SOLAR Energy - Sun-Connect-News · and figures related to key markets in Southeast Asia. You will...

Facts & Figures SOLAR Energy

1

Facts & FiguresSOLAR Energy

IndonesiaThailand Malaysia Philippines Vietnam Myanmar Cambodia Brunei Laos Singapore

28 & 29 september 2017 singapore

27 NOV - 1 DEC 2017

HANOI & HO CHI MINH CITY

UNLOCKING SOLAR Capital ASIA

SOLAR PV TRADE MISSION

VIETNAM


2

Table of Contents

Contact details - Solarplaza team

1. Introduction to EVENTS and Whitepaper

2. Regional Overview

3.1 Indonesia

3.2 Thailand

3.3 malaysia

3.4 philippines

3.5 vietnam

3.6 myanmar

3.7 cambodia

3.8 brunei

3.9 laos

3.10 singapore

general summary

sources & links

p 3.

p 4.

p 6.

p 7.

p 11.

p 15.

p 18.

p 22.

P 26.

P 30.

P 34.

P 35.

P 36.

P 38.

P 39.


3

Contact details - Solarplaza team



3.1 Indonesia

3.2 Thailand

3.3 malaysia

3.4 philippines

3.5 vietnam

3.6 myanmar

3.7 cambodia

3.8 brunei

3.9 laos

3.10 singapore

general summary

sources & links

Contact Details Solarplaza Team

RIK TEEUWENProject Manager:Solar PV Trade Mission [email protected]+31 10 302 7908

Jordan KouzmanoffEditor [email protected] +31 10 280 9198

Disclaimer: This overview is provided by Solarplaza International BV ("Solarplaza") as a service to its customers on an "as-is, as-available" basis for informational purposes only. Solarplaza assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions in these materials. Solarplaza makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. This overview is protected by copyright laws, and may only be reproduced, republished, distributed, transmitted, displayed, broadcast or otherwise exploited in any manner only by accrediting Solarplaza as the source of it and providing a full hyperlink to asia.unlockingsolarcapital.com where it was originally published.

Szabolcs MagyariEditor [email protected] +31 10 280 9198

Shushan KhachatryanProject Manager:Unlocking Solar Capital [email protected]+31 10 302 7909

Maria Fennis Account [email protected]+31 10 302 7911

Kasper Bout [email protected]+31 10 302 7912


4


Southeast Asia is one of the most promising regions for solar development. Home to dozens of emerging economies with favorable political climates, Southeast Asia is bound to become a cornerstone of the renewable energy revolution.

This report serves as complementary material to the Unlocking Solar Capital Asia (28-29 September) conference organized by Solarplaza in Singapore and the Solar PV Trade Mission we’re hosting in Vietnam (27 November - 1 December). It provides an overview of the key facts and figures related to key markets in Southeast Asia. You will find extensive overviews of Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia; and short summaries on Laos and Brunei, thus covering the whole Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Solarplaza is proud to announce the organization of Unlocking Solar Capital

Asia - an industry-unique conference dedicated to exploring the ways to unlock capital for solar development in Southeast Asia. After previous editions in Europe, Africa and Latin America, this event is our 4th conference entirely focused on bankability issues in emerging markets. This conference will serve as a hub to connect investors with developers and will provide an ideal opportunity to form long-lasting business relationships with industry professionals.

The Solar PV Trade Mission Vietnam, Our 4th trade mission in Southeast Asia (and 28th worldwide) will focus solely on Vietnam. As highlighted by this report as well, this country is set for a tremendous growth in PV capacity. For international project developers, IPPs, financiers, suppliers and service providers, we offer this Trade Mission as an effective springboard into the Vietnamese PV market.


5

27 NOV - 1 DEC 2017 /// HANOI &

HO CHI MINH CITY

• 5 day event focused on the Vietnamese PV market

• 18+ hours of networking with 25+ like

minded professionals

• Interactive meeting with key governmental, regulatory and utility stakeholders

• Including a 1-day B2B conference entirely focused on the Vietnamese PV market

pvtrademissionvietnam.com

28 - 29 September 2017

Singapore


• 200+ international finance and project development executives;

• Regional focused approach: Covering all

countries from Southeast Asia to Central

Asia;

• 50+ leading experts on stage sharing their vision, expertise and experience;

• Guaranteed match-making through our customized software, interactive breaks and a matchmaking session.

asia.unlockingsolarcapital.com


VIETNAM


6


Introduction

Few regions in the world are as diverse as Southeast Asia. With 623 million people speaking over a thousand different languages, the countries of Southeast Asia are a tapestry of unique cultural heritage. The majority of Southeast Asia exhibits a tropical climate, with warm, humid weather present year-round. The region’s rainforest is the second-largest on Earth, behind the Amazon. Due to its proximity to the intersection of geological plates, seismic and volcanic activities are a frequent occurrence.

Historically, Southeast Asia has been at the center of global trade. Even before European colonization, the region has been a cornerstone of numerous commodity markets, especially for spices such as pepper, cloves and ginger. Agriculture remains one of Southeast Asia’s most profitable trades, with rice and rubber being the most prominent. Over the past decade many of the Southeast Asian countries have progressed into relatively industrialized economies. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have developed a strong base for the manufacture of electronics, bringing in much needed diversification to their

economies. Poverty in the region has also decreased dramatically, with a collective effort by the ASEAN community reducing the incidence of poverty from 57% in 1990 to 16% in 2008.Southeast Asia’s high birthrate and population, coupled with the economic empowerment of the poorest segment will result in a massive surge in demand for electricity. This presents a prime opportunity for the development of renewable energy across the region. Hydropower is already a staple in the energy mix of most countries in Southeast Asia thanks to their abundant water resources; in the same way, geographically these countries also have very favorable conditions for solar energy, with an average irradiance rate of at least 1,500 kWh/m2 annually.

SOURCE: SOLARGIS - GHI Solar Map © 2017 Solargis


7

Strengths Weaknesses

• Optimistic economic situation with strong GDP growth rate.

• Prevalence of fossil fuel energy generation;

• High incidence of corruption.

Opportunities Threats

• Industrializing nation with a large population;

• As the lowest-income Indonesians rise from poverty, they’ll spur an increased demand for energy;

• Fossil fuel reserves will deplete eventually (only 23 more years of oil left);

• High energy prices in certain regions.

• Low fossil fuel prices render renewable energy uncompetitive without substantial subsidies;

• Recent cuts on renewable energy feed-in tariffs hurt investor confidence and project viability.

3. COUNTRY PROFILES

3.1 Indonesia

Introduction

Thinly spread across thousands of island chains, Indonesia is the crown jewel of Southeast Asia. Home to the world’s largest Muslim population and the region’s biggest economy, Indonesia is as culturally diverse (boasting over 300

spoken languages) as it is modern. There have been signs of political tensions, as made evident by Jakarta’s polarising gubernatorial race, the overall political stability of the country is indisputable.Over the past decade Indonesia has experienced stable economic growth, in large part thanks to the six policy rate cuts enacted by

Bank Indonesia. Although trailing behind Vietnam and the Philippines, Indonesia’s 5.2% forecast growth rate for 2017 shows great promise and will likely spur greater renewable energy investment.



