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Solubility
Dr. Vikas Saroch
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 2
OBJECTIVES
• Try to understand the meaning • Different types • Procedure • Importance of solubility in Ayurveda
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 3
History
• IUPAC (Commission on Solubility Data) adopted,
at its formation in 1979
• Goal of preparing compilations of all experimental
determinations of solubility reported in the
world's chemical literature
• Evaluating data critically
• Made some standard
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 4
Description of the Instrument
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 5
SOLUBILITY• An ability of a substance to dissolve. • In the process of dissolving, the substance
which is being dissolved is called a solute. • Substance in which the solute is dissolved is
called a solvent. • A mixture of solute and solvent is called a
solution.• Degree to which a substance dissolves in a
solvent to make a solution (usually expressed as grams of solute per liter of solvent).
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 6
• When we insert sugar into water it will dissolve
Here :• Sugar is the solute• Water is the solvent
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 7
Solution
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances.
Isotonic : Two solutions that have the same
concentration of a solute
Hypertonic : One of two solutions that has a higher
concentration of a solute
Hypotonic solutions : One of two solutions that has
a lower concentration of a solute
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 8
Solubility As Chemists Understand
• Understood as a maximum amount of solute
that dissolves in a solvent so
called equilibrium.
• In chemistry an equilibrium is a state where
reactants and products reach a balance - no
more solute can be dissolved in the solvent in
the set conditions (temperature, pressure).
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 9
• Take one liter of water and start dissolving salt in it
(chemical formula of salt is nacl)
• Temperature of water is 25oc
• Pressure is 1 ATM (atmosphere - standard pressure in the
open air on earth)
• Should be able to dissolve exactly 357.00 grams and not a
gram more.
• Rest of the salt will stay on the bottom as residue and will
not dissolve.
• Solubility of salt in water is therefore 357.00g/L.
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 10
• When this amount of salt is dissolved the
solution reaches its equilibrium.
• Every chemical substance which dissolves in
water has a fixed solubility.
• If it does not dissolve - its solubility is zero.
• Many of these solublities have been measured
and special charts are produced displaying
solubility of many substances at once.
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 11
Miscible And Immiscible Substances
• Some substances, like water and alcohol, can be
mixed together and create a homogenous phase in
any proportion.
• A solubility measure cannot be applied to such two
substances. Such substances are called miscible.
• On the other hand if two substances cannot be
mixed together (like water and oil), they are called
immiscible.
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 12
Why do things dissolve?
• Intermolecular forces
• Molecules of the solute are inserted into a solvent and
surrounded by its molecules.
• Molecular bonds between molecules of solute (ie. Sugar)
have to be broken and molecular bonds of the solvent also
have to be disrupted. Both of these require energy.
e.g.
• Sugar and water
• Salt and water
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 13
Solubility Rules
• To determine solubility of organic compounds usually the rule Like dissolves like is applied.
• Means that a solute will dissolve best in a solvent that has the same or similar polarity.
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 14
Factors Affecting SolubilityTemperature : Solubility increases with
temperaturePolarity : "Like Dissolves Like“• In most cases solutes dissolve in solvents that
have a similar polarity. • Non polar solutes do not dissolve in polar
solvents Pressure : Pressure does not affect solubility. Molecular size : Larger particles are generally
less soluble.
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 15
Stirring :• Stirring does not have an affect on solubility of
a substance• Stirring increases the speed of dissolving.
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 16
Applications
• Ore processing
• Pharma industry
• Separating mixtures (a mixture of salt sodium
chloride and silica)
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 17
Organic Qualitative AnalysisSolubility Tests
• Performed on every unknown
• Extremely useful in determining the nature of
the major functional groups present in the
unknown compound.
• Very simple
• A small amount of sample
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 18
Common Solvents
• Water• Ether • 5% NaOH • 5% NaHCO3
• 5% HCl• 96% H2SO4
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 19
Solubility of Bhasma
Dilute Acetic Acid
Dilute HCL
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide
Carbonated Water
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 20
Procedure
• A pinch of bhasma was taken in a dry test
tube
• 1ml of solvent added
• Shaken for 1min
• Observed for solubility , non-solubility and
sparingly solubility
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 21
Rajata Bhasma
• Distilled water
• Methanol
• Petroleum Ether
• Acetone
• Benzene
• Toluene
• Chloroform*
• Normal Saline*
• Triphala Kwath*
• Ethyl Alcohol
• Xylene
• Carbon Tetra Chloride
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 22
Limitations , Precautionary Measures
• Selection of proper solvent and solute
• Proper media
• Cant be applied specially in bhasma
• More suitable for plant extractive
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Conclusion • Solubility an important analytical procedure.
• Gauge absorption of substances in body.
• Selection of ideal solvent.
• Can be taken as a measure for standardization
of raw herbal drugs.
Tuesday, April 11, 2023 SOLUBILITY 24
Thank u………