Somdutt 10th r No.39 English Topic Determiners

8/8/2019 Somdutt 10th r No.39 English Topic Determiners

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MADE BY :MADE BY :

SOMDUTT TRIPATHISOMDUTT TRIPATHI


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DETERMINERS ARE WORDS THAT ARE

USED BEFORE A NOUN TO DETRMINE

OR FIX ITS MEANING.


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THESE CAN BE DIVIDED INTOTHESE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO

THE FOLLOWING KINDS :THE FOLLOWING KINDS :

1.1. ARTICLESARTICLES

2.2. DEMONSTRATIVESDEMONSTRATIVES

3.3. POSSESSIVESPOSSESSIVES

4.4. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVESINDEFINITE ADJECTIVES

5.5. OTHERSOTHERS


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1. USE DETERMINERS

ARTICLES : a,an, theDEMONSTRATIVES : this, that, these,

those

POSSESSIVES : my, our, your, his, her,its, their, Mohans,cows

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES : some,any,much, many,

little,few, less

OTHERS : one, two, etc. first second, etc.both several, each, every,next, other,another,neither, both etc.


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1.1. ARTICLESARTICLES

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ( A/AN )THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ( A/AN ) is usedis usedbefore a singular countable noun. Countable nouns arebefore a singular countable noun. Countable nouns arenames of things which can be counted.names of things which can be counted.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES :a book, a pen, an apple, an

:a book, a pen, an apple, anonion,.onion,.

a is used before nouns beginning with aa is used before nouns beginning with aCONSTANT SOUNDCONSTANT SOUND..

a man, a hat, a fan, a tablea man, a hat, a fan, a table an is used beforean is used before VOWEL SOUNDVOWEL SOUND

(a, e, i, o, u,) sound.(a, e, i, o, u,) sound.

an apple, an uncle, an egg, an animalan apple, an uncle, an egg, an animal


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REMEMBERREMEMBER

(i) THE INITIAL SOUND, NOT THE(i) THE INITIAL SOUND, NOT THE

SPELLING IS IMPORTANT.SPELLING IS IMPORTANT.

a.a. The following words begin with vowel lettersThe following words begin with vowel lettersbut not with vowel sounds. They, therefore,but not with vowel sounds. They, therefore,

taketake aa before them :before them : a universitya university a one rupeea one rupee--notnot a Europeana European a unita unit


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b.b.The following words begin with consonantThe following words begin with consonant

letters but with vowelletters but with vowel sounds. They,sounds. They,therefore taketherefore take aa before them :before them :an houran hour an heiran heir an M.P.an M.P. an S.P.an S.P.

(ii) The main function of indefinite article is to tell(ii) The main function of indefinite article is to tellthat the noun is precedes does not refer to anythat the noun is precedes does not refer to anyparticular person or thing.particular person or thing.


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(iii)(iii) The indefinite article is not normally The indefinite article is not normally usedused

before uncountable nouns, suchbefore uncountable nouns, such as water,as water,sugar, wheat, iron, music,sugar, wheat, iron, music, beauty, etc. But if anbeauty, etc. But if an

uncountableuncountable noun is used in a particular sense,noun is used in a particular sense,

a ora or an can be used with it.an can be used with it.I alwaysI always have a coffee with myhave a coffee with mylunch. (a cup of coffee)lunch. (a cup of coffee)

she is a great beauty. (a very beautyfulshe is a great beauty. (a very beautyfulwomen)women)


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(iv) If a countable noun is preceded by an adjective(iv) If a countable noun is preceded by an adjective

a/an is used before the adjective according to itsa/an is used before the adjective according to its

initial sound.initial sound.

He is an honest man.He is an honest man.

It is an useful book.It is an useful book.


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The definite article (the)The definite article (the) can be used with bothcan be used with both

countable nounscountable nouns singular as well as pluralsingular as well as plural andanduncountable nouns. Its main use isuncountable nouns. Its main use is to specifyto specify aa

person, place, or thing.person, place, or thing.

