Some Problems of Stone Fruit Terminology in Russian

Some Problems of Stone Fruit Terminology in RussianAuthor(s): Brian CooperSource: The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 1-17Published by: the Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School ofSlavonic and East European StudiesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4210863 .

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THE SLAVONIC

AND EAST EUROPEAN

REVIEW

Volume 70, Number i-January I 992

Some Problems of Stone Fruit

Terminology in Russian

BRIAN COOPER

AMONG the plants which have fruit of the type known to botanists as drupes, those belonging to the genus Prunus in its broad sense, that is the stone fruits, present interesting problems from the etymological point of view. Some aspects of these problems will be examined here in relation to the main Prunus fruit crops with the exception of those belonging to Prunus in its narrow sense, that is the plums. The crops covered are primarily cherry species, which offer the most challenging problems, and also apricot and peach.

There are several words denoting cherry in standard Russian. The most common is probably vis'nja, a word which applies to the sour cherry Prunus cerasus and related species (assigned by some taxonomists to a separate genus, Cerasus), as distinct from the sweet cherry ceres'nja (P. avium, sometimes designated Cerasus avium) and the bird cherry $erjomucha (P. padus, sometimes assigned with its related species to a separate genus, Padus). The origin of the word vis'nja is disputed. Richard James records it in the form veashna (Larin, p. 76) and Fenne has .the noun vischni (II, P. 46) and the adjectival form in vischnevoi klei 'cherry gum' (ii, p. 87), which occurs in the form klej visnevyj in Zmejev (P. 212). It is precisely this gum which has led some etymologists (Preobrazenskij, Vasmer, s.v. vis'nja; Moszyn'ski, p. 278) to discern a connection with Latin viscum and Greek tM6; 'mistletoe, bird-lime (from mistletoe berries)', cf. Italian visciola, visciolina 'sour cherry', the Indo- European root being perhaps * uiks (* uiksum > viscum). In any event, the word is clearly of Common Slavonic descent (cf. Ukrainian vys'nja, Bulgarian vis'nja, Serbo-Croat vi's'nja, Slovene visnja, Czech vis'ne', Slovak vis'na, Polish wis'nia, Polabian vaisnra, Upper Sorbian wis'en', Lower

Brian Cooper is a member of St Catharine's College, University of Cambridge.



2 BRIAN COOPER

Sorbian wis'nia) with cognates, probably borrowed from Slavonic, in the Baltic languages (Lithuanian vysnfia, Old Prussian wisnaytos), Roman- ian vi,in, vi#ina, Albanian vishnje and Turkish vitne. In Old Church Slavonic, vis`njav6 'swarthy, dark' had a similar meaning to Latinfuscus. Some scholars have supposed a connection with Baltic words for elm (Latvian viksna, Lithuanian vinks'na), but this seems debatable; Machek suggests (p. go) that the Lithuanian -k- may be interpolated, the original being * vin v-sna, cf. Russian vjaz, Old Church Slavonic vfz-6. There does, however, seem to be a possible link with Old High German wihsila, Middle High German wihsel 'sweet cherry', cf. German Weichsel (Vasmer, s.v. vis'nja). The Russian word also occurs in the forms vis'ona and vis'en' (genitive vis'enja) in dialect (Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov) *1

Early examples of its use include this from 1585 (Slovar' russkogojazyka XI-XVII vv., s.v. visnja): 'KyHAeHO HOATpeTM1ITLaTb TbICWIb AroATb BH4IIIOH ...'. It has been thought (for example by Vasmer, Preo- brazenskij, s.v. vis'nja; Moszyn'ski, p. 278) to be connected with the Greek vOhooog 'fine linen, (red) silk', P?n(oLVO; 'made of fine linen, crimson', later giving rise to fiCUOLVOV 'sour cherry' (which exists in modern Greek, though some consider it a borrowing from Slavonic), cf. also modern Greek 3LOLVL, PUOOLVLca 'sour cherry'.

A completely different explanation of the word is offered by Sanskij et al. (s.v. visvnja): that it may be a suffixal derivative in -j- from a Common Slavonic noun * visbna (represented in the dialect Russian visna 'branch weighed down by blossom or fruit', recorded by Dal'), which was derived from viseti 'be hanging' with the suffix -bna. Viseti (Russian viset') is from the same root as vesit' with e/i alternation and can be compared with Persian awz'z 'suspending', awz'za 'pendulous', awz'khtan 'suspend'. K. Moszyn'ski (p. 279) has suggested that the name was given originally (perhaps first to the wild P. fruticosa and only later to P. cerasus) because of the tree's thin pliable branches (* viS'bnja < * visa < *vigsfa), the root presumably being * wik-, * weiq- (cf. English weak and perhaps German Weichsel, Middle High German wThsel), as seen in English wych (Old English wice/wic, applied to trees with pliant branches), Greek &'l(xw 'yield', Latin vices 'turn, interchange'. This root may in turn be connected with * wi- 'plait', cf. Latin viere 'weave', vimen 'osier' (for discussion of this root and further cognates, see Cooper, pp. I96-97). Compare also Polish wisny 'pliable, flexible' with wisnia 'sour cherry'. There may even be some connection between the hanging and bending roots, if Common Slavonic * visnQti and vis6ti are associated with Old High German swihhan 'weaken, slacken' (Moszyn'ski, p. I98)

through a root * (s) yeig-, which might be represented in Slavonic by * (s)vig-, alongside * vich- representing * ueis, cf. Russian svichnut' (see

Simonovic (s.v. Prunusfruticosa) has visnjak and visenki referring to P. fruticosa.



STONE FRUIT TERMINOLOGY IN RUSSIAN 3

Vasmer, s.v. -vichat'/-vichnut', who mentions a link with vit "weave', cf. Latin viere).

To sum up, many agree that the word is a Common Slavonic borrowing, the source being disputed (Sanskij, s.v. vis'nja): some think that the Germanic and Slavonic forms were borrowed from Latin viscum < Greek Ue6; (* viS'bnja < * vichbnja < * viksbnja), others that the borrowing was from late Greek rvootav' (Bruckner, s.v. wisnia, supposes a Caucasian language as possible intermediary). Not every- one, however, considers it a loanword. It has been associated with * visbna < viseti (cf. the dialect Russian words for apple vislja, visljak and visljak) and even with Old Church Slavonic vilSb 'green branches, wood', on the assumption that it may originally have referred to woodland cherries, cf. Lithuanian vaisius 'fruit', vaisa 'harvest, yield', veiseti 'be fruitful'. One might also speculate on a possible connection with the root of Russian ves ''countryside' (Polish wies), Old Church Slavonic vbSb, Gothic weiks 'countryside', Old High German wih, German Weich(bild) (cf. Old High German wihsila, German Weichsel 'sour cherry'), English wick/wich, Latin vicus, Greek (F)o'Xo;, Sanskrit ve(a(s) 'house'.

