Solid Waste Management

SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Hawassa University

Institute of Technology

School of Bio-Systems & Environment Engineering

CHAPTER 1

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Chapter 1: Solid Waste Management

Chapter 2:Solid Waste Generation and Collection

Chapter 3:Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source

Chapter 4:Collection Methods of Solid Waste

Chapter 5:Solid Waste Separation, Processing and Transformation

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Transport and Transfer and Disposal

Chapter 7:Hazardous Solid Wastes Management

Chapter 8:Urban And Rural Sanitation

Course contents

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The term ‘waste’ has a different meaning for different

people. In general, Waste is any form of liquid, semi-liquid,

solid, or gaseous material which no longer serves the

purpose for which it was originally intended.

Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and

animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded

as useless or unwanted.

However, ‘unwanted’ is subjective, as it could be of value

for another person under different circumstances or even

in a different culture.

From the days of primitive society, humans and animals

have used the resources of the earth to support life and

dispose of wastes.

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Disposal is any operation which may lead to resourcerecovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternativeuses.

In early times, the disposal of human and other wastes did

not pose a significant problem, because the population was

small and the amount of land available for the assimilation

of wastes was large.

Problems with the disposal of wastes can be traced from

the time when humans first began to congregate in tribes,

villages, and communities and the accumulation of wastes

became a consequence of life.

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Factors That Contribute To the Solid Waste Problem

Rapid Urbanization

oUrban development

oNew township development

oDevelopment of housing estate

oIndustrial

Changing Lifestyle

oStandard of living

oBuying power

Consumption Patterns

o Eating habits

o Buying power

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Inadequate Government Policy

oLeak of enforcement

oNo uniformity in regulations/

procedures

oDifferent methodology used

oNo comprehensive laws and

regulations

oLeak of Disposal area

Spiraling Population Growth

Rate

oPopulation Growth rate

oInternal migration of population

oExternal migration of population

Public Indifference

• People don’t care

• People believe that it’s government

sole responsibility

• Propensity of the people to generate

waste and just throw it anywhere

• Lack of appreciation of the

importance of waste

avoidance/reduction, segregation

and composting

• Inefficient collection of garbage

• Non-operation of a good disposal

facility

Factors That Contribute To the Solid Waste Problem…

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Solid waste today contains many materials such as

plastics that are not readily degradable and toxic

materials, primarily various types of chemical waste

produced by industry.

Similarly, the amount of hazardous waste generated has

been undergoing dramatic change. In addition, industries

increase their annual discharges of toxic chemicals

directly into the environment.

The problem became larger with more people generating

more and a variety of waste (chemical, liquid, solid,

nuclear, and hazardous).

Thus, a variety of methods must be used to manage the

waste.

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Consumption is greatly

increasing in developing

nations- Rising standard of

living, more packaging,

poor-quality goods.

Wealthy consumers often

discard items that can still

be used.

Poor people support

themselves by selling items

they scavenge from dumps.

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When solid wastes are disposed off on land in open dumps

or in improperly designed landfills (e.g. in low lying areas),

it causes the following impact on the environment.

Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump

Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump.

They produce a good breeding place for flies, hence create a favorable

conditions for food contamination by flies and other fly-borne diseases.

Provide food and shelter for rats and mice, which are destroyers and

contaminants of food and other goods.

Under certain conditions, may create suitable breeding place for

mosquitoes. Subsequently bring in the problem of mosquito-borne

diseases, (e.g. malaria, filariasis, etc)

May cause nuisances- which create aesthetic problem, (e.g. looks

unpleasant and has bad smell, etc.)

May attract dogs, cats and other scavengers.

May cause fire hazards by instantaneous combustion

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In low-income countries, most of the

collected municipal solid waste is

dumped on land in a more or less

uncontrolled manner.

Such inadequate waste disposal

practices create serious environmental

problems affecting not only the health

of humans and animals, but also giving

rise to serious economic and other

welfare losses.

In cities of developing countries, the

urban poor suffer most from the life-

threatening conditions of deficient

Solid Waste Management.

Polluted open sewer

Open street site dump

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Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline

associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer

and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner

that is in accordance with the best principles of public health,

economics, engineering, conservations , and that is also responsive

to public attitudes.

Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is the term applied to

all of the activities associated with the management of the

community’s waste.

It is the selection and application of suitable techniques,

technologies and management programs to achieve specific

waste management objective and goals

The basic goal of ISWM is to manage community waste in a

manner that meets public health and environmental concerns and

the public’s desire to reuse and recycle waste material.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)

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Suggested Priorities for Integrated Waste Management

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The identification of waste management as integral to

sustainable urban development is increasingly recognized by

the international aid and development community.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development stressed that ‘...solid waste production should be

minimized, reuse and recycling, maximized, environmentally

sound waste disposal and treatment promoted and waste

service coverage extended .’

Environmentally sound and resource efficient approaches to

the problem of growing solid waste quantities, and considers

waste management as a crucial component of human policies

and programs.

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In Ethiopia, particularly in Addis Ababa, an agency is responsible

for the collection and disposal of solid wastes for the city of Addis

Ababa.

The estimated solid waste generation of an Addis Ababa resident

was about 0.24 kilogram per capita per day and a total of 163,200

tons per annum.

The existing collection capacity covered less than 50 percent of

the total wastes generated. The remaining wastes were dumped

along the streets, on vacant plots, along streams, in ditches,

bridges, etc.

Solid waste management services in other urban centers of

Ethiopia is the responsibilities of municipalities and urban

centers.

Most of them have no institutional set up and resources for

discharging their duties effectively. This is aggravated by the low

priority usually accorded to sanitation activities.

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What is sustainability in relation to waste management?

Sustainability implies looking at the whole waste

management system, including waste prevention and

resource recovery and searching for a system that best suits

the society, economy and environment in question.

Institutional issues

• Need for policy changes (e.g. legislation) in order to improve

effective and efficient solid waste management.

• Need to set up functional structures at the grassroots level to

work with communities and institutions

• Need to try to link the formal and informal solid waste

management sector through waste collection schemes.

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What is sustainability …..?

Technical issues• Need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a

common practice

• Need to focus on environmental impacts (e.g. surface and ground

water) of solid waste around dump sites

• Need for proper management of hospital and hazardous waste

• Need for relevant training and equipment for hospital waste

handlers

Social issues• Need to work with informal waste actors such as scavengers at

dump sites

• Need for health education so as to create awareness regarding

solid waste management

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What is sustainability …..?

It is necessary to establish

integrated and sustainable

systems of solid waste

management that meet the

needs of the entire urban

population, including the poor.

The essential condition of

sustainability implies that waste

management systems must be

absorbed and carried by the

society and its local

communities.

National and local factors influencing the

core concepts of the waste management in

which solid waste elements diminish in

priority from top to bottom.

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In its scope, solid waste management includes all

administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering

functions involved in solution to all problems of solid wastes.

Many people feel that solid waste management is a simple

affair - simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at

a dump.

If this were true, then why do so many towns suffer from

uncollected refuse blocking streets and drains, harboring flies

and rats, and degrading urban environments?

The preparation and management of a good solid waste

management system needs inputs from a range of

disciplines, and careful consideration of local conditions.

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The main goal of solid waste management are:

1. To protect the health of the urban population, particularly

that of low-income groups who suffer most from poor

waste management.

2. To promote environmental conditions by controlling

pollution (including water, air, soil, and cross-media

pollution) and to ensure the sustainability of ecosystems

in the urban region.

3. To support urban economic development by providing the

required waste management services and guaranteeing

the efficient use and conservation of valuable materials

and resources.

4. To generate employment and income.

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Key to integrated solid waste management is the

development of a waste management hierarchy, integrating

widespread elements of national and regional policy.

The hierarchy classifies waste management operations

according to their environmental or energy benefits:

1.Prevent the production of waste or reduce the amount generated.

2.Reduce toxicity or negative impacts of the waste generated.

3.Reuse the materials recovered from the waste stream in their current

forms.

4.Recycle, compost or recover materials for use as direct or indirect inputs

for new products.

5.Recover energy by incineration, anaerobic digestion or similar processes.

6.Reduce the volume of waste prior to disposal.

7.Dispose of residual solid waste in an environmentally sound manner,

generally in landfills.

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The sources of solid wastes are dependent on

1. The socio- economic and

2. Technological levels of a society

A small rural community may have known types of

solid wastes from known sources (i.e. the wastes are

more homogenous).

