Solar heating systems for multi-family houses

- Keep it simple! -

ESTEC 2007, Freiburg, 20 June 2007

Ronald Voskens

Ecofys S.L.

r.voskens@ecofys.comtel. +34 93 64 55 458

Index

•Introduction

•SOLARGE

•Market MFH

•System configurations

•Conclusions, Recommendations

•To conclude

Econcern

The sustainable energy knowledge and

innovation company

The sustainable energy solution provider

The sustainable energy

project developer

The sustainable energysystem supplier

The sustainableenergy innovation

entrepreneur

Palm towers, Netherlands

CO2 neutral offices Murcia, Spain

14 MW PV plant

Q7, Netherlands

120 MW offshore wind farm

Solior: Integrated collector storage

Econcern Offices

•28 offices in 14 countries

•~600 employees

SOLARGE project (1/3)

• SOLARGE;

– Enlarging Solar Thermal Systems in Multi-Family-Houses, Public and Social Buildings in Europe

• January 2005 – December 2007

• 7 countries: Germany, France, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain

• 11 partners: in Spain Ecofys with support of Ecostream

• www.solarge.org

SOLARGE: objectives (2/3)

•SOLARGE is a European co-operation project to open up markets for large solar thermal plants, (>30m2) for multi-family buildings (MFH), hotels, public and social buildings

SOLARGE: realisation (3/3)

•Training and further education measures for the supply side e.g. manufacturers and architects

•Compilation of well-documented best practice projects

• Information campaign for investors

•Support for municipalities and decision makers

•Positioning the issue at events and conferences

•Provision of information material via internet

•EU-wide dissemination of the project results: interactive project web-site, market studies, good practice project database: see www.solarge.org

MFH Market

•Total market 46 mlj. dwellings

•43% of the total dwellings

•New production

– Spain 400.000– Italy 200.000– France

130.000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Den

mar

k

Ger

man

y

Net

herla

nds

Fra

nce

Slo

veni

a

Italy

Spa

in

Cyp

rusN

umbe

r of

MF

H s

tock

x 1

0^6

(dw

ellin

gs)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Ann

ual n

ew M

FH

x 1

0^6

(dw

ellin

gs)

# MFH stock Annual new MFH

MFH Solar thermal Market

•820 MWth total annual market

– 15% total installed– 475 GWh– 210 Mton CO2

•350 MWth Spain

•150 MWth France and Germany

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Den

mar

k

Ger

man

y

Net

herla

nds

Fra

nce

Slo

veni

a

Italy

Spa

in

Cyp

rus

(MW

th)

Total annualpotential MFH

Total installedcapacity

3.922

The power of a solar obligation

•Barcelona factor 10!

Barcelona Solar Ordinance

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Dec

-95

Dec

-97

Dec

-99

Dec

-01

Dec

-03

Dec

-05

kWth

Real

BaU

~ factor 10!

CTE HE-4: Minimum solar contribution hot water preparation

•5 climate zones

• If hot water consumption >50l/day

Non-electrical back-up heating

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

5,0

00

10

,00

0

15

,00

0

20

,00

0

25

,00

0

Hot water use (l/day, 60º)

So

lar

fra

ctio

n (

%)

Zona V

Zona I V

Zona I I I

Zona I I

Zona I

Solar powered hot water system1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9

Basic system configurations

Solar storage Back-up heater Collector

Central De-central

Central De-central

Num Remark

De-central* X X 1 Single family houses, apartments buildings up to 2 or 3 storeys

X X 2 Large central systems (e.g. hotels)

X X 3 Large systems for multi-family buildings Central*

X X 4 Large systems for multi-family buildings

*De-central on dwelling level

*Central on string or building level

System analyses

•Technical issues

– Suitability– System performance– Heat losses– Complexity & reliability

•Non-technical issues

– Investment costs– Exploitation & invoicing– Maintenance

Type: DDD (1/6)

•Single family and multi-family houses

– Advantages: • Individual systems

– Disadvantages: •Limited storeys•Heat losses•Multiple components

Type: CCC (2/6)

•Central system for hotels, MFH, etc)

– Advantages: •Simple and cheap•Small heat losses

tank– Disadvantages:

•High heat losses recirculation pipes

•Exploitation and maintenance

Type: CCD (3/6)

•Semi central system for MFH

– Advantages: •Simple and cheap•Small heat losses tank

– Disadvantages: •High heat losses

recirculation pipes, les than CCC

•Exploitation and maintenance

Type: CDD.1 (4/6)

•Semi de-central system for MFH; parallel

– Advantages: •Small heat losses pipes•No additional invoicing

– Disadvantages: •1 control•Complicated hydraulic

system, adjustments

Type: CDD.2 (5/6)

•Semi de-central system for MFH; parallel

– Advantages: •Small heat losses pipes•No additional invoicing•Optimal use collector

– Disadvantages: •Multiple components•More expensive

Type: CDD.3 (6/6)

•Semi de-central system for MFH; series

– Advantages: •Small heat losses pipes•No additional invoicing•Simple hydraulic

system•Less expensive

– Disadvantages: •Solar heat exchange

between dwellings

Conclusion and recommendations

•Solar thermal systems for MFH sector is a promising target market (820 kWth ~1,2 million m2 per year)

•Spain, Germany and France represent 80% of this market

•Lots of system configuration are applied in this market, with all have advantages and disadvantages

•Bottom line: apply sound solutions that last for > 20 years without technical problems and a minimum of maintenance

•How? Keep it simple!:– As few as possible (moving) parts– Avoid complex hydraulic solutions– Configuration 3: Central collector and storage, de-central back-

up, especially if ICS systems are applied

ICS: Integrated Collector Storage

transversal section longitudinal section

Simple solution

• ICS: Integrated collector storage

•Exploitation and invoicing

– Only measure total amount (WMB) and distribute the costs evenly

– Measure the amount of preheated water to every apartment (WM1B to WM3B)

– Both and let the choice to the owner(s)

To conclude

•Lets develop the MFH market in a sustainable and simple way!...and remember

Ronald VoskensEcofys S.L.

www.ecofys.com

r.voskens@ecofys.comtel. +34 93 64 55 458

See also:www.solarge.orgwww.ecostream.com

España es el país del sol

Energía solar es la energía del futuro

entonces

¡España es el país del futuro!