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Solubility
John A. Schreifels
Chemistry 212
Chapter 12-2
Types of Solution Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances of ions or molecules. E.g. NaCl (aq)1) Solvent = component which is the component in
greater amount.2) Solute = component which is present in the smaller
amount.– Gaseous = gases are completely miscible in each other.– Liquid = gas, liquid or solid solute dissolved in solute.– Solid = mixture of two solids that are miscible in each other to
form a single phase. Colloid – appears to be a homogeneous mixture, but
particles are much bigger, but not filterable. E.g. Fog, smoke, whipped cream, mayonnaise, etc.
Suspension: larger particle sizes, filterable. E.g. mud, freshly squeezed orange juice.
Dissolving a salt... A salt is an ionic compound -
usually a metal cation bonded to a non-metal anion.
The dissolving of a salt is an example of equilibrium.
The cations and anions are attracted to each other in the salt.
They are also attracted to the water molecules.
The water molecules will start to pull out some of the ions from the salt crystal.
At first, the only process occurring is the dissolving of the salt - the dissociation of the salt into its ions.
However, soon the ions floating in the water begin to collide with the salt crystal and are “pulled back in” to the salt. (precipitation)
Eventually the rate of dissociation is equal to the rate of precipitation.
The solution is now “saturated”. It has reached equilibrium.
Solubility Equilibrium: Dissociation = Precipitation
In a saturated solution, there is no change in amount of solid precipitate at the bottom of the beaker.
Concentration of the solution is constant.
Dissolving NaCl in water
Na+ and Cl - ions surrounded by water molecules
NaCl Crystal
An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.
nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte4.1
Precipitation Reactions
Mix two aqueous solutions made by dissolving ionic compounds in water.
If a reaction happens, a precipitate (solid) is formed.
Predicting Products of Precipitation Reactions
1) Ionic Compounds are Strong Electrolytes –Determine charge on all ions of reactants
2) Using Ion Charges; Predict formula of products. ( + ion of one reactant forms compound with – ion of other reactant)
3) Balance Equation4) Determine is product is solid or
aqueous solution
Solubility Rules for Common Ionic CompoundsIn water at 250C
Soluble Compounds Exceptions
Compounds containing alkali metal ions and NH4
+THESE ARE INSOLUABLE
NO3-, HCO3
-, ClO3-
Cl-, Br-, I- Halides of Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
SO42- Sulfates of Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+,
Hg2+, Pb2+
Insoluble Compounds Exceptions
CO32-, PO4
3-, CrO42-, S2- Compounds containing alkali
metal ions and NH4+
OH- Compounds containing alkali metal ions and Ba2+
4.2
Predicting Products of Precipitation Reactions (Cont)
5) Determine spectator ions (Ions that are still dissolved in water in the product)
6) Write net ionic equation (Only shows ions involved in forming solid)
Precipitation Reactions
Precipitate – insoluble solid that separates from solution
molecular equation
ionic equation
net ionic equation
Pb2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + 2I- PbI2 (s) + 2Na+ + 2NO3
-
Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions
PbI2
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
precipitate
Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 (s)
4.2
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + Cl- AgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3
-
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl (s)4.2
Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride.
Acids
Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrusfruits contain citric acid.
React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.
React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas
Have a bitter taste.
Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.
Bases
4.3
Acids
Produce H+ (proton) or (H3O)+ when dissolved in water
Proton donor
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + (NO3)- (aq)
HNO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + (NO3)- (aq)H2O
Monoprotic acids; Produce one H+ when dissolved in water
HNO3 H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
Diprotic acids; Produce two H+ when dissolved in water
H2SO4 2 H+ + SO4-2 Strong electrolyte, strong acid
Triprotic acids; Produce three H+ when dissolved in water
H3PO4 3 H+ + PO4-3 Weak electrolyte, weak acid
4.3
Bases
•Produce (OH)- when dissolved in water•Proton (H+) acceptor
F- (aq) + H2O (l) <-> HF (aq) + (OH)- (aq)
Na(OH) (s) -----> Na+ (aq) + (OH)- (aq)H2O
Neutralization Reaction
Acid + Base -> Salt + H2O
Acid + Carbonate -> Salt + CO2(g) + H2O (l)
Carbonate; Contains
(CO3)-2 or (HCO3)-
Chalk; Ca(CO3)
Displacement Reactions – Metal Displaces H from acid or water
Metal + Acid -> Salt + H2 (g)
Metal + Water -> Base + H2(g)
Use Activity Series to Know if a Reaction Will Happen
Solution Stoichiometry
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
M = molarity =moles of solute
liters of solution
What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL ofa 2.80 M KI solution?
volume KI moles KI grams KIM KI M KI
500. mL = 232 g KI166 g KI
1 mol KIx
2.80 mol KI
1 L solnx
1 L
1000 mLx
4.5
4.5
Acid/Base Titrations
Experimental technique that determines the concentration (in Molarity) of an acid (or base)
This is based upon an acid/base neutralization reaction.– ACID +BASE -> SALT + H2O
Base (or acid) is added until there is the same amount (same # moles) of base and acid.
