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Manoj Kumar JhaAssistant Professor

Mechanical Engineering DepartmentSharda University

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UNIT 4: Water Power Water Power: hydropower power equation, large and small

hydro, hydro turbines, control and electrical aspects. UNIT 5: Biomass Energy

Biomass Energy: Biomass as a source of energy, biogas itsgeneration and utilization for thermal and electricitygeneration

UNIT 6: Other Sources

Other Sources: Geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, fuelcells, wave energy and tidal power

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Applications Present usage

Solar Thermal systems Solar photovoltaic Electrical characteristics Interfacing technology

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Definition:

Solar energy is the energy received by the earth from the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, whichmakes the production of solar electricity possible.

Solar energy is the most ancient source, and it is the rootmaterial for almost all fossil and renewable types.

Among the renewable energy sources, solar energy comesat the top of the list due to its abundance, and more evenlydistribution in nature than any other renewable energytypes such as wind, geothermal, hydro, wave and tidalenergies.

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Approximately 1 % of the world's desert areautilized by solar thermal power plants wouldbe sufficient to generate the world's entire

electricity demand. About solar intensity: Solar intensity outside the atmosphere:

2.8*10^23 kW/year Energy reaching the earth is 1.5*10^18

KWh/year

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Measurement of Solar Energy Radiation

Absorption:Theselectionofthisabsorptionofvariouswavelengthsoccursbydifferentmolecules.Theabsorbedradiationincreasestheenergyoftheabsorbingmolecules,thusraisingtheirtemperature

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Solar and Earth Radiation Pyranometers

Measures temperature difference between an absorbing (black) plate and a non-absorbing (white) plate. Thermopile converts temperature difference of plates to avoltage difference

Glass shield keeps out LW radiation, keeps ambient wind from affecting the heatgain/loss of the black plate, and protects from contamination of black surface

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A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at agiven location. The results provide information about the weather andclimate of a geographical area. This information is useful in metrologyscience, agriculture, tourism and other fields.

There are two basic types of sunshine recorders. One type uses the sunitself as a times scale for the sunshine readings. The other type uses someform of clock for the time scale.

Older recorders required a human observer to interpret the results; recordedresults might differ among observers. Modern sunshine recorders use

electronics and computers for precise data that do not depend on a humaninterpreter. Newer recorders can also measure the global and diffuseradiation