*

P.N.

Oak

Someof

Blunders

Indian Historical

Research

XhT.OjIv

SOME BLUNDERS OF RESEARCH INDIAN HISTORICAL

P.

N.

OAK,

M

A., LL., B.

Pnildtnt, Initiate for BenritlDg

World History

HIND!2.B.DC[Nr.PraWfidl

Nj Road, "r .Karcil&&n.N.D =

BHARaTI SAHITYA SADANConnought Circus,

New

Delhi-110001

OM

,

$

Arthor

CONTENTSPagePreface5

What PromptedBlunder No.1

My

Historic Questto Alien Muslims

917I

Indian

monuments Credited

23

Ignoble Akbar Believed Noble

Misplaced Faith

in

Mediaeval Chroniclei

105126

45

Myth ofMyth ofMyth of

the Indo-Saracenic

Theory ofof Painting

Architecturethethe

Moghul School

139

67 8

Development of Muic in Mediaeval Muslim Courts Myth about the Moghul Garden ArtRule Mythical Golden Periods Under Alien oflndian Key Principle* for Correct Appraisal

HI143

146 147156

Mediaeval History

9HMU},

Great Alexander's Defeat Churned to be Victory over Porui

10II

Adya Shankaracharya's AntiquityUnder-Estimated by1

297 Yean

1691S4

*rfcr Ri.250/-

12 13

Underestimated by Lord Buddha's Antiquity Over 1 300 Years Krishna's Eras Antiquity of Lords Rama and

Grossly Underestimatedas I Arya' an Ideal Misconitrued!

201

/"VWi*Arrj

Bhwail SaWtya Stdan. JO/90, Connougbi CirCUli

Rt

212221

New

Delhi- 1 10001

14

Underestimated Antiquity of the Vedas Grossly

t'ttnifi 01

:

A jay

Printers,

X-11, Navln Shsihdara. Delhi-U0Q}2,

xat.com

15

:

Hiodu Origin of 'Allah' Forgotten Hindu Temple

*

0T and Kbth *

as

221

,

t

,

7

' "> indna Kshtrriy. Rnl ' Forgotten nd Korea to Kab* World oT Sanskrit M AncientRole Language Forgotten Hindu Ongm of Prophetin Pictures

* ,1k142 2732S1

Preface

Mohammad Forgotten

I

s

2*9 telw* nlBiplgovernment

Monument*

"MImM * ^***history

rule

in India for

indiau"

over a millennium has histories numerous blundering

* "J"*"**^ aDd patronageauthority a stamp of tiow acquired

cotl cepi*.

Those myths nurtured underfor

many

centuries have

through sheer passage of

^"Tf hv

we mean

a factually

and chronologically accu-

^cc^oum of a country'swith to be classed

deserve past current Indian bistones

Arabian Nghts.

repudiated and rewritten. In this book Such history must be research^ few blunders of Indian historical 1 nave indicated a no means the only ones. The blunders listed herein are by vast scope for research that awaits are just a sampling of the and prepared to take a second look at Indianscholars

who

are

world history and do some freshvious tutoring.

thinking uninhibited by pre-

My

earlier research publication titled

TAJ

MAHAL WAS Aandfar-

RAJPUT PALACE has

already exposed a glaring

reaching misconception of Indian history.

Like a virus infectionresearch have affected other

the blunders

of Indian historical

of architecture and civil mediaeval monuments in India and West Asia are products of Saracenic architecture while in fact it has been shown in the following pages that the In do- Saracenic architecture theory it a myth. All mediaeval monuments are pre-Muslim Rajput monuments falsely credited to alien Muslim rulers. Likewise Indian architects and craftsmen who designed and builtit

spheres too. For instance students engineering are taught to believe thai

wa* West

Asian monuments since they were driven across Indian borders at sword-point to build such monuments in the native lands ofthe invaders.

^PM

kmMt the minyJJZiIn -o ..^iwiTas the

weak

lint* in the so-called

Indo-Saraeeoteever founded prior loBritish rule in India.

existence of Hindu patterns to to* architecture if the monuments. This it tried to be ex. *"result

As inch

it

should

rank with London and

New York

in age

of the preference

of the Hindu

!Tnftiated

There are

many

flaws

in this

arguments.

For instance ,n the their monuments. Ltiui with designing ascribe ill design to some mystericm* of ihe Taj Mahal tbeyous Essa Eifendi.

Taimurlang who raided Delhi in the Christmas or 1398 A,D, clearly mention? thai he perpetrated hi* massacre* in Old Delhi, He also adds that the Kafirs i.e :he 'infidel' Hindus collected in the Jama Masjid to counter-attack his troops. This proves that Old Delhi is in fact the oldest pari of the sprawlingancient metropolis of Delhi.

Evenc d any

if

mediaeval

Hindu, in those days of they credit any design to a would never have tolerate cruelty and fanaticism they

Hindu trust weaving 'infidel' designs into the pattern even this argument falls to of a Muslim mosque or tomb. Sothe ground.