Before closing the examination of vis'nja, however, one more group of possibly related words must be taken into account. These are represented by Old French guisne, French guigne (spelt guine in the fourteenth century), Spanish guinda, Portuguese ginja, Euskara (Basque) ginda! ginga, English gean, Russian ginja. If the classic w-/gu- alternation is taken into account (cf. war/guerre), the possibility of a connection with Slavonic visfnja and perhaps Greek 3LOLVL, GOQLVLQ, and more remotely with Old High German wihsila and Italian visciola, is not entirely impossible (OED, s.v. gean). Victor Hehn (p. 303) accepts that all these words are related and thinks the cherry/mistletoe connection worth exploring, since the words could all be explained on the basis of Latin viscum and Greek (F) te6;. If the Germanic words came first, as suggested by French and Spanish gu-, Germanic -ch- could be epenthe- tic before -sl-, as in German Weichsel 'Vistula' in contrast to Slavonic Visla. Hehn then points to Low German wispel 'bird cherry' (with -p- by epenthesis) and a possible link with Greek [tkuXov 'medlar', a word used to refer to the fruit of the cornelian cherry (xpaveva, xQavov) in a fragment of the comic poet Amphis. There might then be some link with Old High German mistil 'mistletoe' (= Latin visculus with m < v), cf. Old English mistel (English missel, as in missel thrush) and mistel-tan (= missel twig) > mistletoe. Alternatively, the Romance words may be distantly related to the root * wind-, perhaps an extended form of * wi- like * wik- (Cooper, pp. i96-97). Though unlikely, this hypothesis would perhaps accord with Moszynski's view that vis'nja is derived from * vigsja (see above). It should be noted, however, that these words



4 BRIAN COOPER

properly refer not to the sour cherry but to a type of sweet cherry (ceres'nja) with soft tender fruit flesh, a sense which has given the Russian word ginja, probably derived from French guigne. This type of sweet cherry is contrasted with the firm-fleshed bigarreau types (= Pru- nus [avium var.] duracina), sometimes known as spanskaja visnja (Slovar' russkogo jazyka XVIII veka, s.v. visnja; Etimologiceska slovar' slavjanskich

jazykov, s.v. cers'a), which is often reduced to spanka (Dal', Segal, Vasmer), in much the same way as vengerka is reduced from vengerskaja sliva. The original source was Polish hiszpanski 'Spanish', Hiszpan(ka) 'Spaniard' or perhaps German spanisch (Vasmer, s.v. svpanka).

It is thought that the sour cherry may have developed in prehistoric times from the sweet cherry, which differs from it in many character- istics, such as sweet flesh (vs. acid-sweet or astringent) that is hard to separate from the fruit (vs. readily separable), an elliptical stone (vs. spherical) and virtual absence of root suckering (vs. prolific suckering). The basic Russian word for the sweet cherry, ceres'nja, is clearly cognate with Latin cerasus 'sour cherry', but the precise origin of the word is less clear. Miklosich (s.v. cersja) envisages a form * cersja reflected in Old Church Slavonic Cre6Sbnja (< * cre`-sà-bnja), Bulgarian ceres.a, Slovene cesnja, Serbo-Croat tre's'nja (occasionally cre'snja), Czech tresvne (Moravian stresvna, cf. striemcha 'bird cherry') and in dialect ceresvna, Slovak ceres"na, Polish trzesinia (and czeres'nia under Russian influence), Ukrainian and Russian ceres'nja. Serbo-Croatian variants listed by Simonovic% (s.v. Prunus avium) are tris'nja, cresa, ceresa, cresnja (cf. Macedonian cresna), krijes'a, krnjesva, krisa and krissva. The cognate Magyar cseresznye is a loanword. Other cognates are Romanian cireasa, Turkish kirez, kiraz and Albanian qershi. Miklosich thinks that the Slavonic was borrowed from the German: Old High German chirsa < * chersa, Middle High German kerse (or kirse, German Kirsche). Vasmer (s.v. ceresvnja) also raises the possibility of a German intermediary, envisaging, like Moszyn'ski (p. 277), that the word might have been borrowed (as * cersa) via Old Bavarian * chersia (* cherssia)/chersse 'sour cherry' from popular Latin ceresia, though he concedes that it is easier to explain as borrowed directly from the popular Latin, an alteration of classical Latin cerasus, itself derived in turn from Greek xac?CCoog 'sour cherry' (modern Greek xCQUOL). Vasmer justifiably thinks it unlikely that the Slavonic was borrowed as * cerSvbnia direct from the Greek. Sanskij et al. (s.v. c6eres'nja) favour a Common Slavonic derivation with the suffix -bnja direct from vulgar (low) Latin ceresia (< Latin cerasus < Greek xEcQaaog), citing in support the collective form c6eres0e, which is recorded by Sreznevskij ('CMOKBHI, Ii q6AoHie, ii xiepecie, i4 rpoxcAbq, 14 BcHKia OB0114 ...').

One might note also the variant c'resmina listed by Segal and (as a church word) by Dal'. Gorjajev, adding as cognates the Italian ciliegia (for ciriegia), French cerise and English cherry, also appears to favour




