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Somai WATSAN Training (ENGLISH Version)

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    HEALTH

    INWATER AND

    SANITATION

    Student Study Booklet

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    1 A message to YOU the reader

    We hope you are looking at this book because you would like to protect the

    health of your family and especially your children.

    You may already know some things about Germs.

    - w here Germs live

    -how Germs travel

    - how they get into your stomach

    - w hat sicknesses they cause.

    Do you know how to stop them?

    We hope this book will help you understand how you can protect yourself and

    your family from w ater borne sicknesses like diarrhoea and cholera. Thebook w ill talk about:

    1. What germs are, w here they come from, why they are dangerous.

    2. How germs travel into our bodies

    3. How germs can be stopped by our using latrines and washing hands

    4. How germs can be stopped by our taking care when we handle water

    5. How we can make w ater cleaner before drinking it

    6. What to do w hen someone gets sick because of germs from water

    2

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    2 What you need to know about Germs

    We use the word Germs to talk about tiny animals that are too small to see.As we have our tribes, so Germs have their tribes.

    Some Germs are GOOD. They live in our bodies and help us

    digest our food.

    Other Germs are BAD. They live in Faeces and can make us

    sick when they get into our bodies

    Even amongst the tribes of BAD Germs, there are many different types anddifferent sizes.

    Worm Eggs:These are about the size of the dot on this page

    .

    Amoeba: These are much smaller than WormEggs.600 Amoeba could fit in this dot

    .

    Bacteria: These are much smaller than Amoeba.60,000 Bacteria could f it in this dot

    .

    Viruses: These are the smallest things that cause us sickness.6,000,000 viruses could fit in this dot .

    3

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    These Germs live in ALL Faeces.

    Faeces of Men, Women, Children, Animals and Birds

    The faeces of Children often contain more Germs!

    These Germs are in huge numbers in Faeces. A piece of faeces the sizeof your fingernail can contain:

    Ten Million Viruses 10,000,000

    One million Bacteria 1,000,000

    One Thousand Amoebas 1000

    One Hundred Worm Eggs 100

    When a small number of these get into our bodies, they make us sick.

    The sicknesses give us these problems from time to time

    Diarrhoea

    Stomach cramps

    Vomiting

    Blood in faeces

    These sicknesses make us weak for three reasons

    Our bodies have to fight the Germs and that makes us tired

    Diarrhoea and Vomiting stop us taking energy and vitamins from food

    Diarrhoea and Vomiting remove water from our bodies. That stops itw orking w ell.

    These sicknesses can be very dangerous for Children because theirbodies are not strong to fight Germs.

    Sicknesses like Diarrhoea kill 1.5 million people in countries like ours

    The same as 3 people dying every minute of every day.

    The same as 4 full Buses crashing every hour

    You may even know children or adults who have died from diarrhoea.

    4

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    3 Travelling Germs

    Until now you have learned some things about Bacteria and Viruses and

    Amoeba.

    They live in Faeces of all kinds

    They are different sizes and shapes, but all are invisible to the eyes

    They make me sick or weak when they get inside my body

    These sicknesses kill Millions of children every year all over the world in

    towns and villages just like the ones we live in.

    But HOW do germs travel from Faeces into my body? This seems a very

    strange thing!!

    5

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    3.1 A story about travelling to Dubai

    There w ere once three brothers w ho lived in Hargeisa. Muhammad,

    Mahamuud and Muxummed. They all decided to go to Dubai. They each

    sat dow n to plan their trip differently. Each of them went a different w ay

    Muhammad, the f irst brother, wanted to get there quickly. He travelled by

    bus to Jigjiga, then by bus to Addis Ababa. There he took a taxi to the

    airport. From the airport he went directly by aeroplane to Dubai.

    Mahamuud, the second brother, was frightened of flying. He travelled by

    bus to Berbera. From the bus station he took a taxi to the port and took a

    boat to Dubai across the sea.

    Muxummad, the third brother w as in no hurry and did not w ant to go by

    boat or by plane. He decided to travel slowly all the way by bus. He took a

    different bus every day, staying in hotels along the way. He took a bus from

    Hargeisa to Jigjiga, then to Djibouti, then a ferry took the bus to Yemen.