8

Electricity Mix

Economic Figures

GDP $861 billion

GDP per capita $3,346.5

GDP growth 4.8%

Inflation Rate - Consumer Prices 3.5%

Population 257,563,815

Credit rating (S&P / Moody’s) BB+ / Baa3

Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 90

Ease of doing business index 91

Access to electricity 82.0%

Power consumption per capita 814.1 kWh

Renewable electricity as % of total output 11.4%

Renewable consumption (% of total consumption) 38.1%


9

Despite Indonesia’s immense potential for renewable energy, its current installed capacity paints a far bleaker picture. Renewable energy, including hydropower, constitute less than 8% of the country’s total installed capacity. Fossil fuels make up the vast majority of Indonesia’s installed capacity, with oil representing 47%, coal at 27%, and natural gas at 21%.

One of the main reasons for the proliferation of thermal energy generation in Indonesia are its vast fossil fuel reserves. Its reserves amount to 3.69 billion barrels of oil, 120.5 billion tons of coal and 101.54 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. At current rates of exploitation, this means Indonesia can sustain 23 more years of oil power production, 59 years of natural gas power production and 146 years of coal power production. Naturally, the energy sector is more than willing to make use of these reserves, and Indonesia’s thermal power capacity continues to increase.

Despite this, the potential for renewable energy generation in Indonesia is immense. Estimates put Indonesia’s feasible hydropower potential at 75 GW, and with solar irradiation averaging 4.80 kWh/m2/day, it is easy to see why renewable energy in Indonesia is such a hot topic among international investors, a prime example of which is French energy giant Engie, who recently committed to invest US$1.25 billion in Indonesian renewable energy.

Regulatory Framework

Indonesian renewable energy regulations are one of the chief culprits behind the difficulty in developing renewable energy. The government’s 2016 - 2025 Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) put forth ambitious renewable targets, but investors remain skeptical; after all, Indonesia has reneged on its targets in the past.

The main goal of RUPTL is to increase Indonesia’s electrification rate to 99.7% by 2025. Reaching this level will require an additional 80.5 GW of capacity to be installed, a task that will cost a total of $110 billion in investment from the State Electricity Corporation (PLN) and the private sector. Included in RUPTL is the goal to raise the renewable share of Indonesia’s energy mix to 23%.

One recent complication has been cut to tariff prices. Announced at the end of January 2017 by Ignasius Jonan, the newly-appointed Minister of Energy, this reduction puts great doubt on the feasibility of solar PV in Indonesia. Comparatively, mini-hydro is in a much better spot and will likely draw capital away from other forms of renewable investment.


10

Current & Future Solar Projects

The adoption of solar PV in Indonesia has been slow and uneventful. Stringent regulations, tariff uncertainty and more lucrative alternatives have left the solar sector grossly underdeveloped, with only 22 MW installed as of 2015. The majority of this capacity comes from state-sponsored power plants financed through PLN, while the remaining capacity is concentrated in small projects <10 MW and solar home systems, which have an easier time of being realized in the current regulatory climate. The recent tariff cuts have cast doubts on the prospects of future large-scale solar projects.

Solar power in Indonesia is still very young, having only surfaced in the country in 2010. Indonesia’s first regulatory framework is barely four years old; however, after a series of court challenges by a consortium of local PV manufacturers, the government has revised the framework. Key changes are the transition from a tender process to a selection on a first-come, first-served basis, as well as the cuts to feed-in tariffs.

Due to Indonesia’s scattered island geography, the country doesn’t have a nationwide feed-in tariff, but rather separate prices for its numerous different grids. Although some grids have a lower cost of generation that the national average, most of Indonesia’s grids have a higher cost of generation, which puts solar energy at risk thanks to the recently adopted Regulation No.

12/2017. As per this regulation, the feed-in tariff cannot exceed 85% of the local grid’s cost of generation. Since the predominant form of energy generation in Indonesia is cheap coal power plants, this puts solar in direct competition with coal, a disadvantageous situation that makes solar development almost certainly unviable.


11

3.2 thailand

Introduction


• FiT scheme;• Tax and non-tax incentives;• Sound development plans in place.

• Aging grid system.


• Large dependence on imported energy;• Steep projected growth in power

consumption.

• High corruption.

Thailand, the second largest economy of Southeast Asia is at a crossroads regarding its energy consumption patterns. Already, the country shows great dependence on imported energy to satisfy its power demand. This problem will be amplified in the future as the the power consumption in the future is projected to increase by 75% according to the Thailand Power Development Plan of 2015. On top of all, thailand is also facing an aging energy infrastructure that heavily impairs the development and connection of new energy generating capacity.

Realizing the problem, Thailand already set out rather ambitious goals to secure its future power supply. By 2036, the country targets 22 GW of new capacity based on renewables. Although far from a walk in the park, the country might just be able to meet its targets due to the extensive enabling framework put in place.Even though Thailand puts a huge emphasis on the use of waste for energy, other sources of renewables will also

play a key role in the country’s energy transition. Solar energy is a promising candidate to guide Thailand’s energy transition due to the exceptionally high irradiation levels that tend to manifest in the country.



12

Economic Figures

GDP $395 billion

GDP per capita $5,775

GDP growth 3%



Credit rating (S&P / Moody’s) BBB+ / Baa1



Access to electricity 100

Power consumption per capita 2,315.99 kWh



Electricity Mix


13

Thailand boasted a total installed capacity of 34.67 GW in 2014, the majority of which came from non-renewable sources. Energy derived from natural gas and coal accounted for more than 80% of the total installed capacity in Thailand. This excessive dependence on fossil fuels will be subject to change in the future, as the country’s natural gas reserves are reportedly being depleted.

Renewable energy, not counting hydro electricity, is only the third largest energy source with approximately 3.1 GW capacity. The vast majority of the renewable renewable energy originates from biomass and solar energy, jointly accounting for 80% of the renewable energy mix. According to the analysis of Energy Regulatory Commission the installed solar power amounted to 2,753 MW of which 2,623 MW were solar farms and 130 MW were rooftop installations. The total cumulative installed capacity of biomass energy stood at 2,727 MW in February, 2016. The capacity that was grid-connected amounted to 1,538 MW but only 886 MW were selling power under a PPA.

On top of the country’s existing energy mix, Thailand is also forced to import a considerable amount of energy to meet the energy demand. These imports mainly take the form of purchasing electricity from Independent Power Producers (IPP) specifically contracted for electricity import. The imported energy is mainly sourced from hydro and coal plants and is expected to grow from 42% (2013) to 78% (2040).