derivation direct from the Latin ceresia, and (using evidence from Roman writers) he notes that Lucullus (the Roman general who fought Mithridates VI of Pontus from 74 to 66 B.C.), known for his lavish mode of living, brought cherries back from Pontus. It would seem likely (Etimologiceskij slovar' slavjanskich jazykov, s.v. cersa, Cersbna) that the direct borrowing into Slavonic from Latin cerasia/ceresia was in the form cersa (cf. Bulgarian ceresa, and also Ukrainian dialect cerecha 'Prunus [avium var.] duracina'). The borrowing was early, before the phonetic change in value of Latin c- (softening of k-). The longer form * cerSbna (* cers'nja) was possibly a derivative of cersa with the suffix -tn- but perhaps more probably a derivative of the Latin adjective cerasinus (= vis'njovyj). In fact it is possible (OED, s.v. cherry) that the original Latin from which the Romance, Germanic and Slavonic words were derived (* ceresia/* ceresea) represents ultimately an adjectival form * ceresea < *cereseus < *ceresus (a popular form of cerasus?). This form was the ultimate progenitor not only of the Slavonic but also of Romance words such as Italian ciriegia (ciliegia), Spanish cereza, Portuguese cereja, ProvenSal cereisa/cereira, French cerise (and ultimately English cherry through Norman French cherise, taken as a plural), and indeed of the equivalent German words, the apparent sequence of German forms being keresja, kerisja, kirisja, kirissa, whence Old English cirisse, ciris, cyrs/cirs (later replaced by the Norman French loanword), Old High German chirsa, chersa and Old Low German * kirsa (OED, s.v. cherry). The Slavonic may possibly have come through a German intermediary, but the ultimate root is the same. As for the antecedents of the Greek word xwEcoog (the forms xF,06oLov and xoQa calE'cQaLa are also found), from which the Latin was derived, writers of the time suggested that it was so called after the town of KFLoQaoi; (Latin Cerasus, genitive Cerasuntis, now Keresun/Kiresiin, cf. Turkish kirezl kiraz) in Pontus on the Asia Minor coast of the Black Sea, from where cherries were brought to Rome. The town could, however, have been so called after the native cherries. Links have also been suggested with Assyrian kars'u 'stone fruit' (Etimologiceskj slovar'slavjanskichjazykov, s.v. cerSbna), with the Indo-European root * k(W)erds (* kbrs-) 'black, dark' (cf. Lithuanian kersas 'with black and white spots', Old Prussian kirsnan 'black', Sanskrit krsna's, Russian cern-) and even, perhaps most plausibly, with Greek xFzQa 'horn' as descriptive of the horny hardness of cherry wood (Hehn, p. 302), cf. Latin cornus 'cornelian cherry' and cornu 'horn'.2

In addition to the various cherry types mentioned above, there are a number of others with special names. The so-called duke cherries are intermediate (hybrids) between sour and sweet forms and are known in

2 Cf. the use of cherry wood in pipe making (see the penultimate paragraph of this study, on the mahaleb cherry).



6 BRIAN COOPER

Russian by the borrowed word djuk (djuki), which is short for Maj-Djuk (May Duke), a cultivar after which the group was named. This cultivar is also called in Russian majskg (and in Serbo-Croat majska), although the name (despite appearances) almost certainly has nothing to do with May, being probably a corruption of Medoc, a district of France whence the cultivar May Duke came (Hedrick, p. I 29; Aljosin, p. 154) . Among the sour cherries, the most problematic types are the amarelles or morellos. Technically these are two different types (Hedrick, p. I 28): the former, with a name evidently derived via the German Amarelle (Brockhaus ABC, I, p. 685, s.v. Kirsche) from Latin amarus 'bitter', have colourless juice, while the latter, apparently from the Italian morello (feminine morella) 'blackish, dark-coloured', have darker (reddish) juice. The latter type is known in German as Weichsel (see above) and in French as griotte (Old French agriote < Old ProvenSal agriota < agre [= aigre] 'tart, sharp' < Latin acer). Clearly there is some semantic overlap here. Not surprisingly the two names are often confounded, and in Russian they commonly appear as amorel' (as in the cultivar name Amorel' korolevskaja) and morel', respectively (Zukovskij, p. 498). The French griotte appears in Russian as griot (Sovetskij enciklopedicèskij slovar', s.v. moreli, defines moreli and grioty as sour cherry varieties with dark fruit), as in cultivar names such as Griot grus'evidnyj and Griot severnyj. Although an Italian origin for morello is the obvious one, there is no evidence that the fruit was ever so called in Italian, which uses (a)marasca or (a)marena. The Flemish name was marelle, aphetic for amarelle, representing Italian amarella, a diminutive of amaro 'bitter' < Latin amarus (OED, s.v. morello), cf. French cerise amarelle. It seems possible, therefore, that morello could have derived originally from this source (morello cherries do have a bitter taste) and been altered under the influence of the morel- root (as represented by Old French morel, modern French moreau 'jet black', obsolete English morel 'dark- coloured', Italian morello). The ultimate source of this 'dark' root is either Latin morum/morus 'mulberry' or more likely Greek taiQoo 'black' (which in turn may be derived from the ethnic Latin name maurus 'Moor', diminutive * maurellus, in medieval Latin morellus). In other words, amarelle and morello may be doublets. The Russian form morel', in this cherry sense, may go back, like English morel 'morello cherry', to the seventeenth-century French morelle in the same sense, though Preobrazenskij (s.v. morel') favours a derivation from German Morelle 'morello cherry' < Italian morello and ultimately Latin maurus (whence perhaps morum/morus).

Besides referring to this type of cherry, Russian morel' has also been applied to another stone fruit, the apricot, Prunus armeniaca.3 In this

3 This example is from I667 (Slovar' russkogojazyka XI-XVII vv., s.v. morel'): 'npHcAaHo C

KHeBa ... I AepeBO MopeAC, 3 AepeBa AepeH14.




sense, especially, there occurs the variant morela (Dal', Vasmer, s.v. morel'), occasionally morella (Slovar' russkogojazyka XVIII veka, s.v. abrikos). Vasmer (s.v. morel') derives this meaning through Polish morela 'apricot' or direct from German MorellelMarelle (Bavarian and Austrian Marille) < Italian amarella. Gorjajev seems to favour a Romance derivation for this sense, citing Old French morel and Italian morello. Cognate with the Russian word in the apricot sense are Ukrainian morelja, Serbo-Croat am (a) relca, marela, marelica, Slovak marhul'a, marul'a, morul 'a and Slovene marelica. In Serbo-Croat, marela can refer to both sour cherry and apricot. Machek (p. I I 3, s.v. Prunus armeniaca) explains the divergence in meaning between cherry and apricot as resulting from confusion in German involving Amarelle (and its aphaeretic forms Marelle, Morelle and Marille) and arising from the influence on the original root, medieval Latin amarum 'bitter', of Italian regional words for apricot like armellino and armilo (derived from Latin armeniaca, cf. Italian pesca armenica 'apricot', and in a similar sense amiliaca, miliaca, meliaca, moniaca), with the result that Marelle developed the sense 'sour cherry' in northern Germany but '(small) apricot' in southern Germany. Indeed, Bavarian/Austrian Marille denotes apricot but German Amarelle and Morelle denote sour cherries (Sainchez-Monge, p. 235, s.vv. Prunus armeniaca and P. cerasus). On this basis it would seem possible to assume that both senses of the Russian word were acquired through German.