    From Yemen he w ent through Oman and the United Arab Emirates by bus

    until he finally arrived in Dubai

    .

    6

    Hargaysa DubayBerbere

    Dubay

    Hargaysa DubaiAddis

    Ababa

    Hargeisa

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    So how do germs travel from Faeces into our bodies? Remember the story?

    Germs also have different ways of travelling into our bodies.

    7

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    3.2 How do Germs travel ?

    Remember the story of the brothers journey.

    They got to where they w anted to go

    They all took different routes

    They took different forms of transport

    So it is with Germs. Let us now look at how germs travel

    Germs can travel by plane

    A f ly lands on faeces that are open to the air. The same fly may later land on

    some of your food. The f ly makes a very nice aeroplane that Germs can

    travel w ith.

    Faeces Flies Food

    Germs can travel by Bus.

    A person does not clean his hands properly after cleaning himself in the toilet.

    His hands make a very nice Bus that Germs can travel with. When the

    person meets another person, the Germs can change buses to reach where

    they w ant to go.

    Faeces Your Hands Your friends hands

    8

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    Germs can travel overland

    An animal or person steps on faeces from a person or an animal w hich is in

    the open. The germs can then travel on their feet until the person comes to a

    place where there is water. The germs then get washed into the w ater.

    Faeces Feet Water Sources

    Germs can travel by Water

    The rain can fall on faeces of a person or an animal that is in the open. It is

    washed it into a place where people collect w ater.

    Faeces Rain Water Sources

    Germs can travel by Taxi

    There are some items that are used in daily life that help Germs to transfer

    from one place to another. When these items are touched w ith dirty hands,

    Germs can take a taxi on them.

    When these items are placed somewhere where Germs are waiting, they can

    take a taxi on them.

    Hands Water Source

    9

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    3.3

    Summary

    Likethe

    storyaboutthebrothe

    rsgoingonajourney,Germstravelfrom

    faec

    esintoourbodiesindifferentways.

    Theyin

    facthavealotofchoic

    e!Lookathow

    manyp

    athstheyhavetoreac

    hourbodies!

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    Now test yourself. For each sentence below , point to the path on the diagram

    1) People defecate in the open

    2) Rainw ater or other water washes the Germs into a water tank or w ater

    source

    3) People take contaminated water for drinking

    4) Flies land on faeces

    5) Flies land on food

    6) People eat contaminated food

    7) People clean themselves or their children in the toilet

    8) People touch water collectors & containers without f irst washing their

    hands

    9) People prepare food without f irst washing their hands

    10) Unw ashed hands enter a w ater storage tank or source as they collect

    water

    11) Water containers touch dirty ground before and after they are used forcollecting w ater.

    12) Unclean water containers enter a water storage tank or w ater source

    13) Dirty containers are used in the kitchen where food is prepared.

    14) Dirty containers take germs to our mouths while w e are drinking

    Now we understand these paths, we can understand how to stop Germs from

    using them.

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    4 Sanitation

    In the last few pages you learned how Germs can travel from Faeces to our

    bodies. We learned that they have many paths to choose from.

    Let us decide together today to make changes in our lives that block these

    Mouth

    But WHERE can we easily block the paths that Germs use to reach our

    bodies? Look at the two black paths in the picture below. Faeces on open

    ground can get washed aw ay into drinking water. Flies can land on it.

    1) How can we stop Faeces being open on the ground

    2) How can we stop Faeces being open to flies

    If you w ere the head of your clan, what would you advise everyone?

    1

    2

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    You have many options open to you and your family. The option you choose

    should hide faeces where flies cannot reach, and where water cannot wash

    the faeces into water.

    Look at the options you have in the pictures below .

    -Which is free? Which is expensive?

    - Which is easy to use? Which requires work to use?

    - Which will be the best prison for Germs?

    Which will you choose? Which can you afford?

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    If you cannot yet build a latrine you can still bury faeces.

    Even cats can bury their faeces surely man is cleaner than animals.

    Why not dig a trench on the edge of your property for your children to use?

    Educate them to defecate in the trench and cover with some of the earth.

