Solving Tomorrow’s Test Challenges · providing a new level of realism in testing and evaluation...

P R O V I D I N G A N E W L E V E L O F R E A L I S M

I N T E S T I N G A N D E V A L U A T I O N O F

A D V A N C E D R A D A R A N D E L E C T R O N I C

Solving Tomorrow’s Test Challenges

A D V A N C E D R A D A R A N D E L E C T R O N I C

W A R F A R E S Y S T E M S

LIZ RUETSCH

APPLICATIONS MARKETING & PLANNING

MICROWAVE & COMMUNICATIONS DIVISION

2011 Defense & Security ForumEuropean Microwave Week (Manchester)

October 2011

Tomorrow’s Challenge:

“What is changing in the environment?

Overall spectrum is getting crowded (ex. cellular systems interfering with military)

Battlefield is moving to dense urban environments,

Problem:

“What is the impact on test requirements?”

Solution:

“Solving tomorrow's test challenges today”

Agenda

1

2 dense urban environments, smaller, low mobility targets

Military is looking for slower moving targets

Government is asking to build systems with increased complexity during a time when budgets are tight and global economic situation is uncertain

2

3

4


October 20112

Challenge #1: Spectrum is Getting Crowded



Problem:


Solution:


1Overall spectrum is getting crowded (ex. cellular systems interfering with military)

Moving to higher frequencies (ie. X-Band to Ka/Ku-Band)

PXA to 50 GHz/325 GHz

3

Questions to be answered:• Why is the spectrum getting crowded?• What are the key signal characteristics?• How will we solve this problem?


October 2011

Why is the Spectrum Getting Crowded?

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Upper frequency (MHz)

0

1000

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M/E

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E/E

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eto

oth

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DV

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GP

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LM

R/L

TE

4


October 2011

Unprecedented signal insight with the

Key signal characteristics

• Harmonics (2nd, 5th, 10th)

• Spurious response (at extremely low levels)

• Phase noise (close to carrier)

• Wider bandwidths

New front end converter

New pre-selector w/YIG tuned filter

New band select switch w/pre-amp

What are the Key Signal Characteristics?

Unprecedented signal insight with the PXA signal analyzer

• Unmatched sensitivity to 50 GHz

(DANL: –172 dBm at 2 GHz)

• 160 MHz of analysis bandwidth

• Highest third-order dynamic range (TOI)(+21 dBm at 2 GHz)

• Superior close-in phase noise performance (–130 dBc/Hz at 1 GHz (@10 kHz offset)

• The industry’s most accurate analyzer

• Standard

• With LNP

• With NFE

5


October 2011

Extend to 325 GHz and beyond

Supported measurements

• Spectrum analysis

• PowerSuite one-button automated

power measurements

• N9068A phase noise

measurement application

Supported external mixers

Extend Unmatched Performance WithExternal Mixing

Better close-in phase noise

performance than internally-

mixed 67 GHz analyzers!

Supported external mixers

• NEW family: M1970V and M1970W

• 11970 Series

• OML Inc. and other third-parties

(VDI)

LO/IF SMA connector

Waveguide input

USB connector

6


October 2011

New mixer family• M1970V (50 to 80 GHz)

• M1970W (75 to 110 GHz)

Mixer smart features• USB plug and play

• Auto-transfer of conversion loss data

• Auto LO power adjust to compensate for

cable loss (better amplitude accuracy)

M1970V/W Waveguide Harmonic Mixers

Improved DANL and TOI• Using higher LO frequency, better

conversion loss

(> 10 dB better than 11970x)

• Excellent amplitude accuracy, ±2.2 dB

7

PXA and smart mixer combination shows

-146 dBm sensitivity at 67 GHz


October 2011

Challenge #2: Battlefield is Now Urban

October 2011

Agilent EMEA Press Event



Battlefield is moving to dense urban environments, smaller, low mobility targets

Problem:


Solution:


• Moving to wider bandwidths

• Moving to higher frequencies

• PXA: 160 MHz/900 MHz BW

• PXA to 50/325 GHz

• PSG: only 1GHz BW to 44GHz

2

Questions to be answered:• How are urban environments challenging for radar systems?• What do we mean by wideband? Why do we need it?• How is Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) being used?• How will we solve this problem?

8


October 2011

What Do We Mean By “Wideband?”

