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Solid Waste

Management

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Contents 1. Introduction: ............................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Municipal Solid Waste Management legislation in India: ........................................................................ 4

3. Solid Waste Management rules for ELCITA: ............................................................................................. 5

4. Solid Waste Management situation at ELCITA .......................................................................................... 8

5. Toolkit ..................................................................................................................................................... 10

1. Checklist to select a solid waste recycler for you ............................................................................... 10

2. Template for waste reporting ............................................................................................................. 11

3. Integrated Solid Waste Management ................................................................................................. 11

Segregation at source: ........................................................................................................................ 12

Organic waste management: .............................................................................................................. 13

Dry waste management: ..................................................................................................................... 14

Hazardous waste, E-waste and Biomedical waste management: ...................................................... 15

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1. Introduction:

Bangalore generates around 3,000-4,000 tons per day of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), out of which 65% is organic waste. The total MSW generated in Bangalore city has increased from 650 t/d (1988) to 1450 t/d (2000), while today it has reached 3,500 t/d. From 1988 to 2000 there is a reasonable change in waste composition: fermentable waste, paper and plastic has increased by 7%, 3%, and 0.2%, respectively. Generation rate has also increased from 0.16 (1988) to 0.58 kg/capita/day (2009), an increase attributed to development and lifestyle changes.* In order to reduce the large impact waste has in the environment, we see the need to reduce the quantity of waste going to landfill by adopting measures towards waste reduction, segregation at source, and encouraging and supporting decentralized and centralized treatment wherever possible. Electronics city is spread over 903 acres, West and East Phase, and houses 166 companies. The estate has 23 large companies and 70 other establishments, which generate the majority of waste and 73 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), whose waste generation is in smaller quantities. Electronics City Industrial Township Authority (ELCITA) in association with Waste Wise Trust (WWT) has signed up with 42 companies and is currently collecting around 2 tons of solid waste and managing 250 kg of food waste every day. This initiative has come a long way in the past one and half years of operation; from 20% of the collected waste reaching landfill in the form of mixed waste, to less than 5% of the collected waste reaching landfills. We still have a lot of work to do before reaching ELCITA’s goal of “Zero Waste to Landfill”. Electronics City Industrial Township Authority (ELCITA) is committed to facilitate responsible waste

management using the 4 ‘R’ strategy of Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle and achieve our goal of

zero waste to landfill from this industrial estate.

This booklet on Solid Waste Management practices from ELCITA is intended to inform and guide our

members on responsible waste management strategies for their organizations.

Feedback on the contents of this booklet, may be addressed to Vishwas Vidyaranya

vishwas_vidyaranya@infosys.com and Manjola Prenga manjola@velankanigroups.com

We would like to invite you to visit ELCITA’s Solid Waste Management (SWM) facility right here in

Electronics City to learn more. Please write to Mamatha at admin.manager@elcia.in if you would like

to visit ELCITA’s SWM facility.

* Towards a sustainable waste management system for Bangalore H N Chanakya1*, T V Ramachandra 2 and Shwetmala 3 1 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,

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2. Municipal Solid Waste Management legislation in India:

Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) continues to remain one of the most neglected areas of urban development in India. India generates about 36 million tons of municipal solid waste annually and majority of the waste is dumped in landfill sites untreated. A National policy and legislation for MSW, titled the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, was notified in 2000. As per the rules a wide spectrum of functions are to be undertaken by the Civic bodies. The major functions include: • Collection of Municipal Solid Waste • Segregation of Municipal Solid Waste • Storage of Municipal Solid Waste • Transportation of Municipal Solid Waste • Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste. As per the rules, the citizens and in our case members of ELCITA are responsible for • Segregation of waste at source • Keeping the public areas clean by preventing litter • Delivering waste in accordance with the delivery system notified by the respective Civic body. There are separate legislations addressing issues related to management and handling of Hazardous waste, Bio Medical waste, Electronic waste (E-waste) and Batteries. References: Municipal Solid Waste: http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.html Bio-medical waste: http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/biomed.html Batteries: http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/leadbat.html Electronic waste: http://moef.nic.in/downloads/rules-and-regulations/1035e_eng.pdf Hazardous waste: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/hwmd/mhtrules2008.pdf BBMP Solid Waste Management Information: http://bbmp.gov.in/web/swm/welcome

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3. Solid Waste Management rules for ELCITA:

Definitions:

Wet waste – Refers to organic waste and it includes all kinds of food waste.