The normal word for apricot in Russian is, of course, abrikos, though Dal' records the variant aprikos (s.v. abrikos). It seems to have been borrowed in the early eighteenth century from Dutch abrikoos which (like German Aprikose, in the seventeenth century Abrikose) came via Romance, for example French abricot (once aubercot) or Spanish albar(i)coque/alber(i)coque (or one of its variants, such as abercoque! abracoque), from Arabic al-birquq, a/-burquq (Sanskij etal., Vasmer, Sanskij, s.v. abrikos), cf. Spanish Arabic al-borcoq(ue) (OED, s.v. apricot). The Arabic, in turn, was derived via late Greek mQaLXOxLov (later JTQEXoXXLcL) from late Latin praecoquum, a variant of praecox 'early ripe' < coquere 'ripen, cook' (Preobrazenskij, Gorjajev, Sanskij, s.v. abrikos). The initial apr- was probably influenced by Latin apricus 'ripe' (Cyganenko, s.v. abrikos). In Russian the spelling aprikos is found as early as I 722; variants of the ending occur in the eighteenth century, notably -koz and (influenced by French abricot) -kot, both dating from I 75 I (Slovar' russkogojazyka XVIII veka). Spellings such as aprikoz found at this time (cf. '6pocKB4HoBI H anIp1HKO30B7b ... MHo;KeCTBO Slovar' russkogo jazyka XVIII veka, s.v. broskvina) have led some authorities to suppose that German rather than Dutch was the initial source of the Russian word (Gorjajev, Preobrazenskij, s.v. abrikos). It is possible that the variants in apr- were separately borrowed from German (Sanskij, s.v. abrikos), cf. Polish aprykoza.



8 BRIAN COOPER

Other words for apricot recorded by Dal' under the entry abrikos are Z'eltoslivnik, kurega and septala (they are also noted in Slovar' russkogo jazyka XVIII veka, the first two s.v. abrikos, the last s.v. broskvina). Zeltoslivnik, clearly a suffixal derivative of zeltyj ("oltyj) 'yellow' and sliva 'plum', is defined in Dal' and Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov as the apricot or apricot tree. Another compound, this time non-suffixal, is the form abrikoso-sliva, denoting Prunus dasycarpa. Kurega, sometimes incorrectly found as kureca according to Dal' (s.v. kurega), is recorded by Vasmer as denoting specifically dried apricots (though Dal' gives no indication of this in his definition). Vasmer gives the variant form kurjaga and derives the word from Kumyk kuraga. Another variant, kuraga (Zukovskij, p. 482), is recorded by Sanskij etal. with the sug- gestion that it was borrowed from Uzbek kuraga 'dried' (a derivative of kuru 'dry up'). Sovetskij enciklopediceskij slovar' records the same spelling as of Turkic origin and defines the word as 'sun-dried apricot halves'. A Turkic origin would certainly seem most plausible, cf. Turkish kurak/kuru 'dry'. Gorjajev equates the word with the apricot tree or fruit (like Dal', making no mention of dried fruit) and cites the Kumyk Tatar word kuraga as a likely source, noting also a Persian word of similar form. The Russian word appears to have been borrowed in the eighteenth century (Sanskij, s.v. kuraga), first as kurjaga (I 785) and later kurega (I 786), from a Turkic language in the Caucasian area (Dal' and Vasmer record the word as Caucasian), perhaps Azeri (Sanskij, s.v. kuraga), cf. gurag 'dry', but probably Kumyk (spoken in the north-east Caucasus). As for the exact implication of the word, in standard use it appears to denote dried apricots, but Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov, listing kurega and kurga as 'dried', defines kuraga' as the apricot tree or fruit, ascribing the sense 'dried apricots' only to the form stressed kuraga. Two other words specifically referring to dried apricots are urjuk and septala (Sovetskij enciklopediceskij slovar', s.v. abrikos). Urjuk is listed by Dal' and was certainly current as early as the eighteenth century.4 Vasmer records the word but offers no account of its origin. It too appears to have been derived from a Turkic language, perhaps Uzbek urik '(dried) apricot' (Sanskij etal., s.v. urjuk). Gorjajev lists it with the variant spelling orjuk, likewise favouring a Turkic-Tatar origin (arik), cf. Kazakh orik (epiK). Septala, also occurring in the form saptala (Vasmer, Dal', Preobrazenskij), is recorded as referring to dried apricots, dried peaches or both. Dal' seems to favour the sense dried peaches (s.v. septala), though he enters the sense 'dried apricots' (s.v. abrikos) with a query whether dried peaches are meant. Most modern dictionaries give both senses. Although the word clearly can denote dried apricots as well as peaches, it is derived via Turkish yeftali 'peach'

4 Cf. from Slovar' russkogo jazyka XVIII veka (s.v. abrikos): 'A 3eMAI ... OBO4IHi 3bAO

H3p5IAHbie POAHT, a HMeHHo: ... YPIOK (HAM a6p4KOCbI)'.




(Azerbaijani and Crimean Tatar siaftdli) from Persian shaftdlu 'peach' (Vasmer, Preobrazenskij, Gorjajev, s.v. septala). In Serbo-Croat, keptalga refers to apricot (Simonovic, s.v. Prunus armeniaca). The similarity of apricots and peaches causes them to be confused. For example, the neuter indeclinable Russian word for peach zerdali (recorded in Slovar' Imperatorskoj Akademii nauk) is derived from Persian zard-iluz 'apricot' (zard = yellow; a'lu' denotes various types of plum, as in dlzicheh [= Russian alycJa] and alu'-bukhar, cf. also dlu'-ba'lu 'sour cherry').

