Solar Photovoltaic Power Stations

Fully Commissioned in MonthsPhased-In Generation Within One

Month99%+ AvailabilityOffset Substation and Feeder

Expansion CostsImprove Remote Power QualityVirtually Eliminate Transmission

& Distribution LossesNo Fuel Costs or Handling

Solar Photovoltaic Power Stations

Minimal or No Earth Work

Rapid Installation / Startup

No Process Water Required

No Air or Water Emissions

No Avian Mortality Issues

No Fuel Price Risk No Moving Parts No Noise Expandable Moveable

Construction & Operation Benefits

Require few spare parts

Require less exotic skills

Safer repair with easy access

Partial generation during repair

Quick repair No special repair

equipment

Technical Availability

Source: NERC; T. Casten

0%

10%20%

30%40%

50%60%

70%80%

90%100%

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99%+ Availability

➥ Fewer Forced and Planned Outages

On a 10 MW substation load, 500 kW of PV can reduce transformer temperature 4oC and boost transformer capacity by 410 kW.

Substation Benefits

Locatable anywhere on circuit

Circuit generation avoids system losses

Feeder circuit peaks typically sharper

Lowers transformer temperature

PV can shade transformers Lengthens life of

transformers

Assist Substation Peak Load

Avoid T&D Losses and Expenses

Transmission & Distribution Benefits

Distribution - 95% of outages & quality problems

PV output peaks as line losses increase Distributed PV improves grid stability Greater than 99% power factor

Electricity Lost (% of U.S. Generation)

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Edison Electric Institute

U.S. Energy InformationAdministration

20+ households = smooth load curve.

Displace Grid Extension Costs

Village Power

Power for those not- or under-electrified.

Local sustainable employment.

Midday power available for local

economic development.

Peak power available for

storage and low night demand.

System Configuration

Support Structure •Ground Mount

•Parking / Shade Cover

PV Array

•Flat or Sloped Roof Mount

•Building Integrated

Combiner Box

DCDisconnect

ACDisconnect

Step-up / Isolation

Transformer(s)

Inverter(s) •Sub-

Array•String

Power Management Unit Add-On for:•Backup Power: battery, flywheel, other•Hybrid Generation: wind, generator, other

Grid Power

Off GridVillage Power

Weather

Station

Monitoring

Project Experience

Springerville Generating Station

Springerville, Arizona USA

2.4 MW DC Crystalline, Amorphous

& CdTe Modules Grid-Tied 3-Phase, 34.5 kV 18 150kW Inverters

Commissioned:•1.4 MW - November

2001•1.0 MW - September

2002

Tucson, Arizona USA

43.2 kW

Crystalline Modules

Grid-Tied

3-Phase, 480 V

Two 20 kW InvertersCommissioned

August 2002

City of Tucson Water

Tucson, Arizona USA

216 kW DC

Crystalline Modules

Grid-Tied

3-Phase, 13.8 kV

Two 100 kW Inverters

Commissioned January 2001

DeMoss Petrie Power Station

Tucson, Arizona USA

43.2 kW

Crystalline Modules

Grid-Tied

3-Phase, 13.8 kV

Two 20 kW Inverters

Commissioned September 2000

Irvington Road Power Station

Punjab, India

50 kW DC

Crystalline Modules

Grid-Tied

50 Hz

50 kW Inverter

Commissioned 1999

Bajak Village Power Station

Roseville Fire Station

Roseville, California USA

21.6 kW DC

Crystalline Modules

Grid-Tied

Single-Phase, 240V

Nine 2.5kW String Inverters

Start: August 2002Finish: October 2002

Lodi Station Parking Cover

Lodi, California USA

23.9 kW DC

Crystalline Modules

Grid-Tied

Single-Phase, 240V

Nine 2.5kW String Inverters

Start: October 2002Finish: December 2002

Scott Kaminky, Director of Business Development

GLOBAL SOLAR ENERGY, INC.13075 North Dixon Drive

Parker, Colorado 80138-8727

1.303.583.7252fax 1.303.583.7253cell 1.720.480.7311

e-mail skaminky@globalsolar.com