/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1
RENEWABLES: A KEY DRIVER FOR CLEAN
ENERGY TRANSITION SOLAR PV ROOFTOP
SOLAR PV ROOFTOP
POLICIES AND STRATEGIES:
THE GERMAN EXPERIENCE
MUSCAT, OMAN, 13 DECEMBER 2017
DR. KAROLINE STEINBACHER
SENIOR CONSULTANT
ENERGY POLICIES
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED22 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
AT A GLANCE: ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY
Global consulting company founded in 1984 with the mission to enable sustainable
energy for everyone – since 2016, Ecofys has been part of Navigant’s global Energy
practice
We have over 600 experts skilled in energy, climate, environment, economy,
communication, law, and psychology.
Our strength lies in our strategic understanding of complex energy and climate transition
issues: Ecofys connects the dots within the triangle between governments, energy
players, and energy-intensive end-users
Ecofys has five offices in four countries: Utrecht, the Netherlands; Cologne & Berlin,
Germany; Brussels, Belgium; London, United Kingdom – as part of Navigant, our experts
are based in more than 20 offices in the US and Canada, Hong Kong, and the Middle
East
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Ecofys supports the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)
in strengthening energy policy dialogue with the countries of the Arabian peninsula.
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED33 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
GERMANY IS EMBEDDED IN THE EUROPEAN ELECTRICITY
SYSTEM
„Electrical“ neighbours Germany at a glance• Population: 82 million
• Largest economy in Europe,
4th largest in the world
• Gross electricity production
2016: 648,4 TWh
• Primary energy consumption
2016: 13.383 PJ
• Overall installed electricity
generation capacity in 2017: 202
GW
• Installed RE capacity: 109 GW
• Installed PV capacity: 42,7 GW
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/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED4 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED44 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
CONDITIONS FOR SOLAR PV ARE MOST FAVORABLE IN
SOUTHERN GERMANY
So
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2013 20252000
biomass
solar PV
wind
biomasssolar PVwind
hydroother
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED5 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED55 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
THE ENERGIEWENDE REPRESENTS THE LONG-TERM
ENERGY AND CLIMATE STRATEGY OF GERMANY
So
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MW
i 2
01
6, U
BA
20
17
.Energy
Efficiency
% greenhouse gas
reduction (vs. 1990)
% gross electricity
consumption
final energy productivity
(vs. 2008)
primary energy demand
buildings (vs. 2008)
primary energy
consumption (vs. 2008)
% gross final energy
consumption
transport final energy
consumption (vs. 2005)
Climate
Renewable
Energies
-40
-55-70 -80 to -95
+2.1% p.a. (2008-2050)
35 40 to 4550 65
8055 to 60
1830
4560
-20-50
-10-40
-15 to -20
-80
27.6%
31.7%
14.8%
-6.9%
1.3% p.a.
(2015)
-15.9%
(2015)
+1.3%
(2015)
2020 2030 2040 2050Achieved
2016
2025 2035 2045
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RENEWABLES HAVE BECOME GERMANY‘S NO. 1 SOURCE OF
ELECTRICITY
So
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ba
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Gro
ss e
lectr
icity p
rod
uction
in
TW
h
hard coal lignite natural gas mineral oil
others nuclear renewables
gas: 12%
hard coal: 17%
lignite:
23%
nuclear:
13%
RES: 29%
hydro: 3%
solar: 6%
wind: 12%
biomass &
waste: 8%
mineral oil &
others: 5
Electricity mix in 2016(648.4 TWh in total)
* preliminary data
rounded figures
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED7 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED77 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
CONTINUOUSLY DEVELOPED POLICIES HAVE FOSTERED THE
DEPLOYMENT OF RENEWABLES
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ba
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ES
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01
6
0
10
20
30
40
0
50
100
150
200
250
199
01
99
1
199
5
200
0
200
5
201
0
201
42
01
5
201
7
202
0
hydro
biomass
wind onshore
solar PV
wind offshore
2020 target[right axis]
Sh
are
of R
ES
in
gro
ss e
lectr
icity
co
nsu
mption
Gro
ss e
lectr
icity g
en
era
tion fro
m
ren
ew
ab
les in T
Wh
PV programme
“1.000 Roofs”
EEG EEG
Amendment
Electricity Feed-In Law Energy
Concept
EEG
Amendment
Share of RES
[right axis]
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED8 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED88 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
RESIDENTIAL INSTALLATIONS ARE A KEY SEGMENT OF THE