TitrationsIn a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is added gradually added to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete.
Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete
Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point
Slowly add baseto unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicatorchanges color
4.7
Fig. 4.17a,b
Acid-Base Titrations
Introductory Chemistry 2/e by N Tro, Prentice Hall, 2006, pg 480
Base; (OH)-
Acid; H+
Acid + Base -> Salt + H2O
At the endpoint of an acid/base titration….
Moles acid = Moles base
(MV)acid = (MV)base
Note– If solid; moles = mass/ MM– If aqueous solution; moles = MV
What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution isRequired to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution?
4.7
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!
volume acid moles acid moles base volume base
H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
M
acid
rx
coef.
M
base
4.50 mol H2SO4
1000 mL solnx
2 mol NaOH
1 mol H2SO4
x1000 ml soln
1.420 mol NaOHx25.00 mL = 158 mL
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.
Dilution
Add Solvent
Moles of solutebefore dilution (i)
Moles of soluteafter dilution (f)=
MiVi MfVf=4.5
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.2 MHNO3 from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?
MiVi = MfVf
4.5
Vi =MfVf
Mi
=0.200 x 0.06
4.00= 0.003 L = 3 mL
3 mL of acid + 57 mL of water = 60 mL of solution
Dissolving silver sulfate, Ag2SO4, in water
When silver sulfate dissolves it dissociates into ions. When the solution is saturated, the following equilibrium exists:
Ag2SO4 (s) 2 Ag+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
Since this is an equilibrium, we can write an equilibrium expression for the reaction:
Ksp = [Ag+]2[SO42-]
Notice that the Ag2SO4 is left out of the expression! Why?
Since K is always calculated by just multiplying concentrations, it is called a “solubility product” constant - Ksp.
Writing solubility product expressions...
For each salt below, write a balanced equation showing its dissociation in water.
Then write the Ksp expression for the salt.
Iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3
Nickel sulfide, NiS
Silver chromate, Ag2CrO4
Zinc carbonate, ZnCO3
Calcium fluoride, CaF2
Try Problems 1 - 8
Some Ksp Values
Note: These are experimentally determined, and maybe slightly different on a different Ksp table.
Calculating Ksp of Silver Chromate
A saturated solution of silver chromate, Ag2CrO4, has [Ag+] = 1.3 x 10-4 M. What is the Ksp for Ag2CrO4?
Ag2CrO4 (s) 2 Ag+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq)
---- ----
1.3 x 10-4 M
Ksp = [Ag+]2[CrO42-]
Ksp = (1.3 x 10-4 )2 (6.5 x 10-5) = 1.1 x 10-12
Calculating the Ksp of silver sulfate The solubility of silver sulfate is 0.014 mol/L. This
means that 0.0144 mol of Ag2SO4 will dissolve to make 1.0 L of saturated solution. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Ksp for this salt.
Ag2SO4 (s) 2 Ag+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
--- ---
+ 2s + s
2s s
Ksp = [Ag+]2[SO42-] = (2s)2(s) = (4s2)(s) = 4s3
We know: s = 0.0144 mol/L
Ksp = 4(0.0144)3 = 1.2 x 10-5
Calculating solubility, given Ksp The Ksp of NiCO3 is 1.4 x 10-7 at 25°C. Calculate its
molar solubility.
NiCO3 (s) Ni2+ (aq) + CO32- (aq)
--- ---
+ s + s
s s
Ksp = [Ni2+][CO32-]
1.4 x 10-7 = s2
s = = 3.7 x 10-4 M710x4.1
Other ways to express solubility... We just saw that the solubility of nickel (II) carbonate
is 3.7 x 10-4 mol/L. What mass of NiCO3 is needed to prepare 500 mL of saturated solution?
0.022 g of NiCO3 will dissolve to make 500 mL solution.