Dry waste – Paper, plastics, metal, wood, glass etc. which are dry in nature.

Recyclables – Waste fractions that still have useful physical and/or chemical properties after

serving their original purpose and that can therefore, be reused or re-manufactured into

additional products.

Non-recyclables –Includes waste that cannot be recycled e.g. food packaging material such as

chips packets, biscuit wrappers, soiled paper cups, soiled paper plates etc.

Organic waste – It is primarily the food waste, garden waste and sludge from sewage treatment

plants.

To whom does this document apply?

All companies, hotels, caterers, vendors/ street shops and any other establishment in Electronics City

are requested to comply with the waste management strategies discussed hereafter.

Ref: ELCITA NOTIFICATION/006/2003-04 Date: 2nd Jan 2014

Notice: Solid Waste Management

ELCITA hereby notifies that all the companies/establishments and individuals shall adhere to the following guidelines to achieve our vision “Zero Waste to Landfill”.

1. Achieve at least 95% segregation at source and the municipal solid waste going to landfill/dumpsites shall be less than 5%.

2. Waste shall be segregated and easily identifiable during collection, storage, transportation and disposal.

3. Maintain appropriate records documenting the complete life cycle of recyclable waste. 4. Establishments are responsible for their in-house vendor’s waste disposal process. 5. The organic biodegradable waste such as food waste, garden waste and non-hazardous sludge from

the sewage treatment plants shall be treated in-house or in the ELCITA SWM facility by methods such as composting or anaerobic digestion. Garden waste shall also be used for mulching in the landscape.

6. Establishments shall submit relevant documents regarding waste disposal on a half yearly basis to ELCITA office and obtain the Clearance Certificate.

7. Shops shall avoid littering around the area and color coded bins shall be placed for ensuring segregation of waste.

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8. The vendors collecting waste shall compulsorily obtain NOC from ELCITA. Only ELICTA authorized vendors will be allowed to operate inside Electronics City. In addition, vendors collecting hazardous waste, e-waste and biomedical waste shall possess KSPCB authorization.

9. Construction Waste generators shall ensure a. Maximum reuse/recycle of segregated materials. b. No hazardous materials shall be spilled on the ground and no material or waste is stored on

the roads. c. Concrete wash water is not discharged into unlined pits or drains. d. Materials that pollute the air such as sand, cement etc., are properly covered during

transportation and storage. e. All vehicles to comply with pollution standards and regularly go through oil leakage checks.

This notification is effective from January 15th, 2014. ELCITA officials will conduct periodic checks and enable industries/establishment/ hotels/ street shops to comply with the Solid Waste Management notification.

Please visit www.elcita.com for detailed guidelines & facilities available for solid waste management at Electronics City

Chief Executive Officer

Electronics City Industrial Township Authority

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Companies, Educational Institutions & Hotels are requested to:

Abide by the E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules1 2011, The Hazardous waste

(Management,Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules2 2008, Biomedical Waste

(Management & Handling) Rules3, 2000 and Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 20014.

Strive towards waste reduction, especially waste that cannot or is not profitable to recycle.

Replace disposable cups, plates, spoons and any other low-value item with reusable utensils.

Ensure 100% segregation at source or above 95% segregation at source followed by secondary

segregation. Bins should be placed in cafeteria and common areas to facilitate segregation at

source. It is highly recommendable to put stickers on the bins reminding employees on the

waste to be disposed in each bin. Depending on the waste generated within the company

premises, waste can be segregated into: recyclables, non-recyclables and organic waste.

