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Solution Chemistry(Chp. 7)
Chemistry 2202
Solutions Terms Molar Concentration (mol/L) Dilutions % Concentration (pp. 255 – 263) Solution Process Solution Preparation Solution Stoichiometry Dissociation
Termssolution
solvent
solute
concentrated
dilute
aqueous
miscible
immiscible
alloy
solubility
molar solubility
saturated
unsaturated
supersaturated
dissociation
electrolyte
non-electrolyte
soluble
insoluble
limiting reagent
excess reagent
actual yield
theoretical yield
decanting
pipetting
filtrate
precipitate
dynamic equilibrium
Define the terms in bold and italics from pp. 237 – 240.
Solids, liquids, and gases can combine to produce 9 different types of solution. Give an example of each type.
p. 242 #’s 5, 7, 9, & 10
Terms solution - is a homogeneous mixture solute - the substance that dissolves OR the
substance in lesser quantitysolvent - the substance which dissolves the
solute OR the substance in greater quantity
concentrated - a large amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent
dilute - a small amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent
saturated – contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature and pressure
unsaturated – contains less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature and pressure
supersaturated – contains more than the maximum amount of dissolved solute for a given temperature and pressure
Terms
Termsmiscible – liquids that dissolve in each other
immiscible – liquids that do not dissolve in each other
aqueous - the solvent is water
alloy - a solid solution of two or more metals
Terms
Solubility - the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under specific temperature and pressure conditions
eg. the solubility of HCl at 25 °C is 12.4 mol/L
eg. 100.0 mL of water at 25°C dissolves 36.2 g of sodium chloride
soluble – solubility is greater than 1 g per 100 mL of solvent.
insoluble - solubility is less than 0.1 g per 100 mL of solvent.
Terms
9 Types of Solution
Factors Affecting Solubility (pp.243 – 254)
1. List 3 factors that affect the rate of dissolving.
2. How does each of the following affect solubility?
particle size temperature pressure
Rate of Dissolving
for most solids, the rate of dissolving is greater at higher temperatures
stirring a mixture or by shaking the container increases the rate of dissolving.
decreasing the size of the particles increases the rate of dissolving.
Solubility small molecules are often more soluble than
larger molecules. solubility of solids increases with temperature. the solubility of most liquids is not affected by
temperature. the solubility of gases decreases as
temperature increases an increase in pressure increases the
solubility of a gas in a liquid.
Factors Affecting Solubility3. What type of solvent will dissolve:
polar solutes and ionic solutes nonpolar solutes
4. Why do some ionic compounds have low solubility in water?
p. 254 #’s 1, 2, 4 - 6
“Like Dissolves Like” ionic solutes and polar covalent solutes
both dissolve in polar solvents non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar
solvents. compounds with very strong ionic bonds,
such as AgCl, tend to be less soluble in water than compounds with weak ionic bonds, such as NaCl.
Applications
1. An opened soft drink goes ‘flat’ faster if not refrigerated.
2. Thermal pollution (warming lake water) is not healthy for the fish living in it.
3. After pouring 5 glasses of pop from a 2 litre container, Jonny stoppered the bottle and crushed it to prevent the remaining pop from going flat.
Molar Concentration
Review:
- Find the molar mass of Ca(OH)2
- How many moles in 45.67 g of Ca(OH)2?
- Find the mass of 0.987 mol of Ca(OH)2.
Molar Concentration
The terms concentrated and dilute are qualitative descriptions of solubility.
A quantitative measure of solubility uses numbers to describe how much solute is dissolved or the concentration of a solution.
Molar Concentration
The MOLAR CONCENTRATION of a solution is the number of moles of solute (n) per litre of solution (v).
Molar Concentration
FORMULA:
Molar Concentration = number of moles
volume in litres
C = n
V
eg. Calculate the molar concentration of:1. 4.65 mol of NaOH is dissolved to
prepare 2.83 L of solution. (1.64 mol/L)
2. 15.50 g of NaOH is dissolved to prepare 475 mL of solution.
( 0.3875 mol → 0.816 mol/L)
p. 268 - # 19
eg. Calculate the following:a) the number of moles in 4.68 L of 0.100
mol/L KCl solution. (0.468 mol)
b) the mass of KCl in 268 mL of 2.50 mol/L KCl solution. (0.670 mol → 49.9 g)
p. 268 #’s 20 - 24
C
n V orVxCn Rearranged
Formulas
c) the volume of 6.00 mol/L HCl(aq) that can be made using 0.500 mol of HCl.
d) the volume of 1.60 mol/L HCl(aq) that can be made using 20.0 g of HCl.
Dilution (p. 272)
When a solution is diluted:- The concentration decreases- The volume increases- The number of moles remains
the same
ni = nf Number of moles after dilution
Number of moles before dilution
Dilution (p. 272) ni = nf
Ci Vi = Cf Vf
eg. Calculate the molar concentration of a vinegar solution prepared by diluting 10.0 mL of a 17.4 mol/L solution to a final volume of 3.50 L.
p. 273 #’s 25 – 27
p. 276 #’s 1, 2, 4, & 5
DON’T SHOW UP UNLESS THIS IS DONE!!