GERMAN SOLAR PV ROOFTOP MARKET
Capacity Market share
(Capacity)
Market share
(Installations)
Typical
operator/
Owner
Estimated share of
self consumption
< 10 kWp 30% 70% private person 30%
10 – 40 kWp 30% 25% private person,
farmer, SME,
public sector
40%
40 – 100 kWp 13% 3% private person,
farmer, SME,
public sector
40%
100 – 1,000 kWp 23% 1.5% farmer, SME,
public sector,
fund, enterprise
40%
≥ 1,000 kWp 4% 0.5% fund, enterprise 20%
So
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15
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED9 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED99 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
THE SHARE OF LARGER PV INSTALLATIONS IN GERMANY IN
ANNUAL INSTALLED CAPACITY INCREASES
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED10 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1010 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
POLICY MAKERS HAVE TO DECIDE WHETHER PRICES OR
CAPACITY VOLUME OF THE SUPPORT SCHEME SHOULD BE FIXED
Quota
Obligation for suppliers:
Minimum RES-E share
Increasing over time
Penalty
Tradable certificates for RES-E production, submitted to authority
Power sold on conventional markets
Government fixes quantity, market decides price
Market price
RES-support
Green
certificate
revenues
FIT Feed-in premium (FIP)Sliding Cap & Floor Fixed
Quota
Volume basedPrice based support
Fixed feed-in tariff (FIT)
Fixed tariff (€/MWh)
Guaranteed during lifetime or x years
Purchase obligation
Feed-in premium (FIP)
Fixed, capped or sliding premium (€/MWh)
Guaranteed during lifetime or x years
Power sold on conventional markets
Government fixes price, market decides quantity
Germany (<100KWp)
GER (>100KWp)
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FEED-IN TARIFFS/PREMIUMS CAN BE DEFINED ADMINISTRATIVELY
OR THROUGH COMPETITIVE BIDDING (AUCTION)
Market price
RES-support
Green
certificate
revenues
FIT Quota
Volume basedPrice based support
„Classic“ FIT/FIP:
government defines support level
Auctioning of FIT/FIP:
market defines support level
Green certificates:
market
defines
support level
Feed-in premium (FIP)
Sliding Cap & Floor Fixed
Germany (<100KWp)
GER (>100KWp)
Germany(>750KWp)
Germany(<750KWp)
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GERMAN FEED-IN TARIFF SCHEME PROVIDES SECURE
INVESTMENT CONDITIONS AND ASSURES COST RECOVERY
Guaranteed tariffs for a period of 20 years to cover levelized costs of electricity
• Risk minimization for investors
Remuneration per kilowatt-hour
• Incentive to maximize energy production for plant operators
Monthly digression of feed-in tariffs for new installations; higher installed capacity
(observed period: 6 months) leads to lower tariffs
• Incentive to innovate and reduce costs
• Indirect control of capacity expansion (target of 2.5 GW/a of PV)
• If capacity additions are below target corridor, tariff remains stable/increases slightly
Financing of the scheme through levy per kWh consumed
• Stable stream of income
• Outside political sphere (no tax/budget)
• Industry exemptions exist, burden on consumers & small businesses
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED13 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1313 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FEED-IN TARIFFS TRIGGERED IMPORTANT INVESTMENTS IN
PV IN GERMANY – PEAKED IN 2010-2012
So
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Feed-in tariff in €ct/kWh for
medium solar PV rooftop installations
Annual investment in PV in bn €
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED14 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1414 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRICE DECLINE IN ROOFTOP PV SYSTEMS AND MAJOR PEAK
IN CAPACITY ADDITIONS 2010-2012
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED15 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1515 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
THE SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR PV IN GERMANY IS ADAPTING TO
MORE COMPETITIVE RENEWABLES
• EEG 2017 sets a fixed expansion corridor for RE (2,5 GW PV per annum)
• 2018 will see first combined auctions for PV and wind
Capacity Policy instrument Current support
level
Autoconsumption
< 10 kWp FiT, administratively set EUR 12,20ct No EEG levy on auto-
consumption
10 – 40 kWp FiT, administratively set EUR 11,86ct 40% of EEG levy paid on auto-
consumed electricity
40 – 100 kWp FiT, administratively set EUR 10,61ct 40% of EEG levy paid on auto-
consumed electricity
100 – 750 kWp FiP, administratively set
(mandatory direct
marketing)
EUR 8,84ct 40% of EEG levy paid on auto-
consumed electricity
≥ 750 kWp FiP, tendered EUR 4,91ct (average,
auction in Oct 2017)
No auto-consumption allowed.