Recyclables can be further segregated into 2 groups: paper and plastic/metal/glass.

Ensure regular training for the housekeeping/maintenance employees to help them understand

both the importance of waste segregation and their role in the waste treatment and disposal

process.

Ensure that waste is being reused or recycled. Confirm that the collectors picking up the waste

are sending the waste to appropriate recyclers. Municipal solid waste going to

landfills/dumpsites must be lower than 5%.

Caterers are requested to:

Ensure 100% segregation at source; hence have separate bins for dry and wet waste.

Provide relevant documentation in order to prove that waste is being disposed with appropriate

recyclers.

Street shops are requested to:

Ensure 100% segregation at source.

Provide separate bins for recyclables, non-recyclables and food waste. Recyclables can be

further segregated into 2 groups: paper and plastic/metal/glass.

Ensure no littering in and around their shops.

Dispose waste with appropriate recyclers.

1 http://moef.nic.in/downloads/rules-and-regulations/1035e_eng.pdf

2 http://moef.nic.in/legis/hsm/HAZMAT_2265_eng.pdf

3 http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/biomed.html

4 http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/leadbat.html

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4. Solid Waste Management at ELCITA

“Zero Waste to Landfill” is a commitment from ELCITA on behalf of all the industries in Electronics City.

This major project took off in year 2011-2012 and went ahead to see a lot of difference in Solid Waste

Management practices among all the industries in Electronics City.

ELCITA SWM facility situated in Doddathogurur Village gives holistic solutions for the companies in

handling waste.

Generally the solid waste generated by any company, hotel, hostel, caterer, vendor etc. falls into 4

different categories

a. Dry Waste: Comprising newspapers, tissues, pet bottles, wrappers, cardboard boxes,

thermocol and any other kind of plastic and metal items.

b. Wet Waste: Mainly food waste - cooked and uncooked waste.

c. E- Waste: All kinds of electronic waste viz., computers and its accessories, tube lights,

switches, wires, bulbs etc. In a broader sense all kind of equipment’s that run on electricity

and it accessories.

d. Hazardous Waste and Biomedical waste: All medical waste, toilet rolls, sanitary waste, oil

soaked cotton waste, DG filters etc.

ELCITA provides a solution for all the above categories except Hazardous Waste and Biomedical waste.

Member companies are sensitized about the importance of waste segregation at source and regular

training to housekeeping staff has made a big difference in this initiative. Posters and banners are also

displayed at strategic locations to increase awareness for waste segregation. Keeping in mind the

diverse stakeholders in the estate, ELCITA has also conducted campaigns targeting small shops and

eateries.

Services and facilities for SWM-ELCITA

1. Dry waste collection & segregation center

2. Hydraulic press and baling machine

3. Garden waste composting

a. Twig shredder & leaf shredder

4. Organic wet waste composting unit

5. CFL and Tube Light crusher

6. E-waste collection center

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Find below the details of all the processes followed in ELCITA’s SWM facility.

1. Dry Waste Secondary Segregating Process : Manual

Process: Six employees are engaged in handling secondary segregation of dry solid waste.

Primary segregated dry solid waste collected from the companies is manually sorted into

different bins depending on the commercial value of the materials.

2. Hydraulic Press and automatic Baling Machine

Process: This machine can produce a bail of about 500 kg per batch. It reduces the storing space

by more than 75% and takes an hour for the feeding and bailing process to complete. It is used

mainly for handling pet bottles, tissue papers, wrappers, tins and similar waste.

3. Garden Waste Composting Bins

a. No: 5 bins

b. Intake capacity: 500 kg/bin,

c. Process Time: 25- 30 days

d. Compost generated: 400 kg.

Process: This is an aerobic process. The garden waste collected from the E-city companies are

shredded and then dumped into these bins. The bins are then sprinkled with EM solution

(Effective Microorganism) and air is pumped through blowers. It takes around 25- 30 days to get

sweet smelling compost ready to be used as manure.