Wastes from industrial and mining areas are also

more homogenous.

Urban communities (metropolitan cities) have many

sources (The wastes are more heterogeneous).

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Five main categories of solid waste :

1. Municipal Solid Waste : waste from the household, commercial wasteand institutional waste.

2. Agriculture waste : Wastes and residues resulting from diverseagricultural activities include plant residue and animal waste. Foodprocessing waste is consider as agriculture waste.

3. Industrial waste :comprises waste from industrial processes

4. Hazardous waste: Wastes or combination of wastes that pose asubstantial presence or potential hazard to human.

5. Medical waste: includes hazardous (clinical waste) and non-hazardouswaste.

• Clinical wastes are any waste consist human tissue, blood or other bodyfluids, excretion include infectious waste.

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Sources of solid wastes in a community are:

1.Residential: generated from livinghouseholds/ domestic, generallycontain non-hazardous solid wastes;kitchen waste, and ash

2.Agricultural: solid wastes due toagricultural activities such as foodresidues, animal dung, cropresidues, etc. Such wastes areusually non-hazardous.

3.Commercial: wastes generated frombusiness establishments Such foodestablishments, shops, etc, that generategenerally non-hazardous waste such aspaper, cardboard, wood, metals andplastic.

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4. Industrial wastes: from various types ofindustrial processes. The nature of thewaste depends on the type of industry andkind of raw material involved. There maybe toxic and hazardous wastes that haveadverse effects to the environment.

5. Institutional solid waste: generating from public and governmentinstitutions: offices, religious institutes, schools, universities, etc.generally not hazardous.

6. Hospital solid wastes: discarded, unwanted solid wastes from hospitals.It consists of both non-hazardous and hazardous waste.

7. Construction and Demolition Wastes

8. Municipal Services waste

9. Treatment Plant Sites waste

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Types of solid wasteslocations where wastes are

generated

Source

Food wastes, paper, cardboard,

plastics, textiles, leather, yard

wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes,

special wastes (e.g., bulky items,

consumer electronics, goods,

batteries, oil, tires), and household

hazardous wastes

Single and multifamily dwellingsResidential

Industrial process waste, scrap

materials, etc. Non - industrial

waste including food wastes,

construction and demolition

wastes, rubbish, ashes , hazardous

wastes, ashes, special wastes

Light and heavy

manufacturing, fabrication,

construction sites, power and

chemical plants

Industrial

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community

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Types of solid wasteslocations where wastes are

generated

Source

Paper, cardboard, plastics,

wood, food wastes, glass,

metals, special wastes,

hazardous wastes

Stores, hotels, restaurants,

markets, office buildings, etc.

Commercial

Same as commercialSchools, hospitals, prisons,

government centers

Institutional

Wood, steel, concrete, dirt,

etc.

New construction sites, road

repair, renovation sites,

demolition of buildings,

broken pavement

Construction and

Demolition

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community (Cont’d)

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Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community (Cont’d)

Types of solid wastesTypical facilities, activities, locations where wastes are generated

Source

Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge

Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants

Municipal Services (including treatment facilities)

Spoiled food wastes,agricultural wastes,rubbish, hazardous waste.(e.g. pesticides, herbicides)

Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms, etc.

Agricultural

Definition of some types of solid wastes

Refuse: It is a general name given to all wastes exceptliquid waste. It includes:

a. Putrescible / Bio-degradable: can be decomposed rapidlyby bacteria. Example: paper, wood, fruits and others.

b. Non- putrescible / Non-biodegradable: cannot bedecomposed wastes. Example: plastics, bottles, oldmachines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others.

Garbage: designates putrescible wastes resulting from thegrowing, handling, preparation, cooking, and serving offood. It attracts insects, rats and rapidly decomposes withproduction of unpleasant odor. Example: Vegetables,fruits, bones, bread, injera etc.

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Definition of some types of solid wastes…

Rubbish: This term includes all non-putrescible refuse exceptashes. There are two categories of rubbish:

a. Combustible: This material is primarily organic in nature andincludes items such as paper, cardboard, wood and bedding.

b. Non-combustible: This material is primarily inorganic andincludes tin cans, metals, glass, ceramics, and other mineralrefuse.