    4.1 Latrines

    A latrine is best of all. When all members of a family use a latrine it greatly

    reduces the number of people who become sick and die of diarrhoea.

    Many people do not have enough money to build a Latrine and so they stop

    trying. If you dont have all the money, you can make the latrine cheaper if

    you are wise.

    1) You can make the shelter from traditional materials to save money. Leave

    the top of the Aqal open to allow some light in.

    2) You can make a fence instead of a shelter. Could you afford four poles

    and a tarpaulin 5 metres long? Could you use a w oven mat?

    There is no shame in these designs. This latrine is far better than nolatrine! You can easily improve it after 1 year when you have money.

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    But it is not enough to have a latrine; all the family must use it.

    If you have a latrine but one child still defecates in the open ground, flies w ill

    still bring germs into your house.

    What reasons can you think of which may stop children from using yourlatrine?

    How can you encourage them?

    In this last lesson we have learned the importance of hiding faeces well.What are the benefits of following this advice?

    Good health for you and your neighbour!

    Flies cannot touch any faeces. The germs w ill stay in the ground and die.

    The faeces cannot be easily w ashed into a place where water is collected.

    Water will remain clean.

    What are the costs of not follow ing this advice?

    Poor health for you and your neighbour!

    Flies will bring bacteria from the faeces onto your ow n food.

    Faeces will be open w hich means that people can tread in it, or it can getwashed into a place w here water is collected.

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    5 Hygiene

    In the last few pages you learned that by being careful how you dispose of

    faeces, you can Block tw o paths that Germs can travel on. What other paths

    can w e easily block?

    Look at the black paths in the picture below . People alw ays need to wash

    themselves in the toilet. Mothers alw ays have to w ash their children after

    they have been to the toilet. So it is impossible to stop faeces from getting on

    our hands. But, ask yourself:

    3) How can we stop Faeces going from our hands to other things

    The answ er is Hygiene. Hygiene means keeping yourself clean in a way that

    benef its your own health and your neighbours. The habit of washing your

    hands is one of the most pow erful ways you can stop Germs reaching your

    mouth.

    1

    2

    3

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    5.1 WHEN should my family wash

    their hands?

    Look at the pictures. For each picture,

    decide:- Should w e wash our hands

    Before

    Afterwards

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    Can you match the sentences to the

    pictures?

    WITH WHAT should my

    family wash their hands?

    After cleaning themselves in the toilet

    After cleaning children

    Before eating

    Before preparing food

    Before handling containers which

    touch water

    Soap is best.

    If you cannot find soap,

    keep a tin of ashes near

    the place where you

    wash hands

    WHAT should my family use to wash their hands?

    Something that allows both hands to wash each other

    Something that is cheap

    Something that allows you to stop the water without using your hands

    HOW should my family

    wash their hands?

    There is a Somali proverb

    One finger cannot wash a

    face. Neither can one handw ash itself. It is w iser to use

    both hands to wash each

    other.

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    One simple idea for a thing to wash the hands of your whole family.

    You need Pliers, One 3 Litre jerrican, and twopieces of w ire; 3m and 2m

    long.

    1)

    2) 3)

    4) 5)

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    6) 7)

    How to fix

    Use the other wire to fix the jerrican to a post as shown in the pictures.

    .

    1)

    2) 3)

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    4) 5)

    How to use

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    6 Summary

    Up until now w e have now talked about THREE w ays we can block the paths

    of germs as they travel from Faeces into our bodies. We have made THREE

    walls to block their paths1) Using a latrine, or burying faeces.

    - This stops faeces from getting washed into water

    2) Using a latrine, or burying faeces.

    - This stops flies from touching faeces

    3) Washing hands.- This stops Germs from reaching the things we touch.

    Many of the paths are now blocked. But look at the paths that still remain!

    These paths are now all to do w ith WATER.

    In the remaining sections of the book, we w ill think about how w e can block

    the remaining paths that still remain for Germs as they try to travel in water to

    our bodies.

    3

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    7 Water Sources

    Look at the paths that remain. What does each arrow mean? Check on page

    11 to remind yourself of how germs reach us as we collect water.

    Now let us think about how we can w e block the path of Germs coming into

    the water we collect.