The normal Russian word for the peach (Prunus persica) is persik. First recorded in Russian dictionaries in the second half of the eighteenth century, it is a new literary borrowing from Latin (malum) persicum, literally 'Persian (apple)', late Latin persica, ultimately representing Greek TEQcrlxOv >dfkov from JIEQOLXo 'Persian' (by extension 'peach') and fl*Qo(; 'Persia', after Perseus. The Russian word, probably borrowed via Middle Low German persik, Middle High German pfersich (Sanskij etal., Cyganenko, Vasmer, Preobrazenskij, s.v. persik), has ousted the original form bruskvina (which Dal' defines as persik, septala) or broskvina, cf. Ukrainian broskvyna, broslyva 'peach'. Variants of this original word occurring in older Russian include broskvinja, broskinja and brosvina cited in Slovar' russkogo jazyka XI-XVII vv. (cf. for i666 'OTOCAaTb BO ABOpeg-b 6pOCBuHbI. . .') and bruskvina, broskvin, broskvin(j)a and proskvina cited in Slovar' russkogojazyka XVIII veka (s.v. broskvina). Though it may seem hard to believe, broskvina is probably from the same original source as the modern persik (in the form * perzsky) with contamination by the form * brosky (Old Russian broskva), denoting brassica crops, to give some such form as * bersky (Berneker, Miklosich, s.v. bersky; Vasmer, Gorjajev, s.v. broskvina/ bruskvina). The form * brosky, derived from Latin brassica (Miklosich, s.v. brosky), gave Serbo-Croat broskva 'rutabaga', Polish broskiew 'variety of cabbage' (now usually but unhistorically brzoskiew) and Czech broskev (originally Brassica but now peach by confusion with brieskev, see below), while * bersky gave Serbo-Croat bre'skva 'peach', Slovene bre'skev 'peach', Polish brzoskiew (confused with broskiew) and brzoskwinia 'peach', Old Czech brieskev 'peach' (now broskev by confusion with * brosky), cf. Slovak broskynia 'peach' (Machek, p. I I 3, s.v. Prunus persica). Ukrainian boroskva denotes apricot. In some Slavonic languages the original initial p- is still present, cf. Serbo-Croat praskva, Bulgarian praskova and the eighteenth-century Russian form proskvina noted above. Again German (e.g. Middle High German pfersich) was the intermediary between the Greek/Latin source (probably Latin persica) and Slavonic (Vasmer, s.v. broskvina/bruskvina; Berneker, s.v. bersky). The same Latin persica (< Latin persicum for persicum malum) gave the Romance words for peach, e.g. French pe^che (< pesche < peske < pesca < * persca < persica), and English peach (earlier peske, peshe, peche) through



10 BRIAN COOPER

French (cf. Old French peche, earlier pesche; Norman French peske) . The hairless (smooth-skinned) peach, called in Russian nektarin (English nectarine), is ultimately named from the Greek vex-uac 'nectar', perhaps through the (botanical) Latin adjective nectarinus (P. persica var. nec- tarina), cf. Polish nektaryna. In English it can be seen as a substantival use of the adjective nectarine 'nectar-like, sweet as nectar' (OED, s.v. nectarine), perhaps short for nectarine peach. The Russian may have come through French nectarine 'nectarine peach'.

To return now to the problems of cherry nomenclature in Russian: in addition to the sour and sweet cherries, there is a third major type which must be examined, the bird cherry, Prunus padus, normally known in Russian as c6erjomucha, with regional variants such as cer- jom(s)a, cerjomu&ka, ceremcha, cerjomus'ina and 'erjoms'ina (all in Dal'); somewhat confusingly, the vernacular name vis"nja ptic'ja, when used, is applied to sweet cherry (like German Vogelkirsche, a translation of the Latin name Prunus avium) rather than bird cherry (Flora SSSR, x, p. 556), to the confusion of some lexicographers, for example Segal, who translates c'eresnja as bird cherry, an old designation in English. The origin of c'erjomucha is somewhat problematic, but the word is widely associated etymologically (on account of the strong smell of bird cherry) with ceremsa 'wild (broad-leaved) garlic' (Allium ursinum) 5 its variants ceremica and ceremuska (Dal', Vasmer, s.v. ceremsa) and the related c'erems'an (which Dal' equates with A. angulosum). Miklosich sees the original form of both the cherry and the garlic word as cermuicha and lists the cognates next to each other (s.v. c6ermuTcha). For Prunus padus these include Old Russian cerem-bcha, Ukrainian c'eremcha/oc'eremcha (cere- mucha, ceremuvka, c6eremsina), Czech strvemcha (Old Czech trvevmcha), Slovak cremcha, Polish trzemcha and (influenced by Russian) czeremcha, Slovene cremsa, Serbo-Croat sremza and its variants sremza, sremsa, sremsa (<

v v oX v v ~~~v v v v. v v * stremsva ?), cremza, cremza, cremsa, cemz, czmz and cremsa, and also probably Lithuanian sermuk1li (< * kermusle?)/sermuksni 'Sorbus aucuparia, mountain ash' [= Latvian sermzikslis] (Vasmer, s.v. c6eremucha; Simono- vic, S.VV. P. mahaleb and P. padus; Miklosich, s.v. cvermuzcha). For Allium ursinum they include Polish trzemucha, Slovene c6re^moV/cre^moz, Serbo- Croat sr"Jemusv(a)/sr"jemuz(a), and probably Lithuanian kermuse' Turkish sarmzsak (and related words in Turkic languages like Kazakh sarymsa4), Greek x06[tVov (< x?tvov), Old Irish crem, Irish-Gaelic creamh, Welsh craf,- Old English hramsa (plural hramsan)lhramesa, English ramson(s) (from the Old English plural taken as a singular), English dialect rams (the original singular), cf. Low German ramsen, Middle Low German ramese (Miklosich, s.v. c'ermzicha; Vasmer, s.v. cveremsva; OED, s.v. rams; Moszyn'ski, p. 29). Several authorities suggest as conceivably related to

5 Sometimes also A. victorialis, v. Flora SSSR, Iv, pp. I41-42 and Kul'turnajaflora SSSR, x, p.70.



STONE FRUIT TERMINOLOGY IN RUSSIAN I I

this word group the Sanskrit kramukal (krmukah) 'betel, Piper betle' (Preobrazenskij, s.v. cerjomucha; Moszyn'ski, p. 29; Merkulova, p. I32;

