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8/12/2019 Solution Colligative Properites_E
1/29
"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" 2
CFN@ESTZU
SMG^TEMH & CMGGEOBTEYN QZMQNZTENS
Cmhcnhtrbtemh Tnr`s < % Cmhcnhtrbtemh
% w/w 0)o(smgutemhmiwneoft
)o(smgutnmiwneoft 211
Et dmns hmt cfbhon mh cfbhoeho tn`pnrbturn.Nx . 21% w/w urnb smgutemh 0 21 o` mi urnb es prnsnht eh 211 o` mi smgutemh.
0 21 o` mi urnb es prnsnht eh 51 o` mi wbtnr.
% wt/vmg. (w/v)% w/v 0 wt. mi smgutn/211 `G mi smgutemh
% w/v 0 211`Gehsmgutemhmivmgu`n
smgutnsmiorb`
Et cfbhons mh cfbhoeho tn`pnrbturn.Nx . 21% (w/v) urnb smgutemh. 0 21 o` mi urnb es prnsnht eh 211 `G mi smgutemh.
Jut hmt 21 o` mi urnb prnsnht eh 51 `g mi wbtnrimr degutn smgutemh < vmgu`n smgutemh 0 vmgu`n smgvnht.
% v/vEi jmtf smgutn & smgvnht brn gequeds 0 vmgu`n eh (`G) mi smgutn pnr 211 `G mi smgutemh.
Nx . 21% v/v bgcmfmg ntfbhmg bq smgutemh 0 21 `g mi ntfbhmg eh 211 `g mi smgutemh.
21 `g mi C:F>MF eh 51 `g mi F:M
Strnhotf mi smgutemh eh o/G
_neoft mi smgutn (eh orb`) pnr getrn (2111 `G) mi smgutemh.
Nx . 21% (w/v) sucrmsn smgutemh, tfnh spnceiy ets cmhcnhtrbtemh eh o/G211 `G .......... 21 o
2111 `G ........ 2111211
21 0 211 o/G
Nx-2 Ei wn fbvn 9% w/w urnb smgutemh wetf dnhsety 2.191 o/`G, tfnh cbgcugbtn ets strnhotf eh o/G =
Smgu t emh 9 o urnb es prnsnht eh 211 o` smgutemh.
9 o eh191.2
211`G
191.2
211`G 9 o`.
2111 `G 0211
9 2.191 2111 0 21.9 9 0 93.9
@mgbrety0 Hm. mi `mgns mi smgutn pnr getrn mi smgutemh.
Gnt h 0 Hm. mi `mgns mi smgutnH 0 Hm. mi `mgns mi smgvnhtY 0 vmgu`n mi smgutemh
@ 0 )Geh(Y
h0
@
_x
)`Geh(Y
2111
hm. mi `mgns mi smgutn 0 `mgbrety x vmgu`n ( eh G)hm. mi `. `mgns mi smgutn 0 `mgbrety x vmgu`n ( eh `G)
Ei Y2`G mi C2`mgbrety smgutemh es `exnd wetf Y:`G mi C:`mgbrety smgutemh (sb`n sujstbhcn mr smgutn)
Ci(Y2+Y:) 0 C2Y2 + C:Y:
Ci0
:2
::22
YY
YCYC0
vmgu`nTmtbg`mgnsTmtbg
Et cfbhons mh cfbhoeho tn`pnrbturn.
8/12/2019 Solution Colligative Properites_E
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"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" :
CFN@ESTZU
@mgbgety0 Hm. mi `mgns mi smgutn pnr ko(2111 o) mi smgvnht.
Gnt w orb` mi smgutn (@mgbr `bss 0 @o/`mgn) es dessmgvnd eh '_' orb` mi smgvnht.
`mgbgety 0
@
wx
)o(_
2111
`mgbgety 0smgvnhtmi)o(_
2111`mgns
Et dmns hmt cfbhon mh cfbhoeho tn`pnrbturn.