There is a duster on my desk. Get me duster.There is a duster on my desk. Get me duster.


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The is used before :The is used before :

(i)(i) A singular noun when it refers to a particularA singular noun when it refers to a particularclass or group.class or group.

The cow is a sacred animal.The cow is a sacred animal.

TheThe bicycle is a common mans vehicle.bicycle is a common mans vehicle.My brother has joined the army / police.My brother has joined the army / police.

(ii)(ii) The names of rivers, ranges of mountains, gulfs,The names of rivers, ranges of mountains, gulfs,seas, oceans, groups of islands, names of ships,seas, oceans, groups of islands, names of ships,

etc.etc. the Ganga, the Himalayas, the Inadianthe Ganga, the Himalayas, the InadianOcean, the Andamans, the Samrat.Ocean, the Andamans, the Samrat.


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(iii)(iii) The names of the countries in pluralThe names of the countries in plural thetheUnited Kingdom, the United States ofUnited Kingdom, the United States of

America, the Netherlands.America, the Netherlands.

(iv)(iv) The names of the religious booksThe names of the religious books thethe

Ramayana, the Vedas, the Gita, the Bible.Ramayana, the Vedas, the Gita, the Bible.(v)(v) Hotels, museums and certain buildingsHotels, museums and certain buildings thethe

Ashoka hotel, the Central Bank, the MinistryAshoka hotel, the Central Bank, the Ministry

of Defence, the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort.of Defence, the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort.


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(vi)(vi) The names of families in pluralThe names of families in plural the Nehrus, thethe Nehrus, the

Kapurs.Kapurs.

(vii)(vii) The names of newspapers and magazinesThe names of newspapers and magazines thethe

Tribune, the Illustrated Weekly of India.Tribune, the Illustrated Weekly of India.

(viii)(viii) The superlatives of adjectivesThe superlatives of adjectives -- the best boy, thethe best boy, theworst thing.worst thing.

(ix)(ix) Descriptive adjectives referring to a whole groupDescriptive adjectives referring to a whole group

or classor class the rich = rich people; the poor = poorthe rich = rich people; the poor = poor

people.people.(x)(x) Names of races and communitiesNames of races and communities the Sikhs, thethe Sikhs, the

Chinese, the English.Chinese, the English.


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(xi)(xi) Expressions likeExpressions like by the dozen, by the litre,by the dozen, by the litre,

all the students, both the brothers, the sameall the students, both the brothers, the same

thing, etc.thing, etc.

Important :Important : do not use the before :do not use the before :

(a)(a) Abstract nouns, plural nouns, proper nouns,Abstract nouns, plural nouns, proper nouns,

names of materials, meals, colours, when usednames of materials, meals, colours, when usedin general sense.in general sense.

(b)(b) The names of games.The names of games.

(c)(c) Expressions like all day, all night, by, train, byExpressions like all day, all night, by, train, byair.air.


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Study carefully the use of theStudy carefully the use of the followingfollowing

determiners :determiners :

(i)(i) SomeSome is generally used inaffirmativeis generally used inaffirmativesentences with uncountable and pluralsentences with uncountable and plural

countable nouns :countable nouns :

somesome people expect rapid economicpeople expect rapid economic

development.development.

there isthere is somesome evidenceevidence that he is guilty.that he is guilty.

I haveI have somesome good ideas on the subject.good ideas on the subject.

SomeSome can be used in questions when wecan be used in questions when weexpect yesanswer.expect yesanswer.

would you likewould you like somesome coffee ?coffee ?

could you give mecould you give me somesome examples ?examples ?


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ANYANY is generally used in questions when youis generally used in questions when youask whether something exist ornot. It is alsoask whether something exist ornot. It is also

used innegative sentences to say thatused innegative sentences to say thatsomething does does not exist.something does does not exist.

Do you have any advice to offer on this subjectDo you have any advice to offer on this subject??