The current blueprint guiding the Thai renewable energy development was proposed in May 2015 by the Ministry of Energy and Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). Even though the Thailand Power Development Plan 2012-2030 was already in place at the time of proposal the new PDP 2015 for 2015-2036 introduced significant modifications to its predecessor. The new plan put a huge emphasis on promoting the country’s energy security be mitigating its dependence on fossil fuels. This move is in accordance with another major line proposed in the plan namely to promote ASEAN regional integration in an attempt to fight climate change. Finally, the plan also puts it a priority to protect its people by impacting the cost of living as little as possible.

These mechanisms already provide a great environment for the increased adoption of renewable sources but the country has two other important mechanisms that will aid the transition towards renewable energy. Thailand also utilizes a feed-in-tariff (FIT) since 2015 when the country, as a first mover, adopted the tariff system in order to purchase power from small power producers. An overview of the tariff rates depending on the the production method can be seen in the table below:


14

Tariff Rooftop residential (≤ 10 kWp)

Rooftop commercial (10 - 250 ≤ kWp)

Rooftop commercial (250 - 1,000 kWp)

Agro-Solar Program (≤ 5 MWp)

Large Scale (≤ 90 MWp)

THB / kWh 6.85 6.4 6.01 5.66 5.66

€-ct/ kWh 17.14 16.01 15.04 14.1 14.1

Cap 300 MWp 800MWp

The other important driver for renewable energy adoption are the various tax and non-tax incentives the country has to offer. The Board of Investment Thailand (BOI) offers these incentive for various renewable energy energy projects including Biomass, Biogas, Municipal Solid Waste, Biofuels, Solar Energy, Wind Power, Hydropower.


The track record of Thai solar PV plants is by no means long. The first plant was established in the Lopburi province in the Khok Samrong district in the end of 2011. The 84 MW solar park was developed and operated by the National Energy Development Co(NED), a joint venture between CLP Thailand renewables, Diamond Generating Asia and the Electricity Public Company.

Image: Asian Development Bank


15

3.3 Malaysia

Introduction


• Despite declining export revenues, the Malaysian economy is expected to grow steadily;

• Industrialization will lead to higher energy demand, potentially spurring renewable energy development.

• Strong presence of fossil fuel energy generation;

• Economy is hurt by the low price of fossil fuels, the nation’s main export;

• Only 32 MW of solar was installed in 2016, showing much room for progress.


• Bornean Malaysia has a much less developed grid, which makes off-grid solar more viable.

• Low fossil fuel prices render renewable energy uncompetitive without substantial subsidies;

• Persistently low feed-in tariffs.

Malaysia is the third largest economy in Southeast Asia and maintains a pivotal role in the geopolitical balance of the region. Its two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and the island of Borneo, are divided by a thousand miles of the South China Sea. While in the past Malaysia’s economy was almost entirely made up of raw resource exports, today it has diversified into light industry, especially electronic goods. Nevertheless, Malaysia remains one of the chief global suppliers of palm oil, rubber and timber.

Having survived and recovered from two major recessions, the Malaysian economy is among the fastest growing in the region. Spurred by domestic demand, Malaysia is expected to grow 4.5% over the course of 2017. This rate is lower than the growth the country experienced during the past decade, largely due to the decline in fossil fuel prices, which make up a significant part of Malaysia’s overall exports.


16

Economic Figures

GDP $296 billion


GDP growth 4.5%



Credit rating (S&P / Moody’s) A / A3




Power consumption per capita 4,646.4 kWh



Electricity Mix


17

Malaysia’s energy sector is self-sufficient, largely thanks to its plentiful reserves of coal and natural gas. Due to its geographical diversity, however, there is a stark difference between the energy situation on the mainland and on Borneo. Peninsular Malaysia has achieved 100% energy access and is connected to the grids of Thailand and Singapore. Conversely, the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak have much smaller grids and do not cover the entirety of their respective inhabited territories.

Unsurprisingly, the majority of Malaysia’s installed capacity comes from thermal power plants. Coal- and natural gas-powered plants make up over 85% of the country’s energy generation capacity, with the remainder coming from hydroelectric power plants.

Although Malaysia has huge potential for renewable energy, it has yet to significantly develop any form of renewables other than large-scale hydro. Currently Malaysia has licensed a total of 358 MW worth of renewable energy projects (half of which has been allocated to solar) on top of the 295 MW of solar already installed. Most of these projects are still in development and in 2016 only 32 MW of solar capacity was installed.

Regulatory framework

Malaysia’s Five-Fuel Strategy governs the country’s renewable energy targets. The current goal is to have 11% of Malaysia’s total installed capacity

be from renewable sources by 2020, roughly equivalent to 2 GW.Currently the main hamper on renewable energy development in Malaysia are the country’s low feed-in tariffs (US$0.05-0.1 per kWh, compared to Thailand’s US$0.12-0.19). Due to the ongoing depreciation of fossil fuel prices, renewable energy remains uncompetitive in the face of such low feed-in tariff rates.


Malaysia’s total installed solar capacity so far amounts to 295 MW. What is worrying is that the amount installed each year has been steadily decreasing over the past few years. Malaysia’s solar expansion peaked in 2013, when the country added a total of 106.5 MW. Comparatively, in 2016 the added solar capacity came in at only 32 MW, less than a third of 2013’s number.

At the beginning of March this year the Energy Commission of Malaysia issued a Request for Proposal (RfP) document hoping to auction 460MW of solar capacity. Considering Malaysia’s low feed-in tariffs, however, it is unlikely that most of this proposed capacity will actually end up developed. Among the projects that do show promising signs are three power purchase agreements signed by Scatec Solar for a total of 200 MW, in partnership with a local ItraMAS-led consortium.


18

3.4 Philippines

Introduction


• Almost a gigawatt of solar energy has already been installed in the Philippines;

• Economy is reliant on tourism, agriculture and expat income;

• Nationwide electricity access is at only 89.1%.


• The geographical isolation of some of the 7,000 Philippine islands makes developing off-grid solar very lucrative;

• With one of the highest birthrates in Southeast Asia, energy demand is bound to increase over the next decade.

• Fragile political stability thanks to secessionist Muslim movement in the South;

• Duterte administration has vowed to pursue power generation with the lowest cost, namely thermal power.

Much like Indonesia, the Philippines is an island nation, comprised of over 7,000 islands. Most of the country is mountainous and frequently suffers from earthquakes, typhoons and tropical storms. Nevertheless, the Philippines boasts an impressive tourism industry and plentiful natural resources. The country has seen little political stability throughout the 20th century, a trend that has declined as of late but still remains prominent. The threat of Islamic rebels, who want to secure greater autonomy for the predominantly Muslim South remains one of the chief deterrents to foreign investment in the nation.

The Philippines has among the highest birthrates in Southeast Asia, with some estimates warning that their population will double within thirty years. Such a development would be disastrous to the Philippine economy, which still relies predominantly on tourism, agriculture

and the billions of dollars sent home yearly by the vast number of Filipino expatriates scattered across the world.



