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SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN INDIA
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Indias Population = 1027 MillionAs per 2001 Census
Urban Population = 285 Million
Urban Areas = 5161
(Cities / Towns)
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TREND OF URBANIZATION
Year Year Year Year1951 1991 2001 2021
1. Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 --Agglomerations / Towns
2. Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0(in million)
3. As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41%Population
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MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM
- Per capita waste generation increasing by1.3% per annum
- With urban population increasing between3 3.5% per annum
- Yearly increase in waste generation isaround 5% annually
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- India produces 42.0 million tons ofmunicipal solid waste annually at present.
- Per capita generation of waste varies from200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average
generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per dayin 0.1 million plus towns.
- Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to90% of the solid waste generated.
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- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/-to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste
management of which,
* 60-70% of the amount is oncollection alone
* 20% - 30% on transportation
* Hardly any fund is spent on
treatment and disposal of waste
- Crude dumping of waste in most of thecities
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Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55%matter (can be converted
into manure)
Inert material = 40% - 45% (togo to landfill)
Recyclable materials = 5% - 10%(Recycling)
These percentages vary from city to city dependingon food habits
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PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
- STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING
- DOMESTIC WASTE THROWN ON STREETS- TRADE WASTE ON ROADS / STREETS- CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT UNATTENDED- BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE STREAM- INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN
AREAS
- SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT SOURCE
NOT DONE
- PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE ATPLACE OF GENERATION
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Contd../..
- DESIGN & LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE STORAGEDEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING IN LITTERING OF
GARBAGE .
- STREET SWEEPING NOT DONE EVERYDAY
- WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE IN OPEN VEHICLES
- WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY PRACTISED IN 35ULBs ONLY
- FINAL DISPOSAL DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING
- RAG PICKERS COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROMMUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THEWASTE CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS
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REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
Lack of planning for waste management while planning
townships
Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management,planning and designing in urban local bodies
Lack of technically trained manpower
Lack of community involvement
Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste managementusing modern techniques / best practices
Lack of awareness creation mechanism
Lack of Management Information Systems
Lack of funds with ULBs
Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges andsustainability
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RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTEMANAGEMENT
1. Possible Waste Management Options :
(a) Waste Minimisation(b) Material Recycling(c) Waste Processing (Resource Recovery)
(d) Waste Transformation(e) Sanitary Landfilling Limited land availability is a
constraint in Metro cities.
2. Processing / Treatment should be :
(i) Technically sound(ii) Financially viable(iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly(iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community
(v) Long term sustainability
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RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING& DISPOSAL
I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)
(A) WASTE TO COMPOST
(i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
(ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING
(B) WASTE TO ENERGY
(i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION
(ii) BIO-METHANATION
II RECYCLING OF WASTE
III SANITARY LANDFILLING
IV TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY
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VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDEDFOR WASTE PROCESSING
TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE
UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING
BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING +MECHANICAL COMPOSTING
MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY = MECHANICAL COMPOSTING +REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF)FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN
VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY(INDUSTRIAL OR NON-INDUSTRIAL)
ORBIO-METHANATION
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TENTH PLAN PROPOSALS
Requirement of funds as per 10th Plan document for0.1 million plus towns as per 1991 Census are asunder:-
Capital Investment = Rs.23226.00 million
Equipment replacement = Rs. 1355.00 millioncost
________________
Rs.24581.00 million________________
Based on January, 2000 prices
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INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 -
Notified
Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules,2000 Notified.
Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)
Technical Manual on Municipal Solid WasteManagement
Technology Advisory Group on MunicipalSolid Waste Management
Inter-Ministerial Task Force on IntegratedPlant Nutrient Management from city
compost.
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Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted byGovernment of India
Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies
Public-Private Partnership in SWM
Capacity Building
Urban Reforms Incentive Fund
Guidelines for PSP and setting up of RegulatoryAuthority
Introduction of Commercial Accounting System inULBs & other Sector Reforms
Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated forbenefit of ULBs for adoption
Financial Assistance by Government of India -
12th Finance Commission Grants
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DEVOLUTION OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION GRANTSFOR WASTE MANAGEMENT RS.2500.00 CRORES
( RS. IN MILLION)
(I) COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION - 3864.4EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY
(II) COMPOST PLANTS - 10012.3
(III) SANITARY LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT - 10568.8-------------------
TOTAL 24445.5------------------
DEVOLUTION TO ULBs BY 12TH FINANCE - Rs.19439.4 MillionCOMMISSION
PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT - Rs.5006.2 MillionENVISAGED THROUGH PPP IN
COMPOSTING / SANITARY LANDFILLING
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NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION
CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED
FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Grant
LoanCentre State
Cities with 4 million pluspopulation
35% 15% 50%
Cities with one million pluspopulation but less than 4
million
50% 20% 30%
Other cities 80% 10% 10%
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MAIN ISSUES
- ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE
- LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE ANDAPPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
- UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE PROPER
COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATIONAND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
- INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTEMANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS
- LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS WASTEMANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS
- LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs
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RECOMMENDATIONS
- Outsourcing of all activities under Solid Waste
Management Services recommended by 12thFinance Commission for using grants
- ULBs to concentrate on segregation of waste atsource
- Waste processing like composting, bio-methanation should be done through public-privatepartnerships / private sector
- Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling to be doneunder public private partnerships / private sector
- Bio-medical waste to be managed by Central Bio-Medical Waste Management Facilities.