Nx-: Ei :1 `g mi 1.> @ Hb:SM4 es `exnd wetf >1 `g mi 1.: @ F :SM4 & 31 `g mi 1.4 @ Bg:(SM 4)3smgutemh. Cbgcugbtn [Hb+P, [F+P, [SM4
:P, [Bg3+P. [Bssu`eho 211% dessmcebtemhP
Smgu t emh @mgbrety 0vmgu`n
`mgns0 21 `. `mgns mi Hb:SM4
:1 `. `mgns mi Hb+
(e) [Hb+P 0211
:10 1.: @
(ee) [F+P 0 =
21 `. `mgns F:SM4:1 `. `mgns F+
[F+P 0211
:10 1.: @
(eee) [SM4:P 0
211
392121 0
211
>90 1.>9 @
(ev) [Bg3+P 0211
:40 1.:4 @
Dnrevn b rngbtemhsfep jntwnnh `mgbgety & `mgbrety mi b smgutemh eh wfecf w o` mi smgutn mi `mgbr`bss @ o/`mg es dessmgvnd eh _ o smgvnht & dnhsety mi rnsugteho smgutemh 0 'd' o/`g.sby 2 G smgutemh tbknh,
`bss mi 2 get smgutemh 0 (2111 d) o
`mgns mi smgutn 0 (`mgbrety)
`bss mi smgutn 0 (`mgbrety) x `
`bss mi smgvnht 0 _
0 2111 d (`mgbrety) `
`mgbgety 0 _t.@`mgbretyd21112111)`mgbrety(
[_fnrn hm.mi `mgns mi smgutn 0 `mgbretyP
Nx-3 Cbgcugbtn `mgbgety mi 2.: @ F:SM4smgutemh = Ei ets 0 2.4 o/`G
Smgu e tmh @mgbgety 0 56:.24.22111
2111:.2
0 1.539
Hmr`bgety
Hm. mi nquevbgnhts pnr getrn mi smgutemh 0)Geh(smgutemhmivmgu`n
smgutnmisnquevbgnhtmi.hm
Hm. mi nquevbgnhts 0 hmr`bgety vmgu`n (eh G)(Hmr`bgety 0 h-ibctmr `mgbrety)
Nquevbgnht `bss 0ibctmrh
`bss@mgbr
Hm. mi nquevbgnht 0`bssnquevbgnht
spncenstfnmi@bss0
ibctmrh
`bss@mgbr
spncenstfnmi@bss
8/12/2019 Solution Colligative Properites_E
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"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" 3
CFN@ESTZU
'h' - ibctmr(e) Imr mxedezeho/rnduceho bonhts n + 6F+ + @hM4 @h:+ + F:M h- ibctmr 0 >
(ee)Imr bced/ jbsn rnbctemhs
210 1.2>:9
% w/w wneoft mi urnb 021119121
9121
x 211 0 3?.>%
8/12/2019 Solution Colligative Properites_E
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"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" 4
CFN@ESTZU
* Hmtn < Imr deg. bq. smgutemh `mgbgety `mgbrety
`mgbgety 0``mgbretyd2111
2111`mgbrety
(2 o/`g)
Nx-> Cbgcugbtn `mgbrety mi CbCM3(bq.) smgutemh wfecf fbs cmhcnhtrbtemh mi CbCM30 :11 pp`.
Smgu t emh :11 o mi CbCM3eh 219 o mi wbtnr.
:211
:11 `mgns mi CbCM3eh 213 getnrs mi wbtnr. (dnhsety 02o/`G)
Sm `mgbrety 0 321
:0 : 213 @.
Cmggeobtevn prmpnrtens & cmhstetutemhbg prmpnrtens 11K fbs M.Q. 0 :.1> bt`. & ogucmsn smgutemh bt 311 K fbs MQ 0 2.:3bt`. Ei :11 `g mi E st smgutemhs & 411 `g mi :hd smgh brn `exnd bt 411 K tfnh cbg. M.Q. mi r nsugtehosmgutemh bs 411 K (bssu`n `mgbrety es hmt dnpnhdnht mh tn`p.)