It hasnt made any difference.It hasnt made any difference.ANYANY is also used inaffirmative sentencesis also used inaffirmative sentencesbefore pluralnouns and uncountable nounsbefore pluralnouns and uncountable nounsthen you to a quantity of something which maythen you to a quantity of something which may

or maynot exist.or m

aynot exist.The patient know their rights like any otherThe patient know their rights like any other

consumers.consumers.

Check if you are any doubt.Check if you are any doubt.

You can stop at any time you like.You can stop at any time you like.


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(iii)(iii)LITTLELITTLE andandMUCHMUCH refer to amountrefer to amount

quantity.quantity.littlelittle is used to emphasize that there is only ais used to emphasize that there is only a

smallamount of something.smallamount of something.

MuchMuch emphasizes alarge amount. Both areemphasizes alarge amount. Both are

used with uncountable nouns.used with uncountable nouns.

There was little applause at the end of theThere was little applause at the end of the

speech.speech.

We have made little progress.We have made little progress.He didnot speak much English.He didnot speak much English.

Do you watch much television.Do you watch much television.


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A littleA little refers to smallamount ofrefers to smallamount of

something without

any emph

asis.somethi

ng without

any emph

asis.

I have a spendalittle time in Delhi.I have a spendalittle time in Delhi.

I am having alittle trouble these days.I am having alittle trouble these days.


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(iv)(iv) FewFew andandManyMany refers to number.refers to number.

These are used before plural countableThese are used before plural countable

nouns.nouns.

FewFew emphasizes a smallnumber.emphasizes a smallnumber.

Few students were present today.Few students were present today.

Many people went to welcome theMany people went to welcome the

Prime Minister.Prime Minister.

A fewA few refer to a smallnumber withoutrefer to a smallnumber without

any emphasis.any emphasis.

They stayed in London for few days.They stayed in London for few days.

A few years ago we get up a factory.A few years ago we get up a factory.


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(v)(v) More, lessMore, less andandfewerfewerare comparativeare comparative

determiners.determiners.MoreMore is used before pluraland uncountableis used before pluraland uncountable

nouns to refer to a quantity oramount ofnouns to refer to a quantity oramount of

something which is greater thananothersomething which is greater thananother

quantity oramount. It is also used to anquantity oramount. It is also used to anadditional quantity of somethingadditional quantity of something

He does more work than I do.He does more work than I do.

His visit might do more harm than good.His visit might do more harm than good.

More officers will be appointed whenneedMore officers will be appointed whenneed

arise.arise.


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LessLess is used to refer to anamount ofis used to refer to anamount ofsomething that is smaller thananothersomething that is smaller thananother

amount.amount.It is usually used before uncountableIt is usually used before uncountablenouns.nouns.

He finds less time for his hobbies.He finds less time for his hobbies.FewerFeweris used to refer to a group of thingsis used to refer to a group of thingsthat is smaller thananother group beforethat is smaller thananother group beforepluralnouns.pluralnouns.

Fewer students passed the examinationFewer students passed the examinationthis year.this year.

There are fewer trees here.There are fewer trees here.


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(vi)(vi)AllAllrequires a plural verb when followedrequires a plural verb when followed

by countable pluralnouns. It includesby countable pluralnouns. It includes

every person or thing ofa particularevery person or thing ofa particularkind .kind .

AllAllprisoners cannot be treated in theprisoners cannot be treated in the

same manner .same manner .AllAllrequires a singular verb when it isrequires a singular verb when it is

followed by an uncountable noun.followed by an uncountable noun.

AllAll that glitters is not gold.that glitters is not gold.


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(vii)(vii)BothBoth is used to talk about two personsis used to talk about two persons

or things of the same kind. It is used toor things of the same kind. It is used toemphasize that the two persons or thingsemphasize that the two persons or thingsare involved, rather than one. It is oftenare involved, rather than one. It is often

followed by and.followed by and.There were excellent performances fromThere were excellent performances from bothboth actors.actors.

BothBoth Ramesh and Rakesh are good players of tennis.Ramesh and Rakesh are good players of tennis.