    Let us first think about the different ways we collect water.

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    There are many ways that we collect water.

    Taps Rivers and Lakes

    Birked Wells

    Hand Pumps Rain Collection

    Delivered Water

    Can you think of any others that are not mentioned?

    Where do you yourself collect most of your water from?

    Drinking unclean water is one of the common ways that people can sw allow

    Germs. It is therefore one of the most common ways that you and your

    children can become sick w ith diarrhoea.

    But WHEN do Germs get into this water to make it unclean?

    Do you think the Germs are already in the w ater BEFORE it is collected?

    OR

    Do you think that the Germs join the water some time AFTER it is

    collected?

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    The answ er is BOTH! Why?

    Water in a river or a lake

    may already have touched

    the Faeces of humans and

    animals on the ground.

    Germs are already in the

    water BEFORE you

    collect it.

    Germs cannot touch water while it is in the pipe. So a tap

    usually gives clean water. But Germs can join the water

    AFTER you collect it.

    How can you know which water is clean and which water is not clean?

    No book can tell you whether your water is clean or not. But in the

    next sections in this book we will consider ways to help you judgeyour water for yourself. This knowledge w ill enable you yourself to

    protect yourself and your family.

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    8 Judging your own Water clean or dirty?

    One w ay to judge your water is to answer for yourself THREE questions

    1) What dirty things touch the water BEFORE I collect it?

    2) What dirty things touch the water WHILE its collected &

    transported?

    3) What dirty things touch the water WHILE its in my home?

    If your water doesnt touch anything that may contain Germs, it will be clean

    If your water does touch things that contain Germs, it wontbe clean.

    The next few pages help you decide if your w ater source is clean.

    Which water source do you use? Turn to the pages for your water source.

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    8.1 Taps and Hand-pumps

    Lets start w ith the cleanest w ater. Even w ater from a Tap can become

    contaminated if you are not careful.

    Is this water clean by the time it reaches your mouth? Look for the following

    danger signs!

    Lids replaced by plastic bags. These are difficult to keep clean

    Lids placed on the ground while f ill filling jerricans Hoses withone hundred and tenplastic bags wrapped round them.

    BEFORE it is collected, tap water touches only a clean pipe.

    Water is COLLECTED from the tap with Jugs, Buckets, Jerricans

    and hoses

    While it is TRANSPORTED the water touches Jerricans and lids

    While it is STORED the water touches Jerricans, Barrels and lids

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    8.2 Rain Water

    Is this water clean by the time it reaches your mouth? Look for the following

    danger signs!

    Insects and bird faeces floating in the water No cover for the water tank No cloth filter covering the barrel or tank.

    BEFORE it falls rain is clean. It might have a small

    amount of dust in it.

    It falls on your roof

    where Animals leave

    faeces.

    While it is STORED the water touches Jerricans, Barrels and lids

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    8.3 River & Lake & Birkets filled by the rain.

    Is this water clean by the time it reaches your mouth? Look for the following

    danger signs!

    Muddy stagnant water Water w hich is stepped in by people and animals Containers without proper lids

    Before it reached the river or lake, the

    water flowed over the ground. As it went,

    it collected faeces of animals and people.

    While people COLLECT the water they often stand in it. So

    does the donkey!

    While TRANSPORTING and STORING water in the home, it touches

    lids and containers.

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    8.4 Wells and Birkets built above ground

    Is this water clean by the time it reaches your mouth? Look for the followingdanger signs!

    Uncovered Birkets. Rubbish & dead insects collect in the w ater. Ropes which go on the ground and return into the Birket or Well Containers which have no proper lids

    The water in Wells and

    Birkets is usually clean at

    the begining.

    If there is no lid, insects, animals and rubbish can fall in BEFORE it

    is collected.

    When it is COLLECTED, ropes touch the ground and return

    into the water. Hands, Hoses and Funnels touch the w ater.

    While it is TRANSPORTED, the water touches dirty lids &

    containers.

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    8.5 Water Sellers

    Is this water clean by the time it reaches your mouth?

    Water sellers get their w ater from different sources. Unti l now w e have

    discussed the cleanliness of these sources

    When it is collected, ropes touch the ground and return into the water.