19

Economic Figures

GDP $292 billion


GDP growth 6.6%



Credit rating (S&P / Moody’s) BBB / Baa2




Power consumption per capita 706 kWh



Electricity Mix


20

Compared to its bigger ASEAN neighbors, the Philippines generates a smaller percentage of its power from fossil fuels. Nevertheless, thermal energy makes up the majority of the Philippine energy mix, with coal at 32%, oil at 19% and natural gas at 15%. The country has made extensive use of its hydro resources, with over 3,6 GW of hydropower currently installed. Comparatively, the total installed solar capacity amounts to almost a gigawatt.

Considering its large population (more than three times larger than that of Malaysia, which has a larger total installed capacity), the Philippines has to expand its grid greatly to satisfy the rising demand. As the nation industrializes and transitions from agriculture to the production of electronic goods, the demand for electricity will only keep on rising. There is much room for improvement in the Philippine energy sector, with nationwide electricity access at only 89.1%.


One of the chief culprits behind the slow adoption of solar (and other renewables, by extension) in the Philippines is the lack of supporting mechanism for their development. Only recently has significant progress been made, but under the administration of Rodrigo Duterte, the prospects of renewable energy has become much bleaker. President Duterte has specifically delineated his goal of pursuing the cheapest energy possible to fuel economic growth; under the current conditions, renewable energy does not fit in with Duterte’s plan, so it is unlikely to receive development benefits soon.

The Energy Regulatory Commission adopted the following feed-in tariff for renewable energy (solar underlined):

Renewable source

Period of time Feed-in tariff rate in PhP/kWh

Degression rate Installation targets in MW

Wind 8.53 0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FIT

200

Biomass

20 years

6.63 0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FIT

250

Solar 9.68 0.6% after 1 year from effectivity of FIT

50

Run-of-river hydropower

5.90 0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FIT

250


21


Despite the gloomy outlook cast by the Duterte administration, 2016 was a great year for solar in the Philippines. A total of 903 MW of solar PV was successfully installed up until last year, with the vast majority of it being grid-connected capacity (only 3.2 MW of off-grid solar was installed). The realized projects make up only a fraction of the total number of awarded projects, however. Comparatively, the Department of Energy awarded 166 solar energy projects collectively representing 4 GW of potential capacity.

A recently commissioned solar power plant claims the title for largest utility-

scale PV in Southeast Asia. Singapore-based renewable energy developer and investor Equis commissioned a 132.5 MW solar project in Cadiz City, Negros Occidental, the Philippines. The development of the project was taken on by Helios Solar Energy Corporation, a joint venture between Gregorio Araneta and solar IPP Soleq and it is reportedly eligible for the FiT outlined by the government. The Cadiz project marks the third successfully established Equis project in the philippines. The company’s local PV portfolio, prior to the commissioning of the Cadiz plant, consisted of the 30 MW solar project in Leyte (commissioned in April, 2015) and the 20 MW project in Currimao (commissioned in February, 2016).


22

3.5 Vietnam

Introduction


• Outstanding solar radiation especially in the southern region.

• Relatively low credit rating may discourage investment:


• Recently approved incentives on solar development;

• Targets emphasizing renewable energy growth in the energy mix.

• High level of corruption;• Uncertainty after the expiry of Decision

11;• No well-established procedure for solar

projects.

Vietnam is considered to be a country with very good conditions for solar PV. The average solar radiation amounts to 5 kWh/m2 which is comparable to that of Spain and Italy. The regulatory environment also provides a fertile breeding ground for solar projects. The National Master Plan VII in the country clearly outlines the need increase electrification and does so by emphasizing the importance of renewable energy sources. With the recent approval of Decision 11, solar projects are eligible for several incentives that will make investments more attractive.

Despite these features, Vietnam has a long way to go adopt solar energy as an alternative to current energy sources. Until now, there was virtually no utility-scale plant in the country. This, however, is expected to change as there is an extensive pipeline of projects in Vietnam of various sizes and in various stages of development. Furthermore, a considerable amount of investment has been reported in certain regions of the country.



23

Economic Figures

GDP $194 billion


GDP growth 6.68%



Credit rating (S&P / Moody’s) BB- / B2




Power consumption per capita 1,439 kWh



Electricity Mix


24

The total installed capacity of the country amounted to 38.6 GW in 2016. The total installed capacity comprises of two major suppliers. On one hand, the country’s main electricity company, EVN supplies 61% of the energy whereas the rest is supplied by a combination of domestic independent power producers (IPPs) and foreign investors on a build-own-transfer (BOT) arrangement.

The majority of the capacity comes from hydroelectricity similarly to other countries in the region. However, the current proportion of hydro power is forecasted to reduce to 28.7% in 2020 and to 17.8% in 2030. Fossil-fuel generated energy accounts for the remaining capacity at slightly more than a third of the capacity. In contrast to hydroelectricity, energy generated from fossil fuels is expected to grow rapidly to 48.8% in 2020 and to 50.2% in 2030.

Despite the potential for its application, renewable energy in the country has so far only been installed in negligible sizes. The installed capacity of solar power in the country only amounted to less than 10MW. Furthermore, solar power was only applied for research and rural electrification purposes.

Regulatory framework

The main drive for renewable energy adoption into the country’s energy mix are outlined in the National Master Plan for Power Development VII. The document realizes the need for increasing the installed capacity in order to aid the country’s economic development.

The envisioned way of achieving this is through four main pillars: energy security, energy efficiency, renewable energy development and power market liberalisation. Furthermore, the document also outlines specific targets for to guide the electrification process. The national renewable energy levels are aimed to be increased to 7% in 2020 and above 10% in 2030. This target is coupled with a simultaneous increase in solar power up to current negligible level to 850 MW, 4,000 MW and 12,000 MW by 2020, 2025 and 2030 respectively. Even though the intentions were there, Vietnam lacked the means to achieve this until recently.

A huge milestone was achieved in the country’s journey towards creating a regulatory environment that facilitates the adoption of solar power. For long, the lack of clarity for solar PV conditions, especially with respect to the tariff structure, impeded the development of PV projects. On the 11st of April 2017, the Prime Minister issued a decision that approved Decision No. 11/2017/QD-TTg commonly referred to as Decision 11. The PPA-structure has not yet been finalized, with its first draft released recently* by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. However, several incentives were outlined that could benefit future solar PV projects.

• Investment credit: Solar projects are eligible for a loan of up to 70% of the total investment capital with

* For more information on this recent development see the article of Duane Morris, the Lead Content Partner for the Trade Mission: http://bit.ly/2s99f4f


25

a maximum tenor of 12 years. The preferential lending interest rate under VDB loans is the weighted-average rate of five year-term interest rates of government-backed bonds issued by VDB.

• Import duty exemption: Decision 11 declares that the goods imported to create fixed assets of solar power projects may be exempt from import duty; imports of components, materials and semi-finished products which may not be sourced locally are also exempt from import duty.

