg + 3 kTo) – (σe + σh) To
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Conversion of solar heat,wide band absorbers; thermalisation to To
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Conversion of solar heat,narrow-band absorbers; iso-energetic thermalisation to To
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
Cooling of charge carriers to To necessary, minimise entropy generation
Selectivity of transport essential realise semi-permeable membranes hetero-junction cells (low surface rec.) redox system (dye cells) polymers
Low irreversible entropy generation in carrier transport
Optical concentration (where appropriate)
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Thermodynamic analysis, continued Compass bearings, materials, examples
Hot carrier cells: energetically narrow selective membranes absorber: very low e/h – phonon interactions nanometer dimensions: absorber-membrane
Intermediate band cells: very low non-radiative recombination via
intermediate bands essential, metal type intermediate bands
Multi exciton cells: back reaction seems to be detrimental
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Thermodynamic analysis, continued Compass bearings, materials, examples
Tandem cells (also other than III-V) exactly tuned absorber characteristics tunnel junctions, low recombination and absorption alternatively: mechanically stacked
Generally: Use highly absorbing materials with radiative recombination only (highly fluorescing)
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Concluding remarks
PV energy conversion is a market-proven technology On the market:
Silicon wafer cells, thin-film semiconductor cells Entering the market: III-V semiconductor-based concentrator systems, (plastic cells and dye cells)
In particular for the proven technologies there is still large scope for incremental but essential and fare reaching optimisation and cost reduction
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
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Thermodynamic analysis of photovoltaic energy conversion may be helpful for navigation towards novel cell architectures and materials
Concluding remarks, continued
SERIS is a research institute at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore ʼs National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB).