How does one define a wideband signal?• Wideband is a relative term

• In communications, wideband is used when message bandwidth >> channel’s bandwidth

• In radar, wideband is used when the signal bandwidth >> 1/PW

Defining wideband signal from a test and measurement point of view• When the signal’s information bandwidth is greater than typical resolution bandwidths offered in

conventional signal analyzers

• Signals that require some form of channel compensation to ensure data or signal fidelity

• Generally, information bandwidth > 5 MHz

Signal Type Carrier Frequency BW BW/Carrier Frequency

AM radio signal 1.00E+06 1.00E+04 1.000

Narrowband FM comms 1.50E+08 3.00E+03 0.002

Stereo FM broadcast 1.00E+08 2.00E+05 0.200

GSM 9.00E+08 3.00E+05 0.033

W-CDMA 2.00E+09 5.00E+06 0.250

Wi-FI 2.40E+09 3.60E+07 1.500

Satellite Comms 5.60E+09 3.60E+07 0.643

Microwave link (OC3) 6.00E+09 1.95E+08 3.250

SAR Radar 1.00E+10 1.00E+09 10.000

9


October 2011

The German Aerospace Center (DLR), located in Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling

Germany, is developing both airborne and satellite-based Synthetic Aperture

Radar (SAR) systems for ground mapping and environmental monitoring

applications

High-resolution SAR image of a city center

DLR F-SAR onboard DLR’s

Dornier DO228-212 aircraft

How are SARs Being Used Today for Imaging?

SOURCE: DLR Web Site

10


October 2011

Parameter X-Band C-Band S-Band L-Band P-Band

RF (GHz) 9.6 5.3 3.25 1.325 0.35

BW (MHz) 800 400 300 150 100

PRF (kHz) 5 5 5 10 12

P (kW) 2.5 2.2 2.2 0.7 0.7

What are the Characteristics of this SAR?

P (kW) 2.5 2.2 2.2 0.7 0.7

Rg Res. (m) 0.3 0.6 0.75 1.5 2.25

Az Res. (m) 0.2 0.3 0.35 0.4 1.5

Range cov 12.5 km (at maximum bandwidth)

Sampling 8 bit real; 1 Gsa/500 Msa selectable

Data rate 247 Mbytes/s per channel

SOURCE: DLR Web Site

11


October 2011

Agilent recently announced up to 900 MHz bandwidth

for the PXA signal analyzer IF output

Addresses increasing bandwidth requirements of next generation radar, electronic warfare, and communications systems

How Will We Measure These Wideband Signals?

• The signal analyzer's IF output is digitized by

an Agilent Infiniium oscilloscope running the

Agilent 89600 VSA software

• The 89600 VSA software is then used to

analyze complex radar or communications

signals

12


October 2011

Analysis of a

900 MHz linear

FM chirp by the

89600 VSA

software with the

PXA wideband

IF output

The SAR

Spectrum Phase vs. time

What are the Characteristics We Care About?

The SAR

example shown

here is with a

carrier frequency

at X-Band (10

GHz)

Frequency vs. time

Power vs. time

13


October 2011

Challenge #3: Detecting Slower Moving Targets

October 2011

Agilent EMEA Press Event




Problem:


Solution:


Phase noise is a key system requirement

• PXA: phase noise (standard)

• PSG: phase noise (Option UNY)

3

14

Questions to be answered:

• Why is low phase noise important?• What is important in detecting new threats (ie. IED)• How will we solve this problem?


October 2011

Why is Low Phase Noise Important?

Improved detection of slow-moving targets with Doppler Radar• Radar systems detect target velocity by measuring Doppler shift in

frequency – Slow-moving targets exhibit very small frequency shift

– Return pulses are very low in amplitude & masked by clutter

COHO

STALO

Tx

15

Water

Mountains

RxDSP

Transmitter signal, f0 Clutter signal

Reflection

from targetPhase noise

f0 f0+ fD


October 2011

PSG: Setting the Bar Higher in Signal Generation

Performance• Lowest phase noise

– Maximize signal stability

• Superior level accuracy– Minimize test uncertainty

• High output power– Eliminate the need for an external amplifier

Measurement Innovations• First and only integrated vector signal generator with I/Q modulation to 44 GHz

• First analog signal generator to 67 GHz

E8257D PSG analog signal generator

E8267D PSG vector signal generator

• First analog signal generator to 67 GHz

• First to break the 1 Watt output power barrier

Solutions: PSG now offers three levels of phase noise performance• Standard, Option UNX, and new Option UNY

• Option UNY provides improved pedestal phase noise– ~ 10dB better @ 10 - 100 kHz offset than Option UNX