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(viii)(viii) EitherEitherandand NeitherNeitherrefer to tworefer to twopersons or things, but usually indicatepersons or things, but usually indicate

that only one of the two is (is not)that only one of the two is (is not)involved.involved.

NeitherNeitheris used with a singular noun.is used with a singular noun.

No argument could move eitherNo argument could move eithergentleman from this decision.gentleman from this decision.Take either half; they are exactly the same .NeitherTake either half; they are exactly the same .Neitherstatement is true.statement is true.

I can agree in neither case.I can agree in neither case.


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EitherEither can mean both things especiallycan mean both things especially

when used with both with end or side.when used with both with end or side.They stood on either side of the bed.They stood on either side of the bed.

there was an arm chair at either end of thethere was an arm chair at either end of thetable.table.


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(ix)(ix)EachEach andand EveryEveryrefers to all therefers to all themembers of a group of persons ormembers of a group of persons or

things. When we think about thethings. When we think about themembers individuals, we use members individuals, we use eacheach, and, andwhen we make a general statementwhen we make a general statement

about all of them, we use about all of them, we use everyevery. They. Theyare followed by singular countable nounsare followed by singular countable nounsand take verbs in the singular.and take verbs in the singular.

They rushed out to meet each visitor.They rushed out to meet each visitor.This new development can be seen inThis new development can be seen inevery village.every village.

every child would have milk every day.every child would have milk every day.


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EachEach can be used when talking about tocan be used when talking about to

people or things, butpeople or things, buteveryeveryis used foris used formore than two.more than two.


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ONE :ONE : When we have been talking or writingWhen we have been talking or writingabout a group of people or thing and want toabout a group of people or thing and want to

say something about a particular member of thesay something about a particular member of thegroup, we usegroup, we use oneone. It is used instead of a or. It is used instead of a oran and is more emphatic.an and is more emphatic.

We had one case which dragged on for a coupleWe had one case which dragged on for a couple

of years.of years.I know one household where that thing actuallyI know one household where that thing actuallyhappened.happened.

One women novelist wrote that they criticisedOne women novelist wrote that they criticised

her all the time.her all the time.As a pronoun One should we followed byAs a pronoun One should we followed byappropriate cases of one.appropriate cases of one.

One should do ones dutyOne should do ones duty


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(i)(i) AnotherAnotheris used with singular countable nouns tois used with singular countable nouns totalk about an additional person or thing of the sametalk about an additional person or thing of the same

type as have already been mentioned.type as have already been mentioned.Could I have another cup of coffee ?Could I have another cup of coffee ?

He opened another shop last moth.He opened another shop last moth.

Five officials were sacked and anotherFive officials were sacked and another fourfour

arrested.arrested.

OtherOtheris used with plural nouns or sometimesis used with plural nouns or sometimeswith uncountable nouns.with uncountable nouns.

Other people must have thought likeOther people must have thought like this.this.They are either asleep or absorbed in play orThey are either asleep or absorbed in play orother activity.other activity.


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(xii)(xii)EnoughEnough is used before uncountableis used before uncountablenouns or plural nouns to say that therenouns or plural nouns to say that thereis as much of something as is needed, oris as much of something as is needed, oras many things as are needed.as many things as are needed.

It had enough room to store all the information.It had enough room to store all the information.

They were not getting enough guests.They were not getting enough guests.


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(xiii)(xiii)MostMost indicates nearly all of a groupindicates nearly all of a groupor amount.or amount.

Most people recover but the diseaseMost people recover but the diseasecan be fetal.can be fetal.

Most farmers are still using the oldMost farmers are still using the old

methods.methods.


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(xiv)(xiv)SeveralSeveral usually indicates an impreciseusually indicates an imprecisenumber that is not very large, but is morenumber that is not very large, but is morethan two.than two.

I had seen her several times before.I had seen her several times before.

There were several reasons for this.There were several reasons for this.


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Somdutt 10th r No.39 English Topic Determiners

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