Cernych, p. 52). Less plausibly, Preobrazenskij sees a possible link with the Greek word x60aQgo 'Arbutus unedo, strawberry tree' (for * xQ6tacog or *xoQ[tcLo). Gorjajev supposes (s.v. cJeremucha) that cerjomucha might be in some way connected with ceres'nja and the English word cherry (cf. the church word cresmina 'sweet cherry' listed by Dal' and Segal), and Machek (p. iio, s.v. Padus) seems to envisage the possibility of a connection with Greek XF'Qaoog if the -a- were from -m- in the ultimate source of the Greek word, cf. Lithuanian sermuk0i < * kermus1l (for the uncertainty about the ultimate origin of x_Qtaog, see above under the discussion of c'eres'nja). Preobrazenskij (s.v. 'erjomucha) records the words c'ernicha and c'eres'a as applied to bird cherry in Tver' dialects. Both could suggest a possible link with c'eres'nja (c'ernicha harks back to the possible link of Latin cerasus and Greek xEQcaoog with the Indo-European root * k(')erds mentioned above). However, the two words could represent an original * cer(m)nicha and * cere(m)sà, respectively. Moreover, semantic confusion could have occurred. Clearly the possibility of a link with c'eres'nja is contentious. Cyganenko (s.v. cerjomucha) suggests that the modern Russian was derived with the suffix -uch- (as in vesnucha) from Old Russian ceremrbcha (surviving in Russian dialect ceremchalc/erjomcha, Belorussian cJaromcha and Ukrainian c'eremcha) < Common Slavonic * cermbcha, denoting a strong-smelling tree (cf. Lithuanian kermus'e 'wild garlic'),6 related in meaning and origin to German dialect Scherbenholz, with the root * kerm- (> * cerm- in Slav- onic) corresponding to German * skerbh- (-bh- for -m-), ultimately scher- (compare with the Germanic s- Slavonic forms like Czech stremcha and Serbo-Croat sremza). Machek notes the related German place-names Scherben, Scherpenholz, Potscherbenbaum, Patscherpen and Patscherben (p. i io, s.v. Padus).

A further strong possibility (Sanskij et al., Cyganenko, s.v. verjomucha) is a derivation, suggestive of the fruit colour of bird cherry, with the suffix -uch(a) from cerema (jagoda), the old word c'erema being a feminine adjective meaning 'swarthy', as in the current Russian dialect ceremnyj swarthy' < Common Slavonic * kerma, related to * kbrmb denoting a

worm, as in Lithuanian kirmis, Latvian ce-rme, Old Prussian girmis (for kirmis), Persian kirm (plural kirmarn), Sanskrit krnis, Albanian krimb (plural krimba), Irish cruim, Slovene c'rm and Russian cerv' (for older cerm' < * kbrMb, the alternation m/v being of Indo-European origin, cf. Russian pervyj [< * pbrvb] and Lithuanian pirmas [Latin primus] 'first'). The Old Russian adjective CJbrMbnyj 'red' (modern dialect cermnyj,

6 In Flora SSSR, x, p. 597, it is noted that bird cherry trees contain amygdonitrile glucoside and bitter almond oil, so that light scratching of the bark of young branches releases a characteristic smell. The flowers also have a strong smell.



I2 BRIAN COOPER

popular cerjomnyj 'red-headed') is related to C6brmb 'worm' (Vasmer, s.v. cermnyj), cf. ceremnucha 'scarlatina'. This etymology does not preclude, but rather complements, the generally accepted connection of cver- jomucha with c'eremsva (Cernych, p. 52). The Slavonic derivatives meaning 'bird cherry' seem to originate from two etymologically identical forms with slightly different suffixes (-ucha/-6cha), viz. * cermucha and * cermbcha. These in turn derive from Indo-European * kermus- /* kremus-/* kromus-, the root not only of the garlic/onion words, such as Greek xQ06gvov/xQEtvov (< * kremuson), Old English hramsan, English ramson, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian rams, German dialect (Bavarian) ramsel (< * rams < * hramusan), Lithuanian kermuse and Russian ceremsva (a derivative in -j- from * cvermbcha, resulting in * cverm6sa), but also of the Lithuanian sermukNtM (< * kermus7e) and Latvian sermuikslis 'service tree, mountain ash' (Etimologicveskg slovar' slavjanskich jazykov, s.vv. cermuxa/cèrmzbxa and cèrm6sà/cèrm6s-6). Indo-European * kermus- is a derivative (in -us-, corresponding to Slavonic --6ch-/-uch-) of kerm < ker-m (a, suffixal substantival derivative), cf. Indo-European * krm- /* kerm- 'worm' (recorded by Moszyn'ski, p. 29, as * kurmi-). The senses implied, then, are the strong odour, perhaps the fruit colour, and probably the worm-eaten nature of the moisture-loving bird cherry, which also results in its common designation gniloje derevo, literally 'rotten tree' (Dal', s.v. gloticha/glotucha), as in German Faulbaum and Serbo-Croat gubja kriesva 'bird cherry' (Etimologicveski slovar' slavjanskich

jazykov, s.v. c'ermbxa; Simonovic, s.v. Prunus padus). The Russian cver- jomucha and its various forms is known in the sense 'bird cherry' only from the fifteenth century (Cernych, p.52). Sreznevskij gives fifteenth- century examples of the adjective cverem-bchovyi and Richard James (i 6 I 8- I 9) records the word as chiriuzmka, representing cerjomcha (Larin, p. 7 I). He also has cheremit 'wild ramse' (modern Russian cveremsva). An eighteenth-century example of the form cveremcha is cited in Slovar' russkogo jazyka XVIII veka (s.v. brusnica/brusnika) and a seventeenth- century example (I667) in Slovar' russkogo jazyka XI-XVII vv. (s.v. kostjanica).

Another word applied to the bird cherry is glotucha (Flora SSSR, x, p. 576). This word is recorded by Dal' with the variant gloticha. Other regional variants include golotucha, glotunka and glotuAka (Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov). Vasmer (s.v. glotucha) suggests that the word was derived from glotat' because the fruits are edible (though it should be noted that they are small and astringent). If this is so, the ultimate Indo-European root would be *gel-/*ghel-, as in Latin gula 'throat', glutire 'gulp down', Sanskrit galas 'throat' and English gullet (Sanskij et al., Preobrasenskij, s.v. glotat'). The Jaroslavl' dialect form golotucha, recorded by Dal' and (s.v. Prunus padus) Simonovic, would on this assumption show full vocalism, rather than being influenced by golyj as