    Hands, Hoses and Funnels touch the w ater.

    Sometimes, w ater sellers do not have very clean lids for their containers.

    Some people use plastic bags or socks!

    The water may touch their hands and some other equipment

    when they deliver the water to you.

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    9 How can we improve the quality of our water?

    In the last lesson w e talked about the many ways that our w ater can become

    dirty.

    We learned that most of our water

    travels a long path to our bodies as

    it is collected, transported and

    stored in our houses.

    We learned that our w ater can

    become dirty little by little as ittravels this path.

    This lesson will talk about how we can improve the quality of our water .simply by being CAREFUL! Nothing more.

    Why not choose 2 ideas from this next lesson and

    use them in your home.

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    9.1 How can we improve the quality of collected rainwater?

    Do not collect the first 10

    minutes of rain water, it is the

    dirtiest.

    Tie a clean white sock over

    the drainpipe to help filter out

    bird faeces, dust and

    rubbish.

    If you have no drainpipe,

    cover your rain tank with a

    loose cloth while it rains.

    Always cover your water

    container with a lid unless

    its raining.

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    9.2 How can we improve the quality of water collected from Rivers

    and Lakes ?

    Do not take water directly out of a

    lake or stream that looks unclean

    Dig a small hole away from the

    lake and take water from this hole.

    The soil w ill filter the water for you.

    Do not allow animals or people to

    tread in the water. Put a thorn

    fence around the source if

    possible.

    Be careful about drinking water

    from rivers that only flow after it

    has rained and then stand still or

    disappear. Much faeces and

    rubbish is often washed into these

    type of new rivers.

    If at all possible River and Lake

    water should be reserved in your

    home for washing only, notdrinking.

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    9.3 Improving the way we transport water and store it in the home.

    Do not allow scoops you use to

    collect water to be touched with

    dirty hands. Wash your hands

    before you collect water.

    Tie lids to jerricans & barrels so

    they dont ever get dirty or lost

    If you have a water tank in the

    home, have one container

    reserved only for scooping the

    water. Keep it tied there so it

    doesnt get dirty or lost. Dont

    allow anyone to use another

    scoop.

    Water containers are many;

    those for the toilet, those for

    washing, those for scoopingand pouring water, those for

    drinking. Each should have

    ONE purpose only, do NOT

    exchange them.

    Do not use plastic bags for lids.

    Even a carefully shaped blockof wood is better!

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    9.4 Improving the quality of water we take from Birkas and Wells.

    Wash hands before touching

    containers, rope, or anything

    else that will go into the Birka

    or Well.

    Ensure that neither rope nor

    container go on the ground and

    then return into the water dirty!

    Ensure that the scoop touches

    NOTHING when it is outside theBirka; When you have finished

    pouring, throw it back in. Do

    not place it on the ground, or

    even the wall of the Birka.

    The cleanest Birkas are the

    ones that are covered. Theyhave less rubbish, dust and

    insects in them.

    Even better are Birkas and

    Wells that have even a simple

    pump. No one touches the

    water with their hands and so itis the best.

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    9.5 Improving the quality of water delivered by Biiyoleh.

    Wash hands before touching

    containers, rope, or anything

    else that will go into the Birka

    or Well.

    Ensure that neither rope nor

    container go on the ground and

    then return into the water dirty!

    Ensure that the scoop touches

    NOTHING when it is outside the

    Birka; When you have finished

    pouring, throw it back in. Do

    not place it on the ground, or

    even the wall of the Birka.

    Filling from covered Birkets is

    safer and cleaner.

    Do not use plastic bags forlids. Buy a proper lid.

    Replace hoses when they have

    110 plastic bags wrapped round

    them.

    Keep Funnel, Hose and Lids

    clean and not touching the

    ground.

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    In this lesson we talked about the many w ays that we can guard our water

    against Germs.

    What happens if I dont follow this advice?

    - Nothing. The sicknesses that you and your children have

    today will continue as they are.

    What happens if I follow this advice?

    -

    Slowly by slowly you will reduce the risk of you and yourchildren becoming sick.