Solution Preparation & Dilution standard solution – a solution of known
concentration volumetric flask – a flat-bottomed glass vessel
that is used to prepare a standard solution delivery pipet – pipets that accurately measure
one volume graduated pipet – pipets that have a series of
lines that can be use to measure many different volumes
To prepare a standard solution:
1. calculate the mass of solute needed
2. weigh out the desired mass
3. dissolve the solute in a beaker using less than the desired volume
4. transfer the solution to a volumetric flask (rinse the beaker into the flask)
5. add water until the bottom of the meniscus is at the etched line
To dilute a standard solution: 1. Rinse the pipet several times with
deionized water. 2. Rinse the pipet twice with the
standard solution. 3. Use the pipet to transfer the required
volume. 4. Add enough water to bring the
solution to its final volume.
Percent Concentration Concentration may also be given as a %. The amount of solute is a percentage of
the total volume/mass of solution. liquids in liquids - % v/v solids in liquids - % m/v solids in solids - % m/m
Percent Concentration
100x(mL) solutionofvolume
(g) soluteofmass(m/v)Percent
p. 258 #’s 1 – 3 DSUUTID!!
p. 261 #’s 5 – 9
DSUUTID!!
100x(g) solutionofmass
(g) soluteofmass(m/m)Percent
p. 263 #’s 10 – 13
DSUUTID!!
100x(mL) solutionofvolume
(mL) soluteofvolume(v/v)Percent
Concentration in ppm and ppbParts per million (ppm) and parts per
billion (ppb) are used for extremely small concentrations
610solution
solute
mxppmm
910solution
solute
mxppbm
eg. 5.00 mg of NaF is dissolved in 100.0 kg of solution. Calculate the concentration in:
a) ppm
b) ppb
ppm = 0.005 g x 106
100,000 g
= 0.05 ppm
ppb = 0.005 g x 109
100,000 g
= 50.0 ppb
p. 265 #’s 15 – 17
pp. 277, 278 #’s 11, 13, 15 – 18, 20
DON’T SHOW UP UNLESS THIS IS DONE!!
Solution Stoichiometry
1. Write a balanced equation
2. Calculate moles given
n=m/M OR n=CV3. Mole ratios
4. Calculate required quantity
nMmORV
nCOR
C
nV
Solution Stoichiometry
eg. 45.0 mL of a HCl(aq) solution is used to neutralize 30.0 mL of a 2.48 mol/L NaOH solution.
Calculate the molar concentration of the HCl(aq) solution.
p. 304: #’s 16, 17, & 18
Worksheet
Sample Problems1. What mass of copper metal is needed
to react with 250.0 mL of 0.100 mol/L silver nitrate solution?
2. Calculate the volume of 2.00 M HCl(aq) needed to neutralize 1.20 g of dissolved NaOH.
3. What volume of 3.00 mol/L HNO3(aq) is needed to neutralize 450.0 mL of 0.100 mol/L Sr(OH)2(aq)?
Sample Problem Solutions
Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → 2 Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Step 2n = 0.02500 mol AgNO3
Step 3n = 0.01250 mol Cu
Step 4m = 0.794 g Cu
Sample Problem Solutions
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Step 2n = 0.0300 mol NaOH
Step 3n = 0.0300 mol HCl
Step 4V = 0.0150 L HCl
Sample Problem Solutions
2 HNO3(aq) + Sr(OH)2(aq) →
2 H2O(l) + Sr(NO3)2(aq)
Step 2n = 0.04500 mol Sr(OH)2
Step 3n = 0.0900 mol HNO3
Step 4V = 0.0300 mol/L HNO3
The Solution Process (p. 299)
Dissociation occurs when an ionic compound breaks into ions as it dissolves in water.
A dissociation equation shows what happens to an ionic compound in water.
eg. NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
K2SO4(s) → 2 K+(aq) + SO4
2-(aq)
Ca(NO3)2(s) → Ca2+(aq) + 2 NO3
-(aq)
The Solution Process (p. 299) Solutions of ionic compounds conduct
electric current. A solute that conducts an electric
current in an aqueous solution is called an electrolyte.
The Solution Process (p. 299)
Acids are also electrolytes. Acids form ions when dissolved in
water.
eg. H2SO4(aq) → 2 H+(aq) + SO4
2-(aq)
HCl(s) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Molecular Compounds DO NOT dissociate in water.
eg. C12H22O11(s) → C12H22O11(aq)
Because they DO NOT conduct electric current in solution, molecular compounds are non-electrolytes.
The Solution Process (p. 299)
The molar concentration of any dissolved ion is calculated using the ratio from the dissociation equation.
eq. What is the molar concentration of each ion in a 5.00 mol/L MgCl2(aq) solution:
5.00 mol/L 5.00 mol/L 10.00 mol/L
The Solution Process (p. 299)
p. 300 #’s 7 – 9p. 300 #’s 7 – 9
What mass of calcium chloride is What mass of calcium chloride is required to prepare 2.00 L of 0.120 required to prepare 2.00 L of 0.120 mol/L Clmol/L Cl--(aq)(aq) solution? solution?
p. 302 # 14p. 302 # 14
p. 311 #’s 11, 12, 16, & 18p. 311 #’s 11, 12, 16, & 18