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED16 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1616 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
DECLINING FIT FOR PV AND RISING ELECTRICITY PRICES IN
GERMANY MAKE AUTO-CONSUMPTION RELEVANT
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED17 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1717 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
EASY AND FAST PERMITTING AND INSTALLATION REDUCE
COST OF ROOFTOP SOLAR IN GERMANY
• Fast and easy process of permitting/inspection and interconnection (online
registration, no permitting fee or inspection required), leads to significantly lower
cost of installation than, e.g. in the US
• Dense network of installers, high number of installations led to learning and
reduced transaction cost
Step Small Rooftop PV Medium and Large Rooftop PV
Permitting (building code) No permit required Generally no permit required
Planning and permitting
(grid)
Few days Grid connection request: 8-10 weeks
Planning for installation (in parallel):
<500 kW: min. 2 weeks
0,5-1MW: min 3 weeks
Installation Few days >500 kW: 3 weeks and less
0,5-1MW: 3 to 4 weeks
Data
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/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED18 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1818 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ADVANTAGEOUS FINANCING CONDITIONS FACILITATE
INVESTMENT IN ROOFTOP SOLAR
• German Bank for Reconstruction (Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, KfW) offers low-
interest loans for RE installations through commercial banks
• Program 270: Max. EUR 50 million
- Up to 20 year guaranteed rates
- Starts from 1,2%, interest-free period at the start of the loan
- May finance 100% of investment
• Program 275: Special program for PV & storage, interest rates from 1,1%, up to
13% grant
• Attractive financing offers are also available from commercial banks – strong
regulatory framework reduces risk
• Investment can be depreciated over 20 years
• VAT can be recovered through tax declaration
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED19 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1919 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
POLICY, ADMINISTRATION AND MARKET DESIGN
UNCERTAINTY ARE MAJOR RISKS, INCREASING COST OF RE
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/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED20 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2020 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
CORNERSTONES OF GERMAN (ROOFTOP) PV SUPPORT
POLICY
1. Long-term certainty and risk mitigation through levy-financed feed-in
tariffs covering cost and guaranteed for 20 years and priority feed-in for
renewables
2. Gradual shift to market integration – through direct marketing, market
premium and auctions - for (larger) PV rooftop installations
3. Low administrative burden for installers and owners of rooftop PV
4. Easy access to low-cost finance through public bank KfW
5. Low cost of permitting and installation compared to other jurisdictions
6. Strong societal and political consensus creates positive investment
climate
KEY DRIVERS
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED21
CONTACT
Dr. Karoline SteinbacherSenior Consultant
Ecofys Germany GmbH
Albrechtstr 10c
10117 Berlin
Find the full set of offices here.
ECOFYS.COM
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED22
CONNECT WITH US
ECOFYS.COM
@ecofys
fb.com/ecofys
linkedin.com/company/ecofys
xing.com/companies/ecofysgermanygmbh
slideshare.net/Ecofys
@NavigantEnergy
@NavigantRsrch
linkedin.com/company/navigant-energy
NAVIGANT.COM
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BACKUP SLIDES
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED24 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2424 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
RENEWABLES HAVE BECOME QUITE CHEAP.
WHY IS THERE STILL A NEED FOR SUPPORT?
Challenges of competing in the wholesale market
• Investors and lenders ask for investment certainty (high share of capital costs, low
operating costs)
• Electricity infrastructures and markets have not been designed to accommodate
RES-E (merit order effect, need for grid reinforcement, etc.)
• No level playing field for RES-E in some countries (e.g. market power of large
utilities)
• Some RES-E technologies still going through learning curve
• External costs of fossil/nuclear power not fully internalised
Grid parity of RES-E on distribution level already reached in many countries, but
question who pays for system services and consumer levies (e.g. for RES).
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED25 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2525 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
MORE THAN HALF OF GERMANY‘S INSTALLED CAPACITY IS
RENEWABLE
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01
7
42,7
5,3
50
29,5
4,44
25
21
10,3
7,4
42,7
5,6
Corresponds to about
13% of the world‘s
installed PV capacity.
70% of PV in Germany is
rooftop
Approximately 1.6GWp
added in 2016
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED26 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2626 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
EU MEMBER STATES INCREASINGLY INTRODUCE AUCTIONS
TO DETERMINE SUPPORT LEVELS
Auctions ongoing
Auctions planned for /
under consideration
Unknown / not planned
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/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED27 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2727 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
GENERAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF AUCTIONS
FOR RENEWABLES
> Ensuring sufficiently high realisation
rates/target fulfilment
> Higher risk for RES-E producers than
administrative FIT/FIP, favouring
bigger market actors
> Risk of underbidding or “winner‘s
curse” leading to prices below costs
and non-realisation of projects
> Risk of strategic behaviour
(collusion) leading to high prices and
support costs
> Control of maximum volume and
support cost
> Support level is determined by the
market, not the administration
> Competition between RES-E
producers may lower prices
(compared to administrative
FIT/FIPs)
> Potential to discover real
production cost of RES-E
Opportunities Challenges
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED28 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2828 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
DESPITE ZERO-BIDS IN GERMANY, DEVELOPERS STILL
RECEIVE REVENUE FROM MARKET
€/kWh
Support under sliding FiP
Revenue under sliding FiP
Long term market price development
Auction price
Revenue and support under a sliding market premium
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED29 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2929 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
DESPITE ZERO-BIDS IN GERMANY, DEVELOPERS STILL
RECEIVE REVENUE FROM MARKET
€/kWh
Support under sliding FiP
Revenue under sliding FiP
Long term market price development
Auction price
Revenue and support under a sliding market premium
• Revenue under sliding FIP is not given by the auction price only, but
also by market price
• “Zero bids” mean that project will be built without a subsidy.