Shredder:

No: 2 (leaves shredder and twig shredder)

Process: Both these machines help in shredding the garden waste into smaller chunks thereby

providing larger surface area for the bacteria to act and speeding up the composting process.

4. Food Waste Composting

a. No: 1

b. Intake capacity: 250 kg/day,

c. Process time: 25 – 30 days

d. Compost generated: 40- 50 kg

Process: The food waste collected from companies is composted in the organic Waste

Convertor. Decomposition occurs by thermophilic bacteria at high temperatures greater than

120 degree Celsius in a controlled environment.

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5. CFL and Tube Light crushing machine

Process: The CFL crusher consists of a motor fitted with chains mounted on a GI drum. When

the equipment is turned on, the motor rotates at high speeds and creates a vacuum. There are

two inlets – one for feeding tube lights and the other for CFLs. The tube lights and CFLs are

crushed by the rotating chains and hazardous mercury vapor that is released is sucked under

vacuum into a bag filter, then into a HEPA filter, and then by an activated carbon filter. In the

first stage, the bag filter removes about 99% of the dust and larger particles from air. In the

second stage HEPA filters out the remaining small particles. The mercury vapors are then

adsorbed by the activated carbon, in the third stage. The crushed materials such as glass, plastic,

and metal are collected in the drum which can be treated and recycled separately. The mercury

that is adsorbed on the filters can be recovered and recycled. Thus, this system ensures

recycling of the hazardous components in the CFLs and tube lights.

6. E- Waste Collection Centre

Process: ELCITA has tied up with ASA E-Waste Collectors and Processors. A collection unit is built

below the ELCITA Office and all the companies and employees are encouraged to dump their e-

waste in to this shed. Periodical collection of e-waste is done by the recycler and is processed in

their unit in Doddaballapur. The complete process of dismantling and extraction of commercially

valuable metals is done as per KSPCB prescribed norms.

5. Toolkit

1. Checklist to select vendor for Solid Waste

2. Template for Waste Reporting

3. Integrated Solid Waste Management

1. Checklist to select a solid waste recycler for you

Sl No

1. Letter of authorization from KSPCB for e-waste; hazardous waste; bio medical waste

2. Visit to the recycling facilities and an assessment of capabilities - Is the vendor only a collection agency or has capabilities to recycle - Compliance to OHSAS and HSE - Recycling processes and treatment procedures

3. Comparison of financials and economic value

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4. Proximity of recycler and cost of transportation

5. List of references that the vendor furnishes - If you have an opportunity visit some of these references and be convinced

in the capabilities of the vendor

2. Template for waste reporting

waste_reporting.xlsx

3. Integrated Solid Waste Management

Strategy for Solid Waste Management:

A successful Solid Waste Management program needs to begin with the following elements:

1. Top down support – Essential to have the support of the top management in the organization.

2. Developing a waste management policy for the organization

3. Taking measurable goals for Solid Waste Management

4. Creating a team for working on Solid Waste Management.

5. Involving all the stakeholders in waste management initiatives.

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Segregation at source

Organic waste management

Dry waste recycling

Proper management of hazardous,

Biomedical and ewaste

Minimize the waste to landfill

Integrated Solid waste

management

Goals

Waste management

team

Involvement of stake holders

Strong leadership

Integrated solid waste management:

Segregation at source:

The important step for an effective waste management program is to achieve segregation at source. Mixed waste is difficult to recycle and it ends up being dumped in landfills.

Separate bins should be provided for organic waste, recyclables and non-recyclables.

Color coded bins along with labels/boards for each bins must be provided so that it is easy to

identify the right bin for waste disposal.

If feasible, the waste in non-recyclable bin can be further segregated in secondary and tertiary

segregation stages.

Awareness programs should be conducted regularly to educate employees on waste segregation

and housekeeping staff must be trained on the waste segregation and handling.

Managing segregated waste is easy. Dry waste can be given to collectors/recyclers in exchange

of a financial incentive whereas wet waste can be sent for composting or to a biogas plant.