• Corporate income tax: Solar projects can benefit from the incentives that apply to investment projects.

• Land use incentives: Solar projects are eligible for reduced land use fees and fee exemptions under the new decision. Furthermore, land will be reserved by the Local People’s Committees pursuant to approved development plans.

• Off-taker conditions: Similarly to all power projects in Vietnam, the local state-owned electricity company, EVN,will be the buyer of the produced electricity. EVN is required to purchase all power generated and will be bound by terms negotiated in PPAs.

• Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) scheme: Decision 11 introduces a tariff of US$0.0935 per Kwh for the purchase of electricity from grid-connected solar power plants a tariff that is higher than that of onshore wind power projects, $0.078.

A point of concern regarding the decision is its relatively short life-time. Since Decision 11 will be in effect until 30 June 2019, it remains to be seen what kind of policy will be adopted in the following period. Considering the relative short

lead and construction time for PV plants this could lead to a surge in the coming 2 years.


Vietnam is experiencing an unprecedented hype surrounding solar energy. More than 30 projects are at some stage of development ranging from 20-300 MW and plans of investing a total of $3.3 billion into solar was reported in a single province of the country.

Currently a 200 MW solar project is under development in Vietnam. Based on the latest news, the project has been included in the list of selected projects for development and has been approved by the Province People’s Committee. The $300 million project is managed by Natcore Technology Inc, a company which uses proprietary nanotechnology discoveries to enable a variety of compelling applications in the solar industry. Although the project has yet to obtain confirmation by EVN and by the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT), Natcore Technology has received several offers from suppliers for the components and services associated with the project.

The largest project that has been in announced in the country is planned by SolarPark Korea Co Ltd, a South Korean crystalline silicon module manufacturer and would possess a capacity of 300 MW. The monumental project is expected to span 300-500ha in the Thach Ha district, Ha Tinh province and will require $650 million to develop.


26

3.6 Myanmar

Introduction


• Abundant natural resources for energy production

• Poor grid connection in rural areas;• High rate of poverty:• High corruption levels


• Huge projected growth in power consumption

• Lack of credit rating may discourage foreign investors

Myanmar, also known as Burma, is one of the countries with the worst conditions in the region. Not only does it have a GDP per capita rate of $1,309 but its power consumption per capita is also miniscule compared to other countries in the region. These conditions exist despite the fact that Myanmar is rather well-endowed with natural resources especially that of hydropower and fossil fuel reserves.Hence the country’s energy mix is mostly made up of energy sourced from predominantly these two resources. One of the greatest problems of Burma however, is that its population is dispersed and many households do not have access to the electricity provided by the grid. Only about half of the Burmese can benefit from grid electricity.

In an attempt to address this problem legislations have been passed that promote the adoption of PPAs. Foreign investment however, will also be increased when the country receives a credit rating, a process which has already begun.



27

Economic Figures

GDP $62.6 billion


GDP growth 7%



Credit rating (S&P / Moody’s) - /-


Ease of doing business index 44.56

Access to electricity 52%

Power consumption per capita 164.46 kWh



Electricity Mix


28

Myanmar has a total installed capacity of 5235 MW the greatest portion of which is sourced from hydroelectricity. Despite the country’s large share of hydroelectricity, this energy source is considered largely untapped compared to its potential. Several large-scale hydro plants are located in the country including the Shweli (600 MW), Yeywa (790 MW) etc.

Besides hydroelectricity, Myanmar only produces energy from fossil fuels. This aspect is no surprise considering the country’s abundant fossil fuel resources. According to the estimation of World Energy Council the total reserves of Myanmar amount to 244 Mtoe, 7 Mtoe and 1 Mtoe in gas, oil and coal respectively.

While the majority of the installed capacity is grid-connected, there is small portion that is off-grid. These include 135 MW of hydro and diesel generated capacity.

Renewable energy, besides the significant share of hydroelectricity, is almost entirely absent from the country. While the potential for wind and solar energy are considerable, grid-connected applications have not been reported to date. A very large percentage of the population relies on traditional biomass such as firewood, coconut and bamboo for energy. Since many of these sources can potentially be transformed into cleaner and more efficient fuels, the government is looking into biomass projects.


It is clear that Myanmar is dire need for a coherent plan to solve its energy crisis and aid its economic development. As a result, the National Energy Management Committee (NEMC) launched the Myanmar Energy Master Plan. According to the plan, Hydropower is projected to decrease from almost 70% in 2012 to 57% in 2030 and natural gas from 28% to 8%. This projection also shows a modest increase in solar PV from 0% in 2012 to 5% in 2030, and a significant increase in coal from 2% to almost 30%.

The investments into the power sector are guided by the Electricity Law and a few detailed regulations. The Electricity Law of 2014 was renewed from its initial launch in 1984 but with rather general laws. Other documentations include regulations for tariffs, legal terms, environmental aspects. Most of the specific conditions for a project are negotiated under the PPA agreement with the government. This aspect makes it less transparent for external investors what terms can be negotiated potentially discouraging investment.

Foreign investment is further improved under the Foreign Investment Law (FIL) of 2012. This regulation allowed a 100% foreign ownership for most business activities including power generation projects. Upon issuing a notification on the passed FIL small (<10 MW) and medium-scale (between 10 MW and 30 MW) electricity generation requires the formation of joint ventures (JV) which restrict the maximum foreign ownership


29

to 80% of the project value. The FIL does not provide any guidance on whether large-scale projects necessitate the formation of JVs, however, precedents suggest that 100% foreign ownership is possible for large-scale electricity generation investments.


The extreme poverty and irregular grid connection renders it very hard to establish projects of any kind. In Myanmar, only 16% of the rural households have connection to the electricity grid. In order to to provide some electricity, to these households the government is rolling out several small off-grid and mini-grid applications to help rural communities.

Myanmar Eco Solutions, a local for-profit energy firm, set up a local solar powered irrigation system. Sunlabob, a Laos-based solar developer, installed 11 PV-based mini-grid applications that power low-voltage electrical items such as lights, mobile phones and small televisions. Sunlabob is also installing the country’s first grid-connected, 117 kW, PV installation.

There are however, larger-scale solar projects planned to be established in Myanmar. Engineering and construction firm Black and Veatch has recently been appointed to provide design and consultancy services for a 220 MW solar PV plant in Minbu, Magway region of Myanmar. The project would require an investment of $275 million and would be the largest solar project in Southeast Asia.


30

3.7 CAMBODIA

Introduction


• Precedent for large-scale solar plants • Extremely large poverty;• Power outages;


• High electricity prices;• Large amount of imported energy

• Failing to satisfy the growing energy demand needs of the country

Cambodia has displayed rapid economic development in recent years with GDP growth exceeding 7%. An essential prerequisite for economic growth, is meeting the corresponding growth in energy demand. The country’s energy consumption is forecasted to grow at an annual rate of 9.4% until 2020. Meeting this demand constitutes an enormous hurdle to overcome for the country. Frequent power outages and a lack of access to the central grid system further hinder the unobstructed functioning of local business and reduce the quality of life in the region.