Ashes: an incombustible material that remains after a fuel orsolid waste has been burnt.

Infectious wastes: are wastes that contain or carry pathogenicorganisms in part or in whole such as wastes from hospitalsand biological laboratories soiled with blood or bodily fluids.

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Definition of some types of solid wastes…

Special wastes: are wastes from residential and commercialsources that includes.

- Bulky items (large worn out or broken household,commercial, and industrial items like, Furniture, lamps,bookcases, filing cabinets, etc.)

- Consumer electronics (includes worn-out, broken, and otherno- longer wanted items such as radios, stereos, TV sets.

- White goods (large worn – out a broken household,commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves,refrigerators, dishwashers, clothes washers and dryers)

Organic waste: Food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics,textiles, rubber, leather, wood, yard wastes.

Inorganic waste: Glass, crockery (cups, plates, etc) tin cans,aluminum, and other metals.

Dead bodies: dead animals like dogs ,cows, donkey etc.31

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Composition is the term used to describe the individual

components that make up a solid waste stream and their relative

distribution , usually by percent by weight.

Information on the composition of solid wastes is important in

evaluating

1. equipment needs,

2. systems required and

3. manage program and plans.

The residential and commercial portion makes up about 50 to

75 percent of total Solid waste generated in a community. The

actual percentage distribution will depends on:

1. The extent of construction and demolition activities

2. The extent of the municipal services provided

3. The types of water and wastewater treatment process that

are used

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ComponentPercent by Weight Moisture percent

Range Typical Range Typical

Organic

Food wastes 6 – 26 15 50 – 80 70

Paper 25 – 45 40 4 – 10 6

Cardboard 3 – 15 4 4 – 8 5

Plastics 2 – 8 3 1 – 4 2

Textiles 0 – 4 2 6 – 15 10

Rubber 0 – 2 0.5 1 – 4 2

Leather 0 – 2 0.5 8 – 12 10

Yard wastes 0 – 20 12 30 – 80 60

Wood 1 – 4 2 15 – 40 20

Misc. organics

In-organics

Glass 4 – 16 8 1 – 4 2

Tin cans 2 – 8 6 2 – 4 3

Aluminum 0 – 1 1 2 – 4 2

Other metal 1 – 4 2 2 – 6 3

Dirt, ash etc 0 – 10 4 6 – 12 8

The percentage distribution values for the components in Solid waste vary with

1. Location

2. Season

3. economic conditions

4. population

5. Social behavior

6. Climate

7. Market for waste materials

8. Other factor

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A. Physical composition of solid wastes

Knowing the characteristics the physical component of acommunity solid waste is important for the following purposes:

- for the selection and operation of equipment and facilities

- to assess the possibility for resource of energy recovery

- to design and analyze disposal facilities

Ways for physical composition Analysis

Individual component study

- Analyze the components of municipal solid waste by type

- Sorting and separation of each and every component is necessary

- Samples each of the heterogeneous refuse of municipal solid waste

- Should be representative (at all seasons of the year)

- Statistical produces (representativeness and randomization)

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The individual component study involves to achieve thepresent composition of solid waste by volume and by weight.

Moisture content

Moisture content is determined as follows:

The sample is weighed as received (“wet weight”) and then allowed tostand until it is air-dried, i. e. until its moisture content is equal tothat of the ambient air.

The moisture content is then obtained by the following formula:

Mc = Ww – Wd × 100

Ww

where: Mc = moisture content (in %)

Ww = wet weight of sample

Wd = dry weight of sample

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B. Chemical composition

Information on the chemical composition of solid wastes isimportant in evaluating alternative processing and recoveryoptions. These studies include the assessment of moisturecontent, volatility, ash content, etc.

The moisture content of municipal solid wastes variesdepending on composition of the waste, the season of theyear, humidity and weather condition.

For example, the feasibility of combustion depends on thechemical composition of solid waste.

C. Biological properties

The most important biological characteristic of the organicfraction of municipal solid waste is that almost all of theorganic components can be converted biologically to gasesand relatively inert organic and inorganic solids.

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Various estimates have been made on the quantity of solidwaste generated and collected per person per day. Theamount of municipal solid waste collected is estimated tobe2.7 kg/capita/day, of which about 0.6 kg is residential.