Smgu t emh Curnb 0 >11Z
1>.:
0 1.1> Yurnb0 :11 `G
Cogucmsn0 311Z
:3.2
0 1.1> Yogucmsn 0 411 `G
Ctmtbg0
:2
::22
YY
YCYC
0
911
4111>.1:111>.1 0 1.1>
0 CZT 0 1.1> 1.16: 411 0 2.94 bt`
Bjhmr`bg Cmggeobtevn Qrmpnrtens CMMF 211% de`nresn eh jnhznhn, e 0 :
2
8/12/2019 Solution Colligative Properites_E
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"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" 5
CFN@ESTZU
(2) _fnh rnbctemh es hmt tbkeho pgbcn @FB.(Oevnh < _nbk bced es :1% dessmcebtnd bt 311 K).
Smgu e tmh 0HbCg +Hb:SM4+FB
0 1.2 ZT : + 1.: ZT 3 + 1.> ZT 2.:0 1.16:2 311 (1.: + 1.9 + 1.9)
0 34.46: bt`.Nx-24 E i 1.14 @ Hb:SM4 smgutemhs bt 311 K es imuhd tm jn esmtmhec wetf 1.1> @ HbCg (211 %
desscmcebtemh) smgutemhs. Cbgcugbtn dnornn mi desscmcebtemh mi smdeu` sugpfbtn =
Smgu e tmh e2
C 2ZT 0 e: C: ZTe2
C 2 0 e: C :1.14 (2 + :) 0 1.1> :0 1.?>
0 ?>%.
Nx-2> Ei 9 o` mi CF3 CMMF es dessmgvnd eh jnhznhn tm `bkn 2 getrn bt 311 K. Ms`mtec prnssurn mismgutemhs es imuhd tm jn 2.94 bt`. Ei et es khmwh tfbt CF 3CMMF eh jnhznhn imr`s b de`nr.Cbgcugbtn dnornn mi bssmcebtemh mi bcntec bced eh jnhznhn =
Smgu e tmh
e 0 2 +
2
h
2.
2.94 0 1.16:2 311 [ 2 +
2
h
2
P 1.2
2.94 0 1.16:2 311 [2 :
P 1.2
3111.6:2
94.2
0
:
-:
:.49
94.20
:
-: 4 0 9 3
30 :
03
:
(:) _fnh rnbctemh es tbkeho pgbcn 11 `g mi 1.2 @ Hb
:SM
4smgutemh. Cbgcugbtn ms`mtec
prnssurn mi rnsugteho smgutemhs =
Smgutemh JbCg:
+ Hb:SM
4 JbSM
4+ : HbCg
1.14 mgns 1.1> 1 11 1.12 Hmt niinct 1.16
?.1
12.1Hmt niinct
?.1
16.1
0 (e2C
2+ e
:C
:) ZT.
0 (3 ?.112.1 + : ?.116.1 ) 1.16: 311. 09.96> bt`.
8/12/2019 Solution Colligative Properites_E
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"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" 21
CFN@ESTZU
Nx-2? Ei :11 `g mi 1.: @ FoCg:smgutemh es bddnd tm 611 `g mi 1.> @ KE (211% dessmcebtnd) smgutemh.
Bssu`eho tfbt tfn imggmweho cm`pgnx imr`btemh tbknh pgbcn tm 211% nxtnht.
Fo :++ 4 [FoE4P : (Cm`pgnxns brn bgwbys smgujgn)
1.14 1.4Cbgcugbtn ms`mtec prnssurn mi rnsugteho ehetebggy smgutemh bt 311K =
Smgutemh FoCg:
+ 4KE K[FoE4P + :KCg.
41 411 1 11 411 291 41 61
2111:41
211141
211161
0 (e2C
2+ e
:C
:+ e
3C
3) ZT.
0 (1.:4 : + 3 1.14 + 1.16 :) 1.16: 311. 0 26.95 bt`.
Zngbtevn gmwnreho eh vbpmur prnssurn ( ZGYQ) < Ybpmur Qrnssurn o` gequed gnit bt t
nq
Bt nq. < tfn rbtn mi nvbpmrbtemh 0 rbtn mi cmhdnhsn
F:M () F
:M (o)
Kp0 )o(MF:Q nq.
iehbggy
Ieourn
Bgtfmuof ehdevedubg `mgncugns brn cmhstbhtgy pbsseho jbck irm` mhn pfbsn tm tfn mtfnr, tfn tmtbghu`jnr mi `mgncugns eh jmtf gequed vbpmur pfbsns rn`beh cmhstbht.
