PRESENTED BY:

MD ANZAR [RF15-002]

The most precise Solar Energy definition : Energy from the sun.

But what is solar energy really? There are two types of solar energy: Thermal

Energy   &    Electric Energy Thermal Energy: Thermal Energy is

everywhere. It’s lights up our days. It heats the earth, our bodies and our homes. It dries our clothes . All for free!

Electric Energy: Electric Energy uses the power of the sun to produce electricity through solar cells, otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).

Diameter: 1.39E9 m (120 x greater than earth) Distance from earth = 1.495E11 m (93 million miles) ±

1.7% Center: Density ≅ 100 x density of water and T>1E6 K Powered by hydrogen fusion Composed of layers. The outer layer is the

photosphere Effective blackbody temperature of 5777 K

The Sun

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• World Energy Conservation predicted estimation about the rate of utilization of energy resources shows that the coal coal depositsdeposits will deplete within the next 200200 to 300300 years and petroleum depositspetroleum deposits will deplete in next few decadesnext few decades

• The most advantage using Solar EnergySolar Energy is that this is distributed over a wide geographical area, ensuring that developing regions such as IndiaIndia have access to electricity generation at a stable cost for the long-term future

• The huge consumption of fossil fuels has caused visible damage to the environment in various forms

Why Solar EnergyWhy Solar Energy

The following table shows the amount of carbon and sulphur deposited in the atmosphere

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S. No Activity Amount deposited

in the atmosphere

1. Human Vehicle, Waste product etc 8 billion tones

2. Fossil fuels 6.5 million tones3. Deforestation and forest firing 1.5 million tones

At present so many alternative fuels have been developed, still they are able to meet only a small proportion of our actual demand - The right fuel mixThe right fuel mix

Importance of Solar Energy Importance of Solar Energy

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SOLAR ENERGY BUDGET

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Solar RadiationSolar Radiation

Solar Radiation Components•Ultra-Violet (200nm to 400nm) 8.7%• Visible (400nm to 700nm) 36.2%•Infra-red (700nm to 2500nm) 53.1%

Solar Radiation Level•Average radiation outer space 136.7mw/sq.cm

•Radiation on Earth surface 107mw/sq.cm

•Near infra-red (700nm to 1100nm) 28.1%•Infrared/far-infrared (above 1100nm) 25.4%

Voltaic Form of radiation:Diffused or Beamed

Silicon PV efficient Uses

Regions Only heating or ThermoPhoto Voltaic

Discover Solar Panels HOW IT WORKS

1) Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/ PV) and absorbed by semi-conducting materials such as silicone.

2) Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms, which allow them to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect.

3) An array of solar panels converts solar energy into DC (direct current) electricity.

4) The DC electricity enters an inverter.

5) The inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt AC (alternating current)

6) The AC power enters the utility panel in the house.

7) The electricity (load) is then distributed to appliances or lights in the house.

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Discover Solar Panels HOW IT WORKS

8) When more solar energy is generated it can be stored in a battery as DC electricity and will continue to supply your home with electricity in the event of a power blackout or at nighttime.

9) When the battery is full the excess electricity can be exported back into the utility grid, if your system is connected to it.

10)Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form the grid when not enough solar energy is produced

11)The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid is measured by a utility meter, which spins backwards (when you are producing more energy that you need) and forward (when you require additional electricity from the utility company). The two are offset ensuring that you only pay for the additional energy you use from the utility company. This system is referred to as "net-metering".

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• Begun as far back as in the mid 70’s solar photovoltics programme of the Government of India is one of the largest in the World

• Reliefs offered by government on SPV manufacturers and users of SPV based products :

* 100% depreciation in the first year of installation of the systems

* No excise duty for manufacturers

* Low import tariff for several raw materials and components

* Soft loans to users, intermediaries and manufacturers.

Postage Stamp published ByIndia Government

Solar Photovolatics in India

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Promoting use of PV technology to Provide Lighting in

Villages in the form of :

Solar Photovolatics in India (cont’d)

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Systems Capacity UsesCommunity lighting systems

1KW to 2.5 KW Small household lighting system

Portable solar lanterns 10Wp SPV module lighting 7 W CFL lamp for 3 hours a day

Street lights 75Wp SPV module Charging 100-130AH battery to run a 11W CFL lamp for dusk to dawn operation

Fixed home lighting systems

35-50Wp SPV module powering two CFLs -- 9 or 11W , work 4-5 hours /day,run a small TV set or a fan

Water Pumping 1KW DC motor shallow pumping

Solar powered “Auto Rickshaw”

NASA designed Solar powered

vehicle- “HELIOS”

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

Semi autonomous War machine- ”Odysseus”

Solar car- “ Quant”

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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

Solar street light

Solar cooker used in

Rural IndiaCont’d

Saves you money After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy

from the sun is practically FREE. Financial incentives are available form the government that will

reduce your cost. Environment friendly It's not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is

therefore not subjected to the ever-increasing price of gasoline. Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal),

sustainable and helping to protect our environment. As we see previously ,it does no pollute air. Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to global

warming, acid rain or smog. It actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions. By not using any fuel, Solar Energy does not contribute to the cost and problems of the recovery and transportation of fuel or the storage of radioactive waste.