Try Problems 9 - 26
g 0.022 NiCO mol 1
g 118.72 x
L 0.500 x
L1NiCO mol10x3.7
3
34
Calculate the solubility of MgF2 in water. What mass will dissolve in 2.0 L of water?
MgF2 (s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2 F- (aq)
---- ----
+ s + 2s
s 2s
Ksp = [Mg2+][F-]2 = (s)(2s)2 = 4s3
Ksp = 7.4 x 10-11 = 4s3
s = 2.6 x 10-4 mol/L
22
24
MgF g 0.032 MgF mol 1
g 62.31 x
L 2.0 x
L1MgF mol10x2.6
Solubility and pH Calculate the pH of a saturated solution of silver
hydroxide, AgOH. Refer to the table in your booklet for the Ksp of AgOH.
AgOH (s) Ag+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
---- ----
+ s + s
s s
Ksp = 2.0 x 10-8 = [Ag+][OH-] = s2
s = 1.4 x 10-4 M = [OH-]
pOH = - log (1.4 x 10-4) = 3.85
pH = 14.00 - pOH = 10.15
The solubility of MgF2 in pure water is 2.6 x 10-4 mol/L. What happens to the solubility if we dissolve the MgF2 in a solution of NaF, instead of pure water?
The Common Ion Effect on Solubility
Calculate the solubility of MgF2 in a solution of 0.080 M NaF.
MgF2 (s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2 F- (aq)
---- 0.080 M
+ s + 2s
s 0.080 + 2s
Ksp = 7.4 x 10-11 = [Mg2+][F-]2 = (s)(0.080 + 2s)2
Since Ksp is so small…assume that 2s << 0.080
7.4 x 10-11 = (s)(0.080)2
s = 1.2 x 10-8 mol/L
Explaining the Common Ion Effect
The presence of a common ion in a solution will lower the solubility of a salt.
LeChatelier’s Principle:
The addition of the common ion will shift the solubility equilibrium backwards. This means that there is more solid salt in the solution and therefore the solubility is lower!
Ksp and Solubility Generally, it is fair to say that salts with very small
solubility product constants (Ksp) are only sparingly soluble in water.
When comparing the solubilities of two salts, however, you can sometimes simply compare the relative sizes of their Ksp values.
This works if the salts have the same number of ions!
For example… CuI has Ksp = 5.0 x 10-12 and CaSO4 has Ksp = 6.1 x 10-5. Since the Ksp for calcium sulfate is larger than that for the copper (I) iodide, we can say that calcium sulfate is more soluble.
But be careful...
Salt KspSolubility(mol/L)
CuS 8.5 x 10-45 9.2 x 10-23
Ag2S 1.6 x 10-49 3.4 x 10-17
Bi2S3 1.1 x 10-73 1.0 x 10-15
Do you see the “problem” here??
Mixing Solutions - Will a Precipitate Form?
If 15 mL of 0.024-M lead nitrate is mixed with 30 mL of 0.030-M potassium chromate - will a precipitate form?
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) PbCrO4 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) PbCrO4 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)
Step 1: Is a sparingly soluble salt formed?
We can see that a double replacement reaction can occur and produce PbCrO4. Since this salt has a very small Ksp, it may precipitate from the mixture. The solubility equilibrium is:
PbCrO4 (s) Pb2+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq)
Ksp = 2 x 10-16 = [Pb2+][CrO42-]
If a precipitate forms, it means the solubility equilibrium has shifted BACKWARDS.
This will happen only if Qsp > Ksp in our mixture.
Step 2: Find the concentrations of the ions that form the sparingly soluble salt.
Since we are mixing two solutions in this example, the concentrations of the Pb2+ and CrO4
2- will be diluted. We have to do a dilution calculation!
Dilution: C1V1 = C2V2
[Pb2+] =
[CrO42-] =
2
2
11 Pb M 0.0080 mL) (45
mL) M)(15 (0.024
VVC
-24
2
11 CrO M 0.020 mL) (45
mL) M)(20 (0.030
VVC
Step 3: Calculate Qsp for the mixture.
Qsp = [Pb2+][CrO42-] = (0.0080 M)(0.020 M)
Qsp = 1.6 x 10-4
Step 4: Compare Qsp to Ksp.
Since Qsp >> Ksp, a precipitate will form when the two solutions are mixed!
Note: If Qsp = Ksp, the mixture is saturated
If Qsp < Ksp, the solution is unsaturated
Either way, no ppte will form!