Tfn prnssurn nxnrtnd jy vbpmurs mi tfn gequed wfnh nquegejreu` es nstbjgesfnd jntwnnh vbpmurs & etsgequed. es khmwh bs vbpmur prnssurn.
Ybpmur prnssurn es bh nquegejreu` cmhstbht (KQ
) mi tfn rnbctemh.
gequed vbpmurs.
Sehcn vbpmur prnssurn es bh nquegejreu` cmhstbht sm ets vbgun es dnpnhdnht mhgy mh tn`pnrbturn imrb pbrtecugbr gequed
Et dmns hmt dnpnhds mh tfn b`muht mi gequed tbknh mr suribcn brnb mi tfn gequed mr mh vmgu`n mr sfbpnmi tfn cmhtbehnr. Et es b cfbrbctnrestec cmhstbht imr b oevnh gequed.
Tfn hu`nrecbg vbgun mi b gequed's vbpmur prnssurn dnpnhds mh tfn `bohetudn mi tfn ehtnr`mgncugbrimrcns prnsnht bhd mh tfn tn`pnrbturn. Tfn s`bggnr tfn ehtnr`mgncugbr imrcns, tfn feofnr vbpmurprnssurn jncbusn gmmsngy fngd `mgncugns nscbpn `mrn nbsegy.
Tfn feofnr tfn tn`pnrbturn, tfn feofnr tfn vbpmur prnssurn jncbusn b gbronr irbctemh mi `mgncugnsfbvn suiiecenht kehntec nhnroy tm nscbpn.
gh Qvbp
0 CT
2
Z
Fvbp
Cgbuseus-Cgbpnyrmh Nqubtemh
wfnrn
Fvbp 0 tfn fnbt mi vbpmurezbtemh mi tfn gequed
Z 0 obs cmhstbht
C 0 b cfbrbctnrestec cmhstbht mi b gequed
8/12/2019 Solution Colligative Properites_E
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"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" 22
CFN@ESTZU
Nx-26 Tfn vbpmr prnssurn mi wbtnr bt 61C es 3>> tmrr. B 211 `g vnssng cmhtbehnd wbtnrsbturbtnd mxyonhbt 61 C, tfn tmtbg obs prnssurn jneho ?91 tmrr. Tfn cmhtnhts mi tfn vnssng wnrn pu`pnd ehtm b >1.1
`g, vnssng bt tfn sb`n tn`pnrbturn. _fbt wnrn tfn pbrtebg prnssurns mi mxyonh bhd mi wbtnr vbpmr,
wfbt wbs tfn tmtbg prnssurn eh tfn iehbg nquegejrbtnd stbtn = Hnognct tfn vmgu`n mi bhy wbtnr wfecf
`eoft cmhdnhsn.
Bhs.:M
Q 0 621`` Fo, MF:Q 0 3>> `` Fo , Qtmtbgbg0 229> `` Fo
Smgutemh 211 `g vmgu`n vnssng,
MF:Q 0 3>> Q
Tmtbg0 ?91
:MQ 0 ?91 3>> 0 41>
>1 `g vmgu`n vnssng,
MF:Q 0 3>> :MQ 0 >1
21141>
:MQ 0 621
QTmtbg
0 3>> + 621 0 229>.
Ybpmur Qrnssurn mi b smgutemhYbpmur Qrnssurn mi b smgutemhs mi b hmh vmgbtegn smgutn ( smged smgutn ) es bgwbys imuhd tm jn gnss tfbh
tfn vbpmur prnssurn mi purn smgvnht .
Znbsmh hHmw T
0 K'
`mgbgety vbh't Fmii ibctmr
1.11>4 0 2.69 1.112 (> h) h 0 :.2 : (ehtnonr vbgun)Tfus cm`pgnx bhd ets emhesbtemh es