Solar Roof Top in Thailand

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Presentation outline

Solar Systems in Thailand -Opportunity and

Market Development

Key components of a PV

Technology and system overview

Solar potential in Thailand

The project development process

Case studies on PV project developments

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Key risks/issues to beware of and the mitigation measures, particularly in Thailand

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Global variations in irradiation

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PV applicationsThe photovoltaic technology can be used in several types of applications:

Grid-Connected Power Plants

Grid-connected domestic systems

Consumer goods

Off-grid systems for rural electrification

Off-grid industrial applications

Solar Farms also known as PV farms, BIPV and roof- top PV systems or so called large-scale centralized PV grid connected systems produce electricity from the sun and sell the electricity to the utility grid.

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The PV project development process

10 good reasons to switch to solar photovoltaic electricity

1. The fuel is free

2. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases

3. PV systems are very safe and highly reliable

4. The energy pay-back time of a module is constantly decreasing

5. PV Modules can be recycled and therefore the materials reused in the production

6. It requires low maintenance

7. It brings electricity to remote rural areas

8. It can be aesthetically integrated in buildings (BIPV)

9. It creates thousands of jobs

10. It contributes to improving the security of Asia's energy supply

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General considerations for large scale PV projects

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The PV project development process

l Find reliable power purchaser and/or marketsl Determine the pre-feasibility and expected outputl Obtain all licenses like for example: PPA, grid connection and other local licenses l Secure the land; buy or lease decision

1st Step:Pre-Development

2nd Step:Technical

l System installationl Secure agreements to meet all O&M needs l Connect the system to the grid l Finalize all documents and approvals to start the actual electricity sales

4th Step:Implementation

l Select the most efficient technology for the chosen locationl Find a reliable turn-key contractorl Obtain binding proposalsl Select all suppliers and contractors

l Prepare a full feasibility study and business plansl Establish access to capital and banksl Sign all finance related contractsl Sign EPC contract and order all components

3rd Step:Finance

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Keep it simple and sustainable

| Environmental friendly: for each kWh of electricity produced, 0.5 kg of CO2 are avoided| Virtually maintenance free and reliable technology providing with predictable and un-interrupted

output for more than 20 years

solar radiation

photovoltaic modules

direct current inverter alternative current public grid

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ModulesModules

Wafer technology90 % market share

Thin-Film technology10 % market share Other technologies

Mono-crystallineEfficiency = 16%

Polycrystalline Efficiency = 14%

A-SI:H Efficiency = 6 - 9%

Micro-Crystalline Efficiency = 8%

CdTe Efficiency = 10 %

CIS Efficiency = 7 - 12%

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Centralized or decentralized system design?

Decentralized System Design Centralized System Design

| Suitable for systems in the lower MW range| Easy to install | Less complicated to maintain| Especially suitable for systems with different integrated solar generator types| High output efficiencies

| Suitable for systems in the multi-MW range| More cost efficient for large scale power plants| Especially suitable for systems with homogeneous solar generator types| High output efficiencies

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Mounting systems

Fix system 1-axis 2-axis

Output 100% 115 % 125%

Occupied area 100% 100-120% 200%

Maintenance 1 2 3

Cost 100% 106% 120%

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Monitoring and control

| Monitoring of central inverters, tracking system and connection boxes

| Readout of inverter and string data| Shows system status of all components

and initiates alarm

Internet portal Analysis software Alarm function

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Key risk factors and mitigation strategies for PV projects in Thailand

| Special component certification requirements by the local authorities| Grid-connection related problems| Component supply shortages

| Select only components which fullfill all local requirements| Build a close relationship the local grid owner| Use strong suppliers and EPC partners

| Banks have limited experiences in PV debt financing, structures and risks

| Special country related documentation is normally needed

| There is only a limited amount of equity investors for PV projects in Asia

| Early relationship building with the bank is crucial

| Detailed, creditable and in-depth documentation

| Early relationship building with possible equity partners is a crucial

| Local suppliers could be protected by high duties or other regulations| High country and political risks

| Higher risk for sudden changes in the subsidy policies

| Use of local suppliers for key-components| Use of local banks and investors

| Use of local government funding and support

Technical

Financial

Government

Project Phase Key Risks Mitigation Strategies

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24MW SinAnSolar PV power plant case sample

| Location: Sinan-gun, Jeolla-do, South Korea

| Project Area: 660,000 m2

| Annual Output: 33,000 MWh/ 7,200 HH equivalent

| System Type: Single Axis Tracking System

| Module Type| Conergy 180W Crystalline 108,864 modules| 3rdParty 200W Crystalline 21,792 modules

| Construction Period: May 2007 through September 2008

| EPC Contractor: Dong Yang Engineering

| The SinAnpower plant is the largest PV facility in South Korea| The world’s largest solar power plant with tracking systems.

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21.2 MW El Calaveron PV power plant case sample

│Location: El Calaverón

│Start of operation: September 2008

│Output: 21.2 MWp

│No. of modules: 96,000

│Surface covered: 100 hectares

It will produce approximately

40,000 MWh environment-friendly

power annually.

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