• Developers still receive revenue from the sale of electricity
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED30 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3030 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
SHARE OF RENEWABLES HAS GROWN IN ALL SECTORS, BUT
FASTEST IN ELECTRICITY
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ra 2
01
7
31,7
13,4
5,1
35,0
14,0
10,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
electricity heating and cooling transport
Share
of R
ES
in G
erm
any in %
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2016
2020 target
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED31 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3131 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
THE EU AND GERMANY ARE ON TRACK TO ACHIEVE THEIR
RENEWABLES GOALS
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nd
EC
20
17
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
200
4
200
5
201
0
201
5
202
0
Sh
are
of re
ne
wa
ble
en
erg
y in g
ross f
ina
l e
ne
rgy c
on
su
mp
tio
n %
EU28 -development
EU28 - target
Germany -development
Germany - target
Linear (EU28 -development)
Linear (Germany -development)
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED32 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3232 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
INDUSTRY EXPOSED TO COMPETITION IS EXEMPTED FROM
EEG LEVY
• Energy-intensive industries are exempted from the EEG surcharge to a large extent
• Exemptions worth 4.8 billion euros in 2015
• Large share of electricity consumption in Germany is exempted from surcharge
Self-consumption (no
levy/reduced levy 1,85
ct)
Full EEG surcharge:
6,17 ct
Reduced EEG surcharge for
industry (0,05-1,23 ct)
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E 2
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t P
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Ge
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ny)
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED33 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3333 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
THE PRICE OF SOLAR PV ROOFTOP INSTALLATIONS IN
GERMANY IS DECLINING
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MONTHLY DEGRESSION OF FIT IS COMMUNICATED IN
ADVANCE BY THE REGULATOR (BNETZA)
Start of operation
Solar PV installations on buildings and noise protection walls
Up to 10 kWp Up to 40 kWp Up to 100 kWp
01.01.2017 * 12,30 11,96 10,69
01.02.2017 ** 12,30 11,96 10,69
01.03.2017 ** 12,30 11,96 10,69
01.04.2017 ** 12,30 11,96 10,69
01.05.2017 ** 12,27 11,93 10,66
01.06.2017 ** 12,24 11,90 10,63
01.07.2017 ** 12,20 11,87 10,61
01.08.2017 ** 12,20 11,87 10,61
01.09.2017 ** 12,20 11,87 10,61
01.10.2017 ** 12,20 11,87 10,61
01.11.2017 ** 12,20 11,87 10,61
01.12.2017 ** 12,20 11,87 10,61
01.01.2018 ** 12,20 11,87 10,61
Source: Data Source: BNetzA
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED35 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3535 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
COST OF CAPITAL IS VERY LOW IN GERMANY, EVEN
COMPARED TO EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURS
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/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED36 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3636 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
A PLATEAU HAS BEEN REACHED FOR TOTAL SUPPORT COST
OF PV PER YEAR
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01
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nt F
acts
ab
ou
t P
V in
Germ
an
y)
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED37 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3737 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRICES FOR SOLAR PV ROOFTOP MODULES ARE MORE THAN
72 PERCENT LOWER THAN IN 2006
Average price for ready-for-use
rooftop PV modules with capacities
up to 10 kWp (without VAT)
6,000 US$/kWp
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% So
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-So
lar
20
16
1,650 US$/kWp
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THE MAIN SUPPORT SCHEMES EXPOSE PLANT OPERATORS
TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RISK
Market price
RES-support
Green
certificate
revenues
FIT Quota
Volume basedPrice based support
No market price
risk
Limited market price risk Full electricity market price risk
Certificate market
price risk
RES-E producer sells directly to the market and is
responsible for scheduling and balancing RES-E
Market integration
through TSO
Feed-in premium (FIP)
Sliding Cap & Floor Fixed
Germany (>100KWp)
GER (>100KWp)
/ ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED39 / ©2016 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3939 / ©ECOFYS, A NAVIGANT COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY PRICES HAVE RISEN – LARGEST
PART IS MADE UP BY LEVIES, CHARGES AND TAXES
Graph: Agora Energiewende 2017:
Data Source: BMWi