Solid State Lighting

July 1, 2008

Overview

• Basics• Review Potential SSL Measures & Applications• Scale of Conservation Potential• Initial Cost-Effectiveness• Forecast of Technological Progress

SSL Characteristics• Solid state

– Potential for Long Life, up to 75K hours– Few catastrophic failures – They just fade away– Heat dissipation issues are most challenging

• Favorable dimming & control characteristics– DC devices, no warm-up issues, tunable optics

• Directional light output

• Low infra-red spectral components

How Long?

Analytic Considerations

• Compare luminaire efficacy AND output– Efficacy of: Lamp + Driver (ballast) + Fixture + Optics

– Lumen output, beam shape & color

• Design of the entire luminaire is key• Potential lamp replacement & labor savings (Long Life)• Dubious manufacturer & vendor claims• Performance metrics & test procedures

– LM-79 is just two months old

Emerging SSL Products & Applications

• Outdoor Lighting– Street & Roadway – Walkway – Parking– Façade & Signage

• Refrigeration Display Case • Recessed Can Downlight• MR16 Replacements• Desk Lamp / Task Lighting• Undercabinet

Sources

• DOE Caliper Program– Our own PNL providing lots of horse power

• Selected Demonstrations

Outdoor LightingStreet & Roadway, Walkway, Parking

• Promising near-term potential (10% - 40%)– Efficacy as good or better than HPS & Metal Halide

– Lots of room for improvement over existing stock• More useful light, less glare, better color rendering, better

contrast ratios, fewer night sky issues, dimming control

– Half or more of the energy savings are from these factors as opposed to source efficacy

– Half or more of $ value from longer life

Directional Point SourcesTunable Optics

Street & Roadway Cost-Effectiveness

• Potentially cost-effective in new (lost-opportunity)• TRC Net Levelized Cost

– Range 20 – 200 mills / kWh– TRC B/C ratios 0.5 to 1.1

• Uncertainties– First Cost: $5-10/watt or $1-3/million-lumen-hours– Life: 50K to 75K+ hours (cool ambient conditions) – Maintenance Cost Savings:

• $10-30/head/year streetlights• 1 to 2 times the PV of energy saved

Street & Roadway Savings Potential

• Roadway Use: 1% of total loads (Navigant 2002)• For PNW that’s 200 MWa total roadway load • Save 30-40% of that or 60-80 MWa• How long will it take?

This cobra head HPS fixture was installed in 1981. It’s

still out there.

Walkway, Parking, Facade

• Similar application efficacy gains (10-40%)• Somewhat lower maintenance savings

– Don’t need the truck as much

• Higher potential dimming & occupancy control– Acceptance issues

• Size in MWa– Don’t know yet– But pretty big and growing

Signage

• Good Application– Color, control, longevity, low maintenance

• PNW Potential based on Navigant 2003– 30-40 MWa in 2002– Growing end use

Refrigerated Display Case

• Cool ambient application, long life, saves refrigeration• Replaces T-12 & T-8 fluorescent• TRC Net Levelized Cost: 30 to 100 mills/kWh• Now with occupancy sensors – more savings• Not big MWa

Downlights

Interior Downlights

• Higher ambient T - shorter life - 35K hours

• Efficacy similar to CFL

• Cost higher than CFL

• Niches where new potential:– Where dimming & occupancy & color are valuable– Hard-to-reach & high change labor

Check out the MR16 Replacements

• Benchmark: 20W MR 16, halogen, 40°– 200-450 lumens

– 9-19 lumens/watt

– CBCP 500

Dubious Claims

Desk Lamp & Task Light

Undercabinet

Power Factors All Over the Place

Rate of Improvement

• 35% per year improvement in efficacy

• 20% per year cost reduction

Emerging SSL Products & Applications

• Outdoor Lighting– Street & Roadway – Walkway – Parking– Façade & Signage

• Refrigeration Display Case • Recessed Can Downlight• MR16 Replacements• Desk Lamp / Task Lighting• Undercabinet

•Good Applications •Promising Economics•New Potential MWa

•Not there yet

•High-Cost CFL•Some Niche Applications