STONE FRUIT TERMINOLOGY IN RUSSIAN 1 3

Dal' suggests (s.v. gloticha/glotucha). There is, however, another con- sideration, viz. kolokolus'a, a regional (western) word for bird cherry recorded by Dal' (s.vv. gloticha/glotucha, kolokolus'a) and Simonovic (s.v. Prunus padus). Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov lists not only this word and its synonyms kolokolucha, kalakalus'a (cf. Ukrainian and Belorussian dialect kalakalus'a 'bird cherry'), kalakaluga and kakalus'a, but also the dialect words koloka 'bird cherry grove' and kolok (genitive kolka), defined as 'a group of small trees and shrubs (generally fruiting) growing on damp low-lying ground', with indications that the sorts of species growing there would include bird cherry, currants (Ribes) and Viburnum (kalina). Vasmer (s.v. kalakaluga) suggests that kalakaluga and kalakalus'a were derived, as perhaps was kalina, from kal 'ordure' (cf. gniloje derevo), perhaps from the strong smell (compare German Stinkbaum and note that currants, also apparently typical of kolok, have a strong smell too, as suggested by their Russian name smorodina < smrad/ smorod 'stench'). Kal in turn is perhaps related (Miklosich, s.v. kaluh; Vasmer, s.v. kal) to Sanskrit kdlas 'blue-black', kalarikam 'stain, shame', Latin caligo 'darkness', Greek xrkLXg 'stain', xEXo;LV0 'black, dark'. Vasmer finds no connection between this root and kolok, which he derives from kol, but the form koloka with the specific sense 'bird cherry grove' suggests some connection. Perhaps kolok(a) was derived from kalakalusa (in its phonetic variant kolokolusa) rather than vice versa, or perhaps the two groups became semantically associated owing to phonetic similarity. Be that as it may, the possibility must also be considered that these kol- words for bird cherry may be in some way related to the above-mentioned gol- words, such as golotucha, if a phonetic variant *golok(o)lucha!*golog(o)lucha were postulated. Influ- ence of glotat' could then account for the form glotucha.

One other possibility is worth considering. If golotucha were a variant of * goloducha (as Dal' suggests, s.v. kolokolusa) , and glotucha a variant of * gloducha, one might posit a connection, not with golodat' (semantically improbable), but with Russian dialect gljod (also glod, glot) 'hawthorn, Crataegus oxycantha' (Gorjajev, s.v. glog/gloch; Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov, s.v. glod/gled), which is probably a variant of glog (also gloch) 'Cornus sanguinea' (a species related to the cornelian cherry Cornus mas, though Vasmer thinks glog may have originally referred to hawthorn species like C. oxycantha) and which could certainly have developed from glog by dissimilation of-g- or assimilation to glodat' (Gorjajev, s.v. glog/gloch; Vasmer, s.vv. gljod, glog), cf. Czech hloh, Upper Sorbian htohonc, Polish gldg, Serbo-Croat glog, glod, all perhaps cognate with Greek ykXd (plural yXGkxE) 'awn' and ykwX;g, ycXLwv 'point'. Simono- vic defines Serbo-Croat glog as Crataegus oxycantha and glod as C. monogyna (s.v. Crataegus). Glogovina denotes Sorbus aucuparia in both Russian and Serbo-Croat. There might also possibly be a connection



I4 BRIAN COOPER

with the Russian dialect word glozucha 'sweet cherry' (Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov), cf. glodat'/glozu 'gnaw'.

There is one more word commonly applied in dialect to the bird cherry, viz. zasadicha (Dal', s.vv. gloticha/glotucha, zasadicha; Preo- brazenskij, s.v. c6erjomucha). Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov lists also the variant zasadika and gives the following quotation which offers a possible (not entirely implausible) explanation of the word's origin:

3acaAI4Ka ..., 3TO 51FOAbb c xepeMyxH. KaKam-To eCTb AroAa 3acaAHKa, ... B pOT B03bMeCHb, BCe 3acaAHT. BOT MbI ee 3acaAHIKoH H 3oBeM.

The fruits of the bird cherry are astringent and bitter. When eaten they might well cause a sort of gagging effect. Perhaps it is this that is conveyed by zasadicha, and conceivably also, incidentally, by glotucha if it is derived from glotat' as Vasmer supposed.

Finally, there is another species of cherry that must be considered, namely the mahaleb cherry Prunus mahaleb, known in Russian as antipka or vis'nja antipka (Flora SSSR, x, p. 55 I; Aljosin, p. 55), magalebka, kuina (both Aljosin, p. I55) and dusistaja Jerjomucha (Dal', s.v. cerjomucha; Simonovic, s.v. Prunus mahaleb). Although it has been treated at various times as a type of sweet, sour or bird cherry, it is a species quite different in many ways from the others examined and has recently been assigned to its own genus Padellus, as distinct from the bird cherry types, sometimes designated Padus (Belozor, pp. 53-57). The name magalebka is ultimately derived from the Arabic mahlab (OED, s.v. mahaleb), as is the English, which came via French mahaleb, cf. Italian magaletto. The form mahaleb-vis'nja is found in Serbo-Croat (Simonovic, s.v. Prunus mahaleb) and machalebka in Bulgarian. The Russian word perhaps came through Western Slavonic, cf. Czech mahalebka (Machek, s.v. Prunus mahaleb), itself possibly from German Mahaleb (kirsche). The Russian word antipka may be related to some Serbo-Croat words for apricot recorded by Simonovic (s.v. Prunus armeniaca), namely antipraskva (cf. praskva 'peach'), antiferak and antic, and may represent a shortening in rather the same way as antic6is shortened from antipraskva, itself derived from the medieval Latin antepersicus 'ripening before peach'.7 The fruit of the mahaleb cherry is yellow (before darkening to red/black at complete maturity) and ripens earlier than sweet cherry. Interestingly, one of the French words used to denote P. mahaleb is amarel (Sainchez- Monge, s.v. Prunus mahaleb), which is clearly related to the Amarelle group mentioned above in connection with both cherries and apricots, cf. German Amarelle/Morelle (type of cherry) and Bavarian Marille 'apricot'. The designation kucina, apparently dialectal (Slovar' russkich

7 Cf. (OED, s.v. apricot) 'There be two kindes of peaches ... The other kindes are soner ripe, wherefore they be called abrecox or aprecox' (H. Lyte, Dodoens' Niewe herball or historie of plantes, I578).