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Low/ no maintenance Solar Energy systems are virtually maintenance free and will

last for decades. Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They operate

silently, have no moving parts, do not release offensive smells and do not require you to add any fuel. More solar panels can easily be added in the future when your family's needs grow.

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The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy system, largely because of the high cost of the semi-conducting materials used in building one.

The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-renewable utility-supplied electricity.

Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a good level of efficiency.

The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun, although this problem can be overcome with the installation of certain components. The production of solar energy is influenced by the presence of clouds or pollution in the air. Similarly, no solar energy will be produced during nighttime although a battery backup system and/or net metering will solve this problem.

As far as solar powered cars go - their slower speed might not appeal to everyone caught up in today's rat race.

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A 1-kilowatt home solar system will prevent approximately 170 lbs. of coal from being burned, 300 lbs of CO2 from being released into the atmosphere and 105 gallons of water from being consumed each month! Tools For Adoption & Acceleration Solar Energy Collector

Solar Dish

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No!But it can do much more

than it does now.“Old guysOld guys” don’t know

aboutsolar design.

It is up to the “NewNewGraduatesGraduates”

to promote solar.

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Can solar do it all?

TYPES OF BIOGAS PLANTS:

Types of biogas plants

Floating dome type

In this type the gas holder floats on the top of the digester.

[ EX: KVIC model ],

Fixed dome type

In this type the gas holder is fixed on the top of the digester [ EX: Janata model]

– KVIC model: In KVIC model, there is a masonary structure which is the digester. It has a depth of 3.5 to 6 m as shown. Above the digester, there is a gas holder and will be made of mild steel sheet. It is cylindrical in shape with concave top surface. There is a guide frame made up of angular iron which holds the gas holder. A central a central guide pipe is provided to prevent holder from tilting. The gas holder sinks into the slurry due to its own weight and rests up on the ring constructed for this purpose. When gas is produced, the holder rises and floats freely on the surface of slurry.

A partition wall is provided in the centre which divides the digester vertically and submerges in the slurry when it is full.

The inlet and outlet tanks are connected by AC pipes to the digester. While construction, care should be taken that the opening of the inlet tank should be at least 15 cm above than theopening of the outlet tank. Otherwise, the digested slurry may come out through inlet tank if kept at the same level. The cost of the gas holder is about 40% of the total cost of the plant.

The slurry will be prepared thoroughly by mixing cow dung & water in the ratio of 4:5.

KVIC FLOTING DOME TYPE MODEL :

Janata model:

It is also called as Chinese drumless model as shown in

It consists of a underground well sort of digester made up of bricks and cement having a dome shaped roof which remains below the ground level.

Dome shaped roof is fitted with pipe at its top which is the gas outlet of plant.

The other parts of the plant are outlet chamber and inlet chamber.

When the gas is produced, it ascends towards the top of the dome and pushes the slurry down.

No steel is used for the construction of the plant.

Deenbandhu model:

It consists of two segments of spheres of different diameters as shown in.

The diameter of the digester is more than the diameter of the gas holder.

The digester is made of concrete (1:2:4). The structure is connected to the inlet tank by AC pipe.

Outlet tank is also a masonry structure.

At the centre of the dome is the gas outlet.

This structure is also constructed below the ground level.

As no steel is used, the cost is less than the other two models.

Points to be considered during construction and maintenance of biogas plant: 1.Biogas plant should be located nearer to the kitchen to reduce the cost of pipe line.

2. 2. The excavated soil should be kept atleast one meter away from the pit.

3. 3. Provide slight upward slope towards the kitchen while laying the pipeline. 36

4.4. To get more gas during winter, lay compost paddy straw all round the digester to warm up the digester.

5. . The gas drum should be painted outside every alternate year with good quality paint.6. The surface of water supply should be atleast 15 m away from the plant.7. Avoid construction of well or digester under water.

8. 8. Do not allow the sand particles to enter into digester.

9.9. If possible use PVC pipes instead of A.C. pipes for inlet and outlet.

10.10. Only the recommended quality of the cow dung should be supplied to the digester.11. 11. As for as possible, the plant should be nearer to the cattle shed

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