Despite the current poor conditions of the Cambodian power infrastructure, it has still come a long way from past conditions. Starting from a couple of local grid systems, Cambodia today has

a grid system that supplies more than half of its inhabitants with electricity. The high dependence on oil as an energy source was taken over by coal and hydroelectricity which together provide the majority of the countries produced energy. Besides the produced energy, Cambodia also heavily relies on imported electricity. As a result of the fragmented power supply and reliance on costly energy import, the electricity prices are among the highest in Cambodia.

To meet the energy demand and drive electricity prices down, Cambodia has implemented several plans to create an enabling framework. The commissioning of the country’s first utility-scale solar PV plant and the establishment of several rural initiatives shows promising signs for the future of Cambodia.


31

Economic Figures

GDP $18.05 billion


GDP growth 7.2%



Credit rating (S&P / Moody’s) B / B2


Ease of doing business index 54.79


Power consumption per capita 270

Renewable electricity as % of total output 61.10

Renewable consumption (% of total consumption) 67.95

Electricity Mix


32

Until a couple decades ago, the power sector of Cambodia comprised of a few local grid systems around around Phnom Penh and major provincial cities with scattered isolated mini-grids and some rural areas. Following this period, due to a lack of financial and physical resources private investments restructured the power architecture of the country through IPPs and BOTs. In 2007 and 2009, two HV inter-connectors were commissioned with Thailand and Vietnam respectively to allow the import of electricity and replace high-cost domestic oil-fired generation.

The energy mix of Cambodia in 2015 predominantly depended on a few larger-scale hydro and coal plants and the imported energy through the interconnection with neighboring countries.


The country’s energy policy is concentrated in two main documents: The Rectangular Strategy (RSIII, 2013) and the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP 2014 18). These documents outline the way electrifying the country to aid and sustain Cambodia’s remarkable growth by focusing on 4 priorities.• Expansion of power infrastructure:

The documents stress the importance of Increasing electricity production with an emphasis on renewables while increasing the transmission levels at all levels. As part of the Renewable Electricity Action Plan (REAP) the government aims to power rural areas through cost-effective renewable

sources. By doing so, the country can achieve greater energy security and and ensure reliable and affordable electricity supply and distribution.

• Facilitating private investment: Encouraging private investments into technically and economically efficient technologies while minimizing environmental and social impacts.

• Electrification of all villages: Ensuring that all villages in the Kingdom of Cambodia has some access to some form of electricity. The Rural Electrification by Renewable Energy Policy 2006 aims to facilitate this ambition by creating an enabling framework for renewable energy.

• Continuous allocation of funds for governmental bodies: Further supporting the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) through government budget, social fund from Electricity du Cambodia (EdC) and other developmental partners. The EdC has provided US$4 million in funds for the REF throughout 2013.


Cambodia is on its way to install its first large-scale solar PV plant. The 10 MW project is lead by Sunseap’s local unit, Sunseap (Asset) Cambodia Co. Ltd. The company has already negotiated the terms of 20-year PPA with local state-owned utility company, Electricité Du Cambodge (EDC) and the financing has been approved by the Asian Development Bank. If everything goes according to plan the PV plant should be commissioned in August, 2017 close


33

to Bavet, a special economic zone in the Svay Rieng province.

There are, however, smaller initiatives present in the country which are meant to aid the locals on a daily basis. Star 8, an Australia-based company aiming to increase the prevalence of solar in the country, created and manufactured Cambodia’s first solar powered tuk-tuk. Tuk-tuks are the most ubiquitous mode of transportation in Cambodia, and besides the excessive emissions of tuk-tuks, the need for petrol also makes this transportation method a very expensive one for the locals. The solar-powered tuk-tuks, after an initial payment of $3000, could save a significant amount of money on a daily basis. Since this amount of money is still considered out-of-reach for the Cambodian community, local

microfinance will play a key role in spreading these tuk-tuks on a larger scale.

Another instance of solar-driven electrification in Cambodia is present in the rural areas of the country. Kamworks, a company providing solar technologies from large-scale to PAYGO application, designed and engineered a product that can replace costly and dangerous kerosene light-sources which were most widely used by rural households. The MoonLight solar lantern consists of a mountable solar panel attached to a lamp that can be used for various activities ranging from fishing to reading. The appliance costs locals 300 riel per day or approximately 8 cents which is equivalent to the foregone cost of kerosene.


34

3.8 Brunei

Introduction

Brunei, one of the smaller members of the ASEAN, is mostly known for oil and gas reserves supplying 22% and 78% of the country’s demand. Despite the small size of the country, Brunei is one of the top energy consumers on a per capita basis. This attribute, however, is also coupled with the largest carbon footprint per capita with emissions per person amounting to almost 21 tonnes, according to the US energy Information administration.

There is a push towards changing this status quo outlined in the country’s “Energy White Paper” of 2014. The Energy Department at the Prime Minister’s Office (EDPMO), targeted goals of reaching 124 GWh of renewable power generation by 2017 and 954 GWh by 2035 the latter of which would represent 10% of the total energy generation if went according to plan. Considering the country’s renewable energy mix mainly consisted of small solar power plants with a capacity of 1.7 GWh in 2015, these targets are rather ambitious. The largest solar plant in the

country is the Tenaga Suria Brunei (TSB), with its 1.2 MW capacity. The $14 million project has been operational since May, 2011 and represents around 1% of the total installed capacity. Laos, however, lacked hydropower plants which are the main sources renewable energy in the region.

The government aims to increase renewables by introducing a feed-in-tariff to enable homeowners to resell the generated energy into the grid and to encourage investments into renewable energy sources. The government is also planning to establish smart-grid infrastructure that would advise consumers to lower power consumption during peak-demand.

Even with all the right intentions, experts claim deeper reforms are required to move away from fossil fuel sources. According to Milo Sjardin, head of Asia-Pacific Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Brunei must first reduce energy subsidies to achieve efficient energy use before heavily investing in renewable energy. At the moment, the price of PV-generated electricity cannot compete with energy from fossil fuels.


35

3.9 Laos

Introduction

The country of Laos has been experiencing rapid GDP growth averaging 7.7% through the last 5 years. This growth, however, comes with increased energy demand which is projected to occur at an annual rate of 11% until 2025. One of the major issues with supplying the required energy is its expensiveness. Laos has long relied on costly energy import which is predicted to be the main source for meeting the demand growth.

The current capacity of Laos consists of 6,391MW. This capacity is comprised of 42 operational plants generating 33,822.4 GWh annually for local consumption and mainly for export. Hydropower represents the largest share of the installed capacity similarly to other members of ASEAN. Solar power, despite the 3.5 to 5 kWh/m2/day irradiation levels, is mostly promoted for water and space heating for both household and commercial applications. Furthermore, solar PV also plays an important role in the development of off-grid and hybrid systems, such as the integration with small hydropower and wind power, to sustain supply of electricity during the dry season.

