The 5/10 Approach

... A Continuation from the INSARAG Team Leaders Meetings

in South Africa and Australia

Sólveig Thorvaldsdóttir

Overveiw of Presentation

ONE: What is 5/10 - revision

TWO: The Development of 5/10

THREE: Application to INSARAG

FOUR: An Example of how AA, 5+ and 10+

fit into the big picture

ONE

What is 5/10? - Revision

The 5/10 Approach

A Simple Approach

to

Building Prioritization (5)

and

Operations Strategy (10)

for Building (Structural) Collapse Search and Rescue

The 5/10 Approach

• The aim is to develop a process that is relatively simple and useful to... – prioritize buildings– plan search and rescue strategies– plan safety and monitoring strategies

• Simple meaning: can be described on one page

• Note: unlikely to find an easy method that is useful

The Basic 5/10 Approach1. Area of operation

2. Damage Degree

3. Collapse Pattern

4. Void Potential

5. Stability Issues

10. Strategy Steps

Flexibility: 5+ / 101. Area of Operation

2. Damage Degree

3. Collapse Pattern

4. Void Potential

5. Stability Issues

10. Strategy Steps

6. Hazmat

7. Local Information

Now the 10 Strategy Stepsfor Each Building on List

Step 1. Draw building foot print and rubbleStep 2. Draw building and rubble each floorStep 3. Identify local failure pattern for each floorStep 4. Identify possible voids for each floorStep 5. Prioritize voids (size, accessibility, etc)Step 6. Draw egress and search routesStep 7. Draw rescue routesStep 8. Draw evacuation routesStep 9. Decide upon and set up shoringStep 10. Decide upon and set up monitoring system

Needs testing and revision

Corner Stones of 5/10• Defining the most relevant building/structural

and collapse information.• Structuring the information in a format for

quick decision making.• Based on visual evalutation• Applies to different phases of the operations

TWO

The Development of 5/10since South Africa 2002

Events

• Two 4 hour class in Sweden in Dec and May– International team training

• Correspondance w/two USA engineers• Lessons Learned from Algeria

– Chairman´s Summary; 8, 12, 14, 15 and 17

• 2 day 5/10 Workshop in Switzerland– Swiss engineers + team leaders

• Preparation for TLM in South-Korea

The Development of 5/10Involves...

• Development of the 5 steps• Development of the 10 steps• Putting 5/10 into perspective

Discuss in reverse order

Putting 5/10 into Perspective

• 5/10 orginated from a discussion on building collapse patterns

• It is a triage, SAR and safety approach that deals first and foremost with the technical issues

• However, technical issues are not the only issues to be considered for triage, SAR and safety.

• So how does 5/10 fit into the big picture?

This lead to a discussion on

Area Assessmentfor Triage and Coordination

• Info when at homebase or in transit• Info from LEMA/OSOCC• Info from local population• Finally you look at technical issues at sites

Which lead to the questions...• What do your results contain?• What do you do with your results?

Area Assessment 1/2

• Info when at homebase or in transit– time of day, day of week; cultural activities– Typical construction types and BCP

• From LEMA/OSOCC - direct order or info– Location of affected areas – National response and their findings– Type/level of damage

Area Assessment 2/2

• Info from local population– Knowledge about specific sites regarding victims,

layout, height, entrances, building type, use, similar construction in area, etc.

– Information about prior and on-going operations– Hazards in the area

• Finally you look at technical issues at sites– 5 steps (area, damage, collapse, voids, stability)

– additional steps for triage.

Area Assessment• What do your results contain?

– Marking the building– Map (GPS, main roads, key monuments, North, areas,etc.)

– Info related to the assessed structures– Triage (Prioritization) of the structures

• What do you do with your results?– For decision making within your team– Share them with LEMA/OSOCC– Share them with other USAR Teams

Development of the 10 steps

• Same number but switched two steps (8 and 9)• Fine tuning, but the same basic approach• Have put more meat on the bones• Emphasized re-setting of priorities

The Revised 10+ Steps

Development of the 5 steps

• No changes in the steps or their order• Damage (step 2)

– Focus on partially and totally collapsed buildings

• BCP (step 3) – Need to identify building type to develop useful BCP

– Need to develop BCP for different regions

– Put on the internet for training and response

• Voids (step 4) and Stability (step 5)– Identified many factors that affect triage

– Not able yet to develop rules of thumb.

Development of the 5 steps

• Discussions underlined different risk factors;– vulnerability of buildings– vulnerability of collapsed buildings

• All above will be incorporated in the training manual

Revised 5+ steps

2 Identify structures with damage level partial or total collapse

4 Determine voids for survivabilityWhere are possible voids? How accessible are the voids?What is creating the void?

Building elements?Building content?Other?

How large are the voids for survivability?Is it a NOGO?

5 Evaluate stability for safetyIs secondary collapse likely?

If so, in which direction?If so, how far?

Is settlement likely to occur?Has a large weight been redistributed?Is it a NOGO?