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Organic waste management:

The main types of organic waste generated are food waste, garden waste and non-hazardous sludge from the sewage treatment plants. Organic biodegradable waste constitutes a major portion of the municipal solid waste and is hence very important to ensure proper management.

Recycling organic waste has both environmental and financial benefits. There are two main types of

organic waste treatments:

1. Composting: Composting is mainly an aerobic process during which the organic waste is degraded

over a period of time and converted into compost. It is rich in nutrients and can be used as fertilizer and

soil conditioner in landscaping and agriculture. There are several methods of composting such as

Vermiculture (use of earth worms), pit composting, stack composting, in-vessel composting etc

2. Anaerobic digestion: It is commonly known as Biomethanation and involves treating the organic

waste anaerobically in digesters. The polymer chains such as carbohydrates and fats are broken down

to short chains of sugars, fatty acids, etc. by hydrolysis so that bacteria can easily act on them. In the

subsequent reaction steps of Acedogenesis and Acetogenesis, byproducts such as hydrogen, acetic acid

and carbon dioxide are formed which are then converted by the Methanogenic bacteria into methane

and carbon dioxide that majorly constitutes Biogas. This can be used as a cooking fuel or can be

converted to electricity.

Biogas plant for managing food waste

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Dry waste management:

Improper management of waste causes serious health hazards due to the contamination of ground

water from leaching and methane and carbon dioxide emissions which contribute to global warming.

Dry waste typically consists of paper, plastic, wood, metal and glass.

Dry waste has good economic value when segregated properly and can be recycled easily. Recycling

reduces the amount of virgin resources required for manufacturing and thus helps in reducing the

destructive environmental impact.

Paper waste – It mainly consist of tissues, stationary papers, printing materials, cardboards etc. Paper

waste can be mixed with fresh virgin material and recycled back to paper, thus saving resources such as

tress, water and energy.

Plastic waste – It mainly consists of PET bottles, broken furniture, cleaning materials, etc. There are

several grades of plastic in the market but most of them can be recycled and have a good economic

value.

Wood waste – This is mainly from packaging of heavy materials, broken furniture and construction.

Hard wood takes year to compost and the wood waste generated from these sources is often

contaminated with paints, chemicals, nails, etc therefore making the reuse and recycling difficult but not

impossible.

Metal waste – Metal scraps generated have a high economic value and are recyclable.

Glass waste – Broken glass/cullet can be sent for recycling. Different glass (clear glass, colored glass,

bottles) have different economic value depending on the group.

Improper disposal and treatment of dry waste results in loss of value and the materials become difficult

to recycle. Dry waste mixed with wet waste usually ends up in landfill and hence needs to be addressed

immediately.

Example of waste segregation and storage

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Hazardous waste, E-waste and Biomedical waste Management:

Hazardous waste:

Hazardous waste means ‘any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic,

flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or

environment’. Hazardous waste in India is governed by the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling

and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008.

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/hwmd/mhtrules2008.pdf

E-waste:

E-waste refers to electrical/electronic waste and is governed by the e-waste (Management and

Handling) Rules 2011. This is applicable to every individual involved in manufacturing, processing,

selling, purchasing, collection center, dismantling and recycling of electrical and electronic equipment.

http://moef.nic.in/downloads/rules-and-regulations/1035e_eng.pdf

Biomedical waste:

Biomedical waste in India is governed by the Bio Medical waste (Management and Handling) Rules,

1998. Biomedical waste refers to ‘any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or

immunization of human beings or animals, in research activities pertaining thereto and in production or

testing of biological substances. In addition biomedical waste includes categories mentioned in the

schedule 1 of the act’ –

http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/biomed.html

Battery waste:

Battery waste is governed by the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001. The rules apply to

every manufacturer, importer, re-conditioner, assembler, dealer, recycler, auctioneer, consumer and

bulk consumer involved in manufacture, processing, sale, purchase and use of batteries or components

thereof.

http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/leadbat.html