The Lao government, realizing the importance of sustainability, set out a plan to increase the country’s renewable energy consumption and decrease the dependence of fossil fuels by 2025. The aim to increase the share of renewable to 30% by the end of the plan is envisioned

through resources such as biofuels, solar, biomass, biogas, wind, and other alternative fuels for transportation. The main objectives of the Lao government are as follows:• To reduce the importation of fossil

fuels, to reach 10% of the total transport energy consumption from biofuels

• To promote investment in energy production from public and private sectors and from local and foreign investor

• To develop wind power of about50 MW

• To increase number of households using solar energy in 331 villages within 11 provinces in year 2010 to 2020.



36

3.10 Singapore

Introduction

Solar energy in Singapore has been subject to much attention lately. Given an annual solar irradiance of 1,580 kWh/m2/year and 50% higher solar radiation than other temperate countries, solar PV has been associated with huge potential. The wide-scale adoption of solar energy would not only be a significant step towards enhancing the country’s power security and increasing its sustainability but could potentially also reduce peak demand lowering electricity pool prices.

Singapore, relying almost exclusively on natural gas, has been seeking to adopt alternative fuel sources to diversify its energy mix. Since wind speed is inadequate to adopt wind energy; the country lacks river systems with fast-flowing water throughout the year to rely on hydroelectricity; and nuclear energy remains to be a controversial and highly debated energy source; solar energy is showing great potential. Although it will be long before this technology will acquire a larger share in the 95% natural-gas powered Singaporean energy mix, it is a promising sign that experts estimate solar power to be satisfying 1.5% of the local energy demand. The currently installed 100 MWp solar capacity justifies the high hopes for Singapore to meet its established goal of increasing the share of solar energy to 350 MWp by 2020.

Since Singapore is a very densely populated country, rooftop solar

might experience greater success than its ground-mounted counterparts. Interestingly, however, solar energy has not managed to penetrate all sectors of the Singaporean solar rooftop market uniformly. According to the local statutory board, the Energy Market Authority (EMA), the non-residential sector experienced a faster growth in terms of solar power than the residential one. The explanation of this phenomenon lays in the economies of scale non-residential applications can achieve, claims the head of the National


37

Solarisation Centre at a local research institute. Although the cost of solar panels has been continuously declining, it is still to high for the residential sector to start to tap into solar.

A recent example of Singaporean solar installations was established as a result of the collaboration of Jurong Port Pte Ltd and Sunseap Leasing Pte Ltd. The 9.5 MWp rooftop solar installation became the largest port-based solar energy generation facility upon commissioning.

Rooftops, however, are not the only surfaces that can be utilized for solar energy. The Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) is planning to establish a 1 MWp floating solar PV installation in the Tengeh Reservoir in Tuas in the west of Singapore. This peculiar solar application will research the performance of various technologies under the unique environmental conditions to determine economic viability for scaling up such solar applications.


38

4. General Summary

The renewable energy situation in the ASEAN community is one of great potential, yet it is still in its early stages of development. The economic boom experienced by these countries over the past few decade has been sustained by a surge in cheap fossil fuel energy; while this patchwork solution may have propelled the rising industrial capacity of ASEAN countries, it is not a viable long term model. A hallmark of the six largest members of the community is the predominance of fossil fuel generation in their energy mix. It can be argued that these countries are predisposed to such forms of power generation, since most of them have been endowed with plentiful reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuel reserves, however, are not unlimited, and (as is the case of Indonesia and it’s dwindling oil reserves) their depletion poses one of the most pressing dangers to the emerging economies of Asia.

A potential solution to all of ASEAN’s looming energy problems is renewable energy, specifically solar energy. Located on the Equator, the region boasts one of the world’s highest rates of solar irradiance. The island terrain of Indonesia and the Philippines makes deploying solar energy even more sensible, since the lack of a nation-wide grid is a prime opportunity for off-grid energy development. All the right conditions for

the development of solar are present in ASEAN nations, and yet what is currently holding back the renewable energy revolution is economic viability. The lure of fossil fuels is very hard to resist when simultaneously your country possesses plentiful reserves and can buy processed petroleum at the lowest prices in the past decade. Due to the developing status of most ASEAN economies, offering subsidies large enough to outcompete fossil fuels remains an unlikely prospect, especially when the light industry most export-dependent countries rely on in turn relies on the cheap price of electricity derived from fossil fuels. In a sense, this creates a vicious cycle that encourages cheap thermal energy and doesn’t incentivise governments to issue the necessary subsidies to attract international solar investment.

Of course, the unfavorable circumstances preventing the rise of solar in the ASEAN community will not last; the transition away from fossil-fuel energy generation is inevitable and only a matter of time. At what point the respective governments will decide to invest in renewable energy subsidies is hard to tell, but as the ASEAN economies mature they will eventually realize the important need of diversifying their energy mix via renewable energy, and in doing so securing the long-term stability of their energy sectors.


39

Sources & Links

ALL Irradiation maps have been provided by SOLARGIS (GHI Solar Map © 2017 Solargis)


https://www.adb.org/publications/environments-poor-southeast-asia-east-asia-and-pacific&sa=D&ust=1495899478121000&usg=AFQ-jCNGpAGoEUAlVKWUibekzRbkSTUmr9A

3.1 indonesia

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-election-idUSKBN17K2HUhttps://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/04/19/056867524/IMF-Projects-Indonesias-GDP-at-Number-3-in-ASEAN-5http://www.tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/indicatorshttps://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/178039/ino-paper-09-2015.pdfhttps://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Indonesias-Electricity-Demand-and-the-Coal-Sector-Ex-port-or-meet-domestic-demand-CL-5.pdfhttps://www.pwc.com/id/en/publications/assets/eumpublications/newsflash/2016/PwC%20Indonesia-eum-newsflash-2016-59.pdfhttp://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/insight/publications/2017/02/bankability-concerns-power-purchase-agreements/https://energypedia.info/wiki/Indonesia_Energy_Situation

3.2 thailand

http://www.sunwindenergy.com/review/understanding-thai-renewable-energy-markethttp://www.tradingeconomics.com/thailand/indicatorshttp://www.tradingeconomics.com/thailand/ratinghttps://www.transparency.org/country/THAhttps://www.linkedin.com/pulse/2016-renewable-energy-sector-thailand-jose-herrerahttp://www.sunwindenergy.com/review/understanding-thai-renewable-energy-markethttp://www.thai-german-cooperation.info/admin/uploads/publication/45c3eb4b5a04e780c1aa27816b0c822den.pdfhttp://www.thai-german-cooperation.info/admin/uploads/publication/b37f836e88f667d3e74376110293f797th.pdfhttps://www.pv-magazine.com/2013/05/27/thai-based-solar-developer-completes-84-mw-pv-plant-in-lopburi_100011487/