STONE FRUIT TERMINOLOGY IN RUSSIAN 1 5

narodnych govorov), is presumably related to kuca 'cluster', perhaps from the clusters of flowers (up to eight per inflorescence, compared with only two to three in sweet cherry) or from its many thin branches, cf. the Novgorod-Tver' dialect use of kuca in the sense 'haycock' (Dal', s.v. kuca). Vasmer considers kuca related to Lithuanian kaukas 'lump', kaukara 'hill' and Gothic hauhs 'tall, high' (the Gothic being from Common Germanic * hauhaz, giving Old Saxon/Old High German hih, Old English heah, Old Norse ha/r, English high, German hoch). Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov indicates (s.v. kucina) that the mahaleb cherry is also known as ceresvnja cubucnaja. Cubucvnj3y is from cubuk 'tube of a tobacco pipe, (grape vine) cutting/shoot' (from Turkish Cubuk 'twig, shoot, cigarette holder'). Cherry wood can be used for making tobacco pipes (Flora SSSR, x, p. 552): 'YnOTpe6AReTCq B ... H3FOTOBAeHHle ... MYHAIIITYKOB, xiy6yKOB H T. n., oco6eHHO nOCAe4HHe, H3BeCTHbIe noA HerpaB1sAbHbIM Ha3BaHHeM xIepemHHeBbIx'.8 The name dusvistaja cerjomucha (literally 'fragrant bird cherry') comes from the pleasant smell of mahaleb cherry flowers, bark and wood and from the use of its kernels for extracting oil for perfume, cf. sixteenth-century (1598) Italian macalepo 'a kind of perfume or sweet smell' (OED, s.v. mahaleb). The species is sometimes called 'perfumed cherry' in English, and the French use prunier odorant in the same way (Sainchez-Monge, s.v. Prunus mahaleb).

There are clearly many problems associated with the words for stone fruit in Russian, problems which might be broadly described as nomenclatural, including not only derivational but also semantic problems. An example of the latter might be the separation of the various types of cherry (visvnja, ceresvnja, cerjomucha, antipka). These words are good examples, too, of the difficulties of etymologizing the Prunus group; for it is in many ways easier to distinguish the words semantically than to determine their origins with confidence. It has been the aim of this study to try to shed light on both these aspects, though inevitably there remain uncertainties which do not admit of easy resolution.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aljosin, E. I. Selekcia plodovych rastenij, Moscow, 1936. Belozor, N. I. 'Magalebka (Padellus Vass.), ejo polozenije v podsemejstve

Prunoideae (Rosaceae)', Sbornik naucnych trudov po prikladnoj botanike, genetike i selekcii, II2, I989,pp.53-57.

Berneker, E. Slavisches etymologisches Wcrterbuch, Heidelberg, I 908-I 3. Brockhaus ABC der Landwirtschaft, 2 vols, Leipzig, 1957-58. Bruckner, A. Slownik etymologicznyjfzyka polskiego, Warsaw, I 957.

8 Cf. (Dal', s.v. cubuk): 'mepeIIHeBbIe my6yK1I HapO'IHO pOCTAIT'.



I6 BRIAN COOPER

Cernych, P. Ja. Oc6erki russkoj istoricJeskoj leksikologii (Drevnerusski period), Moscow, I956.

Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, 2 vols, Oxford, I 97 I. Cooper, B. 'Russian Words for Elm', Transactions of the Philological Society,

LXXXVII, I 989, 2, pp. I 94-204.

Cyganenko, G. P. Etimologicèski slovar' russkogojazyka, Kiev, I 970. Dal', V. I. Tolkovyj slovar' 'ivogo velikorusskogo jazyka, 4 vols, St Petersburg/

Moscow, 2nd edn, I880-82; 3rd edn, 1903-09. Etimologicèski slovar' slavjanskichjazykov, Moscow, I 974- [in progress]. Fasmer [Vasmer], M. Etimologiceski slovar' russkogo jazyka, 4 vols, Moscow,

I 964-7 3 Fenne, T. Low German Manual of Spoken Russian, Pskov, I607, ed. L. L.

Hammerich, R. Jakobson, E. van Schoonveld etal., 3 vols, Copenhagen, I96I-85.

Flora SSSR, vol. iv, Moscow/Leningrad, I935; vol. x, Moscow/Leningrad, I94I.

Gorjajev, N. V. Sravnitel'nyj etimologiceski slovar' russkogojazyka, Tiflis, I896. Hedrick, U. P. Cyclopaedia of Hardy Fruits, New York, I 938. Hehn, V. Cultivated Plants and Domesticated Animals in their Migrations from Asia to

Europe: Historico-Linguistic Studies (new edition byJ. P. Mallory), Amster- dam, 1976.

Kul'turnaja flora SSSR, vol. x, Leningrad, I 978. Larin, V. A. (ed.). Russko-anglgskij slovar'-dnevnik RicJarda Dz'emsa (i6i8-i9),

Leningrad, I959. Machek, V. Ceska a slovenskadjmena rostlin, Prague, I 954.

Merkulova, V. A. Oc6erki po russkoj narodnoj nomenklature rasteni, Moscow, I 967. Miklosich, F. von. Etymologisches W6rterbuch der slavischen Sprachen, Vienna, I 886

(reprinted Amsterdam, I970). Moszyn'ski, K. Pierwotny zasiaigjjzyka praslowian'skiego, Wroclaw, I957.

Oxford English Dictionary (OED): see Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.

Preobrazhensky [Preobrazenskij], A. G. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language, New York, I 95 I (first published in Moscow, I 9 I 0-I 4).

Sanchez-Monge, E. Diccionario de plantas agrz'colas, Madrid, I 986. Sanskij, N. M. Etimologiceski slovar' russkogo jazyka, Moscow, I963- [in

progress]. Sanskij, N. M., Ivanov, V. V. and Sanskaja, T. V. Kratki e'timologicèskij slovar'

russkogojazyka, Moscow, 196I. Segal, L. New Complete Russian-English Dictionary, London, I 95 I. Simonovic, D. BotaniJki recJnik imena biljaka, Belgrade, I 959. Slovar' russkich narodnych govorov, Moscow/Leningrad, I 965- [in progress]. Slovar' russkogojazyka XI-XVII vv., Moscow, I 975- [in progress]. Slovar' russkogojazyka, sostavlennyj Vtorym otdeleniem Imperatorskoj Akademii nauk,

St Petersburg, I895- [incomplete]. Slovar' russkogojazyka XVIII veka, Leningrad, I 984- [in progress]. Sovetski e'nciklopedicèskij slovar', ed. A. M. Prochorov et al., Moscow, I 981 . Sreznevskij, I. I. Materialy dlja slovarja drevnerusskogo jazyka po pis'mennym

pamjatnikam, 3 vols, I 893-1903.



STONE FRUIT TERMINOLOGY IN RUSSIAN I7

Vasmer, M. (see Fasmer, M.). Zmejev, L. F. Russkie vracebniki: nasledovanie v oblasti nas'ej drevnej vracebnoj

pis'mennosti (Pamjatniki drevnej pis'mennosti, vol. I12), St Petersburg, 1895.

Zukovskij, P. M. Kul'turnyje rastenija i ich sorodici, Leningrad, I977.



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Some Problems of Stone Fruit Terminology in Russian

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