• Option UNY also has an improved reference oscillator

– ~ 5 dB better close-in phase noise than Option UNX

16


October 2011

PXA: Setting the Bar Higher in Signal Analysis

Unprecedented signal insight

• Superior close-in phase noise performance: –130 dBc/Hz at 1 GHz, 10 kHz offset

• Unmatched sensitivity to 50 GHz: DANL = –172 dBm at 2 GHz

• Highest third-order dynamic range (TOI): +21 dBm at 2 GHz

PXA’s close-in phase noise

performance for offsets < 300 Hz is

over 20 dB improved relative to PSA

PXA’s ultra close-in phase noise

performance for 10 Hz offsets is over

23 dB improved relative to PSA

17


October 2011

Challenge #4: Complex Systems within Budget




Problem:


Solution:


• COTS vs. custom systems

• Platform solutions that can be reused vs. program specific solutions

• Complex pulse generation and analysis in an economical

• Signal Studio for pulse building

• Pulse analysis software

• 89600 VSA software

• X-Series signal analyzers

• PSG signal generator

4

Questions to be answered:• Why simulate radar testing?• What are the signal characteristics of interest?• How will we solve this problem?

economical • PSG signal generator

18


October 2011

Why Simulate Radar Testing?

Traditional methodTurn on the actual radar or develop in-house/custom

radar simulator

But…• Cannot test until very late in the development process

• Expensive: full fly-by test can cost millions of Euros

Real world challengesReal world challenges• All radar systems depend on antennas to operate

• Pulse building can simulate real-world antenna

behavior

• In practice, real signals are never perfect

SolutionAdd selected impairments to test signal

19


October 2011

Features• Create pulse libraries• Build pattern libraries• Apply baseband pre-distortion

N7620A Signal Studio for Pulse Building First introduced in 2003

Value• Simplify single-emitter test pattern generation• Eliminate complicated mathematics• Set high-level pulse parameters

20


October 2011

Advanced Features: Antenna Parameters

Antenna properties

• Azimuth: 3 dB beam width

• Elevation: 3 dB beam width

• Null depth: –40 dB

Antenna radiation pattern

• Blackman, Hamming, Hanning, rectangular,

3 term, cosine 1-5, programmable

Antenna scanning modesAntenna scanning modes

• None, custom, circular, conical, bidirection

al sector, unidirectional

sector, bidirectional

raster, unidirectional raster

21


October 2011

Pulse width patterns

• Constant

• Gaussian jitter

• Uniform jitter

• Linear ramp

• Stepped

Pulse repetition interval (PRI) patterns• Constant (none)

• Gaussian jitter

• Uniform jitter

• Sinusoidal wobulation

• Saw tooth wobulation

Advanced Features: Pulse Timing Pattern Parameters

• Stepped • Saw tooth wobulation

• Triangle wobulation

• U shaped jitter

• Linear ramp

• Stepped

• Staggered

• Bursted

N7620A Signal Studio

Standard features

Advanced features • Option 205 – PSG/ESG BBG

• Option 206 – External AWG

22


October 2011

N9051A Pulse Measurement Software

Product overview

• Analyze up to 1000 continuous pulses

• Pulse analysis measurements

– Period, width, PRI/PRF, droop, overshoot, rise/fall

time, average power, peak power, PDF, CDF, CCDF and

more

• Supports X-Series analyzers, PSA spectrum

analyzer, and Infiniium oscilloscopesPhase and frequency measurements

23


October 2011

Phase and frequency measurements• Pulse to pulse change in phase

• Phase mean and standard deviation

• Chirp signal measurements

Extended analysis and statistics• Mean, max, min, standard deviation, RMS, trend

and autocorrelation of data selected

• Plots and histograms of selected data

SummaryTomorrow’s Challenge:


Overall spectrum is getting crowded (ex. cellular systems interfering with military)

Battlefield is moving to dense urban environments, smaller, low

Problem:


Solution:


Moving to higher frequencies (ex. from X-Band to Ka/Ku Band)

• Moving to wider bandwidths

• Moving to higher

PXA to 50 GHz/325 GHz

• PXA: 160 MHz/900 MHz

• PSG: industry’s only 1-GHz bandwidth to 44 GHz

1

2 environments, smaller, low mobility targets



• Moving to higher frequencies

Phase noise is a key system requirement

• Platform solutions that can be reused vs. program specific solutions

• Complex pulse generation and analysis in an economical way

bandwidth to 44 GHz

• PXA: phase noise (std)

• PSG: phase noise (UNY)

• Signal Studio for pulse building

• 89600 VSA software

• X-Series signal analyzers (PXA/MXA/EXA/CXA)

• PSG signal generators

2

3

4

24


October 2011

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