3.3 malaysia

http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malaysia/overviewhttp://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2017/04/21/malaysian-economy-to-keep-growing-over-next-few-months---statis-tics-dept/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15367879http://meih.st.gov.my/documents/10620/f3b9119e-e139-4527-9da6-d77e2eab1c34http://meih.st.gov.my/statistics?p_auth=FdrYBQ6m&p_p_id=Eng_Statistic_WAR_STOASPublicPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=max-imized&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2&_Eng_Statistic_WAR_STOASPublicPortlet_execu-tion=e1s1&_Eng_Statistic_WAR_STOASPublicPortlet__eventId=ViewStatistic2&categoryId=8&flowId=19&showTotal=falsehttp://www.theindependent.sg/increase-feed-in-tariffs-to-boost-renewable-energy-nurul-izzah/http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/malaysias-re-feed-tariff-lower-other-nations-due-differing-cost-structure-%E2%80%94-ongkilihttps://www.pv-tech.org/news/malaysia-installed-32mw-solar-under-fits-in-2016https://www.pv-tech.org/news/malaysia-to-auction-460mw-of-large-scale-solar-pv

3.4 philippines

http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malaysia/overviewhttp://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2017/04/21/malaysian-economy-to-keep-growing-over-next-few-months---statis-tics-dept/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15367879http://meih.st.gov.my/documents/10620/f3b9119e-e139-4527-9da6-d77e2eab1c34http://meih.st.gov.my/statistics?p_auth=FdrYBQ6m&p_p_id=Eng_Statistic_WAR_STOASPublicPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=max-imized&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2&_Eng_Statistic_WAR_STOASPublicPortlet_execu-tion=e1s1&_Eng_Statistic_WAR_STOASPublicPortlet__eventId=ViewStatistic2&categoryId=8&flowId=19&showTotal=falsehttp://www.theindependent.sg/increase-feed-in-tariffs-to-boost-renewable-energy-nurul-izzah/http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/malaysias-re-feed-tariff-lower-other-nations-due-differing-cost-structure-%E2%80%94-ongkilihttps://www.pv-tech.org/news/malaysia-installed-32mw-solar-under-fits-in-2016https://www.pv-tech.org/news/malaysia-to-auction-460mw-of-large-scale-solar-pv


40

3.5 vietnam

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/indicatorshttps://www.vcbs.com.vn/vn/Communication/GetReport?reportId=4793http://asian-power.com/regulation/news/vietnam-approves-new-policy-developing-solar-power-projectshttp://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/insight/publications/2017/04/long-awaited-policy/http://www.natcoresolar.com/news/natcores-200-mw-vietnam-solar-project-receives-essential-government-approvals/https://www.pv-tech.org/news/vietnam-has-30-large-scale-solar-projects-under-development-but-fit-neededhttps://renewablesnow.com/news/solarpark-korea-eyes-300-mw-solar-project-in-vietnam-report-497642/http://www.reuters.com/article/vietnam-solar-idUSL3N1GO04I

3.6 myanmar

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/myanmar/indicatorshttp://www.mmbiztoday.com/articles/myanmar-takes-first-steps-towards-credit-ratingshttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZShttp://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2014&country=Myanmar&product=ElectricityandHeatCurrent Status & Opportunities for Myanmar Electricity & Energy Sector (Ministry of Electricity and Energy)https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/balanced-rollout-meeting-demand-power-must-go-hand-hand-adapting-new-politi-cal-environmenthttp://www.myanmarenergypartners.com/blog/2016/1/11/myanmar-energy-master-plan-launchedhttp://www.vdb-loi.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/VDB-Loi_The-legal-and-regulatory-framework-of-foreign-investment-in-Myan-mar-power-sector.pdfhttp://www.sunlabob.com/news-2016/junction-city-to-feature-myanmars-first-grid-connected-solar-pv-system.htmlhttps://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/dec/02/off-grid-solar-to-help-myanmar-bring-electricity-to-all-by-2030https://cleantechnica.com/2015/10/27/220-mw-solar-power-project-planned-myanmar/

3.7 cambodia

http://www.seac-cambodia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Cambodia-in-depth-study-on-electricity-cost-and-supplies-Final-Report.pdfhttp://www.seeforum.net/countryreport/cambodia.htmlhttp://www.seeforum.net/countryreport/cambodia.htmlhttp://www.seac-cambodia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Cambodia-in-depth-study-on-electricity-cost-and-supplies-Final-Report.pdfhttp://cambodia.panda.org/?264530/Cambodia-Renewable-Energy-Report-2016https://www.pv-magazine.com/2017/04/25/cambodias-solar-development-moves-forward-with-10-mw-project/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/04/solar-power-shining-bright-in-cambodia.html

3.8 brunei

http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/brunei-darussalam%E2%80%99s-renewed-focus-alternative-energyhttp://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/brunei-darussalam-sharpens-focus-renewable-energy

3.9 laos

http://www.bioenergy-news.com/display_news/11685/laos_expands_power_grid_and_eyes_biomass_in_renewable_energy_push/http://www.seeforum.net/countryreport/laopdr.html

3.10 singapore

http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/spike-in-number-of-solar-panel-installationshttps://www.ema.gov.sg/Solar_Photovoltaic_Systems.aspxhttps://www.ema.gov.sg/cmsmedia/Consultations/Electricity/Proposed%20Modifications%20to%20the%20Transmission%20Code/1July-2014Final_Determination_Intermittent_Generation_Sources_-_1_July_2014_Final_.pdfhttps://www.ema.gov.sg/cmsmedia/Publications_and_Statistics/Statistics/31RSU.pdfhttp://sbr.com.sg/energy-offshore/news/jurong-port-launches-world%E2%80%99s-largest-port-based-solar-energy-facilityhttp://www.sunseap.com/worlds-largest-port-based-solar-energy-generation-facility-commences-operations-at-jurong-port/http://www.eco-business.com/news/singapore-unveils-worlds-largest-floating-pv-system-test-bed/

Disclaimer: This overview is provided by Solarplaza International BV ("Solarplaza") as a service to its customers on an "as-is, as-available" basis for informational purposes only. Solarplaza assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions in these materials. Solarplaza makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. This overview is protected by copyright laws, and may only be reproduced, republished, distributed, transmitted, displayed, broadcast or otherwise exploited in any manner only by accrediting Solarplaza as the source of it and providing a full hyperlink to asia.unlockingsolarcapital.com where it was originally published.


41

Indonesia | thailand | malaysia philippines | vietnam | myanmar

cambodia | brunei | laos |singapore

Facts & FiguresSOLAR Energy

28 & 29 september 2017 singapore

27 NOV - 1 DEC 2017

HANOI & HO CHI MINH CITY



VIETNAM

Date post:	23-Mar-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

SOLAR Energy - Sun-Connect-News · and figures related to key markets in Southeast Asia. You will...

Documents