    But maybe you are thinking What do we do if we are forced to use water

    for drinking which we know is not clean from Germs?

    The next section in this book w ill help you decide for yourself which method

    of water treatment is appropriate for you.

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    10 Water Treatment in the home

    This book will not tell you to use ONE method of w ater treatment. What this

    book will do is tell you the facts about the different water treatments so you

    can choose the one you want.

    What different treatment methods can you think of?

    Boiling Adding Chemicals

    Filtering + Settling Sunlight Treatment

    But w hich of these methods is best? The answ er is that each has some

    benefits and each has its costs. Let us weigh them up.

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    10.1 Boiling

    Water should be boiled for at least 5 minutes

    Allow the w ater to cool in a safe place away from children

    Benefits Costs

    Boiling w ater for 5 minutes

    kills absolutely ALL germs.

    Fuel Costs Money

    Every dayMakes water safe enough

    for even very small babies

    Water must be cooled a

    long time before its drunk

    10.2 Adding a mix of Chlorine & Purification chemicals

    Small packets can sometimes be found in shops.

    Follow the instructions carefully

    Benefits Costs

    If used correctly, can clear

    muddy water

    Chemicals Cost Money

    every day

    If used correctly, kills MOST

    germs

    Chemicals can be difficult to

    find

    Give bad taste to the water

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    10.3 Filtering + Settling for one day

    Good for rainw ater because bird faeces can be mostly removed

    Filter through 4 or more folded layers of cloth.

    Allow to water stand in a bucket or barrel for one day

    Gently pour off the water and leave the sediment, or even better siphon it

    with a hose to leave the sediment. This removes HALF the Germs

    Repeat for another day to remove MOST of the Germs .OR

    Use the Sunlight treatment to remove almost ALL the Germs.

    Benefits Costs

    Filter ing removes large thingswhich float.

    Costs only time.

    Leaving still for one day makes

    other dirt sink.

    Does not remove all Germs

    Together they can remove about

    HALF the Germs.

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    Choose bottles

    Without damage

    Without lables

    Without colour

    Without dirt

    Clean your hands, bottlesand tops before filling.

    Choose a place which has

    No shadow in morning

    No shadow in the

    afternoonOn a piece of jinkut is good

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    Put the bottles out early inthe morning

    Leave for 1 day

    if there is no cloud

    if there is half cloud

    Leave for 2 days

    If there is more than halfcloud

    Take the bottles insideearly in the morning when

    they are cool.

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    11 What to do when someone gets diarrhoea

    Prevention is better than cure. This whole book has been about prevention.

    But w hat do you do if you try to block Germs but they still reach your body

    and make you or your children sick?

    This section will talk about what to do when you or your family get diarrhoea.

    11.1 GO TO HOSPITAL

    Take the person to hospital early rather than late. Why? For tw o reasons.

    1) When a person becomes so w eak from diarrhoea and vomiting that they

    cannot drink, or become sleepy, they need the help of Hospital or Clinic.

    2) The Hospitals and Clinics need to know early what kind of diarrhoea it is.

    Why? So they can stop it spreading.

    11.2 EAT

    When someone becomes weak from diarrhoea and vomiting, it is importantfor their life to give them the right food. God w illing, this may save their life.

    YES: Bananas, well cooked Rice, well boiled grain or potatoes. Eggs

    NO: Fat or grease. This may make things worse!

    11.3 DRINK

    When Diarrhoea and Vomiting kills people it is often because diarrhoea and

    vomiting remove all the water, sugar and salt in your body. You cannot

    survive without these things in your body.

    So w hen diarrhoea or vomiting remove water, salt and sugar, you must

    replace them again! God willing, this may save their life.

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    Mix for the sick person a bottle of special water.

    1.5 Litre Highland Bottle

    full of clean Water2 fistfulls of Sugar Capful Salt

    Let them drink every time they vomit or have diarrhoea

    Children less than 2

    years

    Children of 10 years

    or moreAdults

    Give less than one

    half cupGive one cup

    Drink as much as you

    can

    If God wills, this may save their life.

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    .

    Waxbarashada Dadka Waa Weyn ee Jigjia

    Jigjiga Adult Education Project


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