Taimurlang's testimony also proves that Old Delhi's main temple was in Taimurlang's attack converted into a mosque. Had that not been so Hindus would never have rallied in thai building. The fact that they gathered there as e matter of rightproves thai the building colled Jama Masjid, crriogly credited lo Shabjaban. was a Hindu Temple when Taimurlang's troops

The other facetious assertion is thai the master architect used to lay down the broad outline of the design, leaving it to the individual workmen to fill in the details according to theirindividual

stormed into Delhi.

There

is

yet another pointer toit

Old Delhi'scalled

antiquity*i.e.

whims and fancies. The hollowness of becomes apparent on a little reflection.

this

argument

In Delhi thereFort. Thisis

a

monument

Purana Qila

Old

Unless the entire contemplated design has beenat the

laid

down

would be impossible to order the required material of the kind and in the quantity desired.very startit

believed to date from pre-Mustim times and even the from the Mahabharaia era- if, therefore, Old Fort signiBes near* ancient-most fort how come that Old Delhi signifies a modern township ! Such are the Illogicalities which bedevil and for some Vitiate current historical texts and underline the needre- thinking.

If

individual

fancied designs

workmen were left to work out their own tbey would all work \o cross purposes and no

Besides

being

afflicted

with

distortions

andits

anomalies

longer remain amenable to the control of their supervisee since

would keep dodging and delaying, shirking and thwarting the project on the plea of lack of time or inspiration in fulfilliey

ing their part of the task.

dornangle,

The argument that Hindu patterns 'Muslim" monuments because Hindu workmen wereis

important Indian history has been baciJy maimed. Many of chapters ore completely missing. Like the British empire within extendour own memory, in the remote past the Indian empire Bull ed to such distant parts or the world at Japan in the East.in the South, at least Arabianorth.last

in the

West and the Baltic

in the

Mowed sfi ee handllumkring

thus palpably absurd

examined from any

Traces of this vast sway are delineated in some ofihe chapters of this volume.

lhe fouQd ng of 01d Dft|hi [f a typ>! .Mtsnce of the absurdities thai have formed part of entreat, distorted Indian history.j

Amnion, ihaM

hoped thai the present publication would prove helpful thmkaog in highlighting a few major errors in Indian historical and indicating the direction of research.It is

bJSw 2S?Scoitus*

toW Uu, old **** funded by Mogul Emperor , ,hB QilUfy f that were true how Lhe OLD m.uued 7 In iha.fc1

,

.

^ ^^'

This book ha* been long out of print. This is its third edition. Hence it is being updated and some addition* have been made here and there-

[(

lhe neweft

Ddhi

XflT.COM.

8adfflintion over the content* re ttfeiatA -real have expressed * jtodcrs

of'**

1.

.tbi..on.'-'ftofB(WtheJ ta

however 6

maintained a stunned

|liog

awiW

.h

all

What Prompted MyFEEL

Historic Quest

. * a orid-w*

JcLiMPt^ll"lu,ob,nOWr hhcoip*. .PPlictmi...

a

C nr-ic *hfl

d

[

h * ve - pi,aCC bnllt

''

Tbi-

This serious slip has com the nation dearly. India having been under alien domination for over a thousand yean these Hunderous presumptions, and memoirs and chronicle* written by alien sycophant courtiers or by rulers thecuelvcs for self* glorification have acquired a stamp of authority and unctiiy through sheer passage of time- The dead weight of thatcolossal falsehood

liviap

t0 ** conc,u * ion tb *t.">e EtoPtolofim ** JmP^ remains were found wa , Pyramid w winch TiKenkhanien'* mausoleum obviously committed a blunder, ir 4 tnfll i bit Tuicnkhamen dido'l have a palace how can a dead

now

lies

to heavy and so deep that even

those

whois

realize the greaiit.

to uprootin

blunder despair of being ever able They, therefore, resign themselves to acquiescingit

what

being taught as

ia

taught.to

They

feel

it it

too late

Toicnkhamwi hive a pyramidal palace ? And if Tutenkhamen'i TutenkhameD's corpse MK-tcivof ni*ed a pyramidal palace overwhere

to raise acircle.

hue andteach

cry. false

We

are, therefore,

caught in a viciousit

We

history

students became

is

so

a

tbai

succwiori palace ?

When

nor hit lucccsior had a root over their

Tutenkbamen heads how come one orneither

written,

and no generation of history scholars dares questionits

that history despitethatis

contradictions and

absurdities because

both or themtridittf

haw

stupendous mausoleum es

over their inert

what they have been aught.

Lack of such searching logic

is

one of the greatest show* of

modern research methodology.

through actual visit* t& historic sites, and browsing through histories I have been able to gather considerable evidence to prove that all prominent mediaevalresearch

Continuing

my