Averages are subject to adjustment depending on manyfactors: time of the year; habits, education, and economicstatus of the people; number and type of commercialindustrial operations; whether urban or rural area; andlocation.

Each community should be studied and actual weighingmade to obtain representative information for designpurposes. Community wastes are not expected to exceed1000 kg/capita/year.

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With the emphasis being placed on source reduction suchas less packaging, waste recovery and recycling such asof paper, metals, cans, and glass, the amount of solidwaste requiring disposal is reduced.

The volume occupied by solid waste under certainconditions determines1. the number and size or type of refuse containers,

2. collection vehicles, and

3. transfer stations.

Transportation systems and land requirements fordisposal are also affected.

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Determination of Solid Wastes in the FieldBecause the heterogeneous nature of solid wastes, determination of the

composition is not an easy task. More generalized field proceduresbased on common sense and random sampling technique have evolvedfor determining composition

The procedure for residential Solid Wastes can be: The load is first quartered One part is then selected for additional quartering unit a sample size

of about 200 lb is obtained It is important to maintain the integrity of each selected quarter

regardless of the odor or physical decay make sure that all the components are measured

The field procedure for component identification for commercial andindustrial waste involves the analysis of representative waste samplestaken directly from the source, not from a mixed waste load in acollection vehicle. Due to the fact that these wastes are so variable.

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1.4 Quantities and Volume of Solid Waste…

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Some of material that can be recovered from solid wastes are:Aluminum, Paper, Plastics, Glass, Ferrous Metals (Iron and Steel),Nonferrous waste, Yard waste collected separately, Constructionand demolition wastes.

Recycling is the best way to solve solid waste managementproblem. This process exists in all cities . However, the recyclingsystem differs from developing countries and developedcountries.

Developed countries have well organized source separation andrecycling system while in the developing countries the system ofrecycling is not effective because it is still in the hands of informalsectors.


Developing Countries Have Recycling System Starting FromCurbside Collection System. Separate Colored Collections Binsare Provided to Deposit Separate Waste Material

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These Sorting Facilities are Well Organized and Materials areSeparated for Further Processing

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Separation of Recyclable and Placing Separately

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T

These Scavengers Collect the Recyclables and Separate in their Own Premises

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Recyclables Collected from Scavengers are Deposited in One Place

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In terms of solid waste management planning, knowledge offuture trends in the composition of solid waste and quantities areof great importance.

Food Waste The quantity of residential food waste collected has changed

significantly over the years as a result of technical advancesand change in public attitude.

Two technological advances that have had a significant effectare the development of the food processing and packagingindustry and the use of kitchen food waste grinders.

The percentage of food waste, by weight, has decreased fromabout 14 percent in the early 1960s to about 9 percent in 1992.

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Paper andCardboard The percentage of paper and cardboard found in MSW has

increased greatly over the past half century , rising from about 20percent in the early 1940s to about 40 percent in 1992 .

It is expected that use of paper and cardboard will remain stable forthe next few year.

YardWastes The percentage of yard waste has also increased significantly, due

primarily to passage of laws that prohibit burning of yard wastes.

By weight, yard waste currently accounts for about 16 to 24 percentof the waste stream.

Environmental conditions such as droughts have also affected thequantities of yard wastes collected in certain locations

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Plastics The percentage of plastics in solid waste has increased

significantly during the past 50 years

The use of plastics has increased from almost non-measurable quantities in the early 1940s to between 7 and8 percent, by weight, in 1992.

It is anticipated the use of plastic will continue toincrease, but at a slower rate than during the past 25 years.

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The proper storage at the point of generation, collection and

disposal of the solid waste is part of the environmental health

service program, which must be accomplished effectively in a

community.

The public health and ecological reasons for proper management of

solid wastes are:

an attractive media for the growth and multiplication of flies, and

hence, may involve all diseases which are transmitted by flies,

(e.g. typhoid fever, cholera, dysenteries. etc);

a suitable breeding place for mosquitoes, subsequently bringing

the problem of mosquito-born diseases;

a good harborage for rats, which can be an economic as well as

health problem;

from aesthetic point of view , such as bad odor , unsightly

conditions etc;

pollution and contamination of air , land and water;

possible fire hazards by instantaneous combustion

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