GROUP LEADER: SADAF ALI MEMBERS SHAHZAIB MEER MURTAZA FARMAN ALI ASAD ALI ZEESHAN JAVED HABIBULLAH ATIYA NAREJO

SOLVING A

BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM

The scientific method in

which biological problems are solved, is known as biological method.

Biological method has played an important role in scientific research for almost 500 years

BIOLOGICAL METHOD

The first step in biological method is to know that

what is the problem. Recognition of biological problem is the basic step.

1.RECOGNITION OF BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM

IT IS MADE BY OUR FIVE SENSES (VISION, HEARING, SMELL, TASTE AND TOUCH).

OBSERVATIONSThe process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful orderly way.

OBSERVATIONS

The information gathered from observations is called data.

There are two main categories of data: Quantitative and Qualitative.

Quantitative data are expressed as numbers, obtained by counting or measuring. Ex. “the boiling point of water is 100 C

Qualitative data are descriptive and involve characteristics that can’t usually be counted. Ex. “The boiling point of water is hot.

It should be a

general statement

It should be a tentative idea

It should be kept as simple as possible.

FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

A suggested solution to the problem.

Must be testable Sometimes written as

If…Then… statements

A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.

In the next step, biologists draw deductions from hypothesis. Deductions are the logical consequences of hypothesis. For this purpose a hypothesis is taken as true and expected results.

Generally if a hypothesis is true then one should expect deductions

DEDUCTIONS

The most basic step of

biological method is experimentation. Biologist perform experiment to see either the hypothesis is correct or not.

Through experiment scientists come to know that which hypothesis is correct.

The correct hypothesis is accepted and other are rejected

EXPERIMENT

SUMMARIZATION OF RESULTS

In the next step, Biologist gets quantitative data from experiments. Scientists then have to summarize the data they got, then they make the results

In the next step, the summarized results are

reported to the international laboratories. Publishing of results is an essential part of

scientific method

REPORTING THE RESULTS

In the next step, when the reporting results

are taken right it become theory. The hypothesis that stand the test of time

(often tested never rejected), are called theories.

If a theory continues to be supported by experimental evidence, it becomes a law or principle

THEORY AND LAW

Taking an example of rabies disease.

TAKING AN EXAMPLE

Rabies is a viral disease caused by rabdo virus. Often spread by the bite of dog or monkey. The saliva of dog contains the virus which enters in RBC’S when a dog bite a human.

RABIES

The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death

First of all, scientists think the rabies

disease, its cause, its symptoms etc.

Then they ask a question that what is the cause of rabies, what are its symptoms.

RECOGNITON OF BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM

Then the observations are made:

The rabies is caused by virus The rabies is caused by the bite of dog The vaccinations are effective for treating rabies. Rabdo virus is seen in the blood of rabies patients

OBSERVATIONS

From the observations scientists make the

hypothesis: The hypothesis in this case is:

“RABDO VIRUS IS CAUSE OF RABIES”

HYPOTHESIS

Scientists does not know that whether the hypothesis is correct or not, but they accepts it may be true and make deductions. One of the deduction from the above hypothesis is:

“if rabdo virus is cause of rabies then all person ill with rabies should have rabdo virus in their blood”

deductions

The next step is to test

the deduction through experiments which were designed as;

Blood of 100 rabies patient will be examined under microscope. For the purpose of having control group, the blood of 100 healthy persons will also be examined under microscope.

experimentation

The results of experiments showed that

almost all rabies patient has rabdo virus in their blood, while all the healthy persons have not rabdo virus in their blood.

The results proved that the hypothesis “rabdo virus is cause of rabies” is true.

Then the scientists will summarize the results.

SUMMARIZING OF RESULTS

After summarizing the results of rabies the scientist will report the results to the international laboratories.

REPORTING THE RESULTS

The last step, when the hypothesis, “rabdo

virus is cause of rabies” is tested many times and never rejected it will be a theory.

And after a time theory will be changed into law or principle.

LAW AND THEORY

ACTUALLY PREPARED BY:XHAHZAIB