1 Locate (or define) area of assessment

3 Study their collapse patterns

Total Collapse

Where did it collapse to?- Straight down- Toppled over - Combination

How did it collapse?- Building element collapse- Element connection collapse- Foundation failure

Partial Collapse

Where did it collapse?- Vertical (up-down) Whole floors or sections- Horizontal (across) Middle, end or corners

How did it collapse?- Building element collapse- Element connection collapse

Triage structures based on voids

Re-triage based on stability

Re-triage based on other concernsNote: these concerns may form the basis for triage before step 4 or 5

+ Hazmat+ External threats+ Utilities+ Other

THREE

Application of

AA, 5+, 10+

Level of detail of AA, 5+, 10+

• A checklist easy enough to remember• A checklist that is easy to refer to in the field• Training material for courses.• Make your own version

Application of AA, 5+, 10+

• What is fixed? - not to be changed?– that which is used for sharing for coordination

• What can be adapted?– that which is used by the team internally

• Who uses it within the team?– One person? Many persons?

– that is for the team to decide

• A list is a guideline - add to it as you please.• The order how you do things is usually not

important to others, just your results.

Documentation• Rescue-workers usually hate paperwork

– Necessary for info sharing

– Which is necessary for decision making

– Teams are part of a larger process, others may use their info

• Sheets designed professionally• Where to display?

– on walls

– but also in folders (for when in tent or out in the rain)

– wherever it is ... it must be easily accessible!!!!!!!!!!

FOUR

An Example of how

AA, 5+ and 10+

fit into the big picture

You are deploying on a mission

What is involved in your area assessment

for triage and coordination?

Facts related to the earthquake and local customs. During activation/in transit: • Time of day, day of week = what local customs/culture are affected• Typical construction types and building collapse patterns

Direct orders or general information: Arrival in country from LEMA or OSOCC: • Locations of affected areas/Operations assignments• National response (where are teams working) and their results• Type and level of damage

Specific information: In operational area from local population: • Knowledge about specific sites regarding victims, layout, height, entrances, building type and use, similar construction in the area, etc.• Information about prior and on-going operations in the area• Hazards in the area

5+ Structural Evaluation: At site 1.Define the areas of assessment based on prior information and direction2.Locate partially and totally collapsed buildings3.Study building collapse pattern4.Determine possible void spaces5.Evaluate stabilityIf applicable, also evaluate + Hazmat+ Exterior threats+ Utilities (electricity, water, gas, sewage)+ Other

5+ Checklist

2 Identify structures with damage level partial or total collapse

4 Determine voids for survivabilityWhere are possible voids? How accessible are the voids?What is creating the void?

Building elements?Building content?Other?

How large are the voids for survivability?Is it a NOGO?

5 Evaluate stability for safetyIs secondary collapse likely?

If so, in which direction?If so, how far?

Is settlement likely to occur?Has a large weight been redistributed?Is it a NOGO?

1 Locate (or define) area of assessment

3 Study their collapse patterns

Total Collapse

Where did it collapse to?- Straight down- Toppled over - Combination

How did it collapse?- Building element collapse- Element connection collapse- Foundation failure

Partial Collapse

Where did it collapse?- Vertical (up-down) Whole floors or sections- Horizontal (across) Middle, end or corners

How did it collapse?- Building element collapse- Element connection collapse

Triage structures based on voids

Re-triage based on stability

Re-triage based on other concernsNote: these concerns may form the basis for triage before step 4 or 5

+ Hazmat+ External threats+ Utilities+ Other

Triage: • Decide which buildings should be worked on • and in which order

Outcome of an Area Assessment is:Marking of the building based on assessment

o Box, assessment team, any information relating to the marking systemMap showing

o Overall area of assignment (GPS, main roads, key monuments, North, etc.)o Assessed areas based on Step 1 o Un-assessed areas o Excluded areas where assessment was not needed

Information by structure to relay to the team/other teams/OSOCC/LEMATriage for all assessed structures

You have done your triage..........

What do the results of your triage look like?

Are we going to mark the buildings that are in the assessment?

Report outcome to:• Within team for internal use• Other SAR teams• LEMA/OSOCC

You arrived at your assigned site

What SAR and Safety issues do you need to consider for your operations plan?

(What the actual plan looks like is likely to vary between teams)

10+ Checklist

1. Determine building type and understand original structure2. Study collapse pattern and look for each floor of collapsed section3. Determine type of local failure for each floor of collapsed section4. Identify possible voids and how to access to them5. Set priorities based on accessible voids likely to have live victims6. Decide search routes and re-set priorities based on search results7. Decide rescue routes and re-set priorities based on penetration and rescues8. Decide upon shoring9. Decide evacuation routes10. Design a monitoring system

+ Availability of cranes and other heavy machinery + Similar construction near by to confirm mental rebuilding of structure + Other

You have finished your operation

How to you send/report your results to the OSOCC/LEMA?

Summary of Further Work• BCP for building type and regions

• Training Material– More work on rules of thumb for voids and stability

• Organizing overall AA; – distributing triage assignments – collecting triage results

• Matching teams to appropriate sites

• Making methodology available for LEMA’s– useful in a disaster for national and international teams– contribution from INSARAG to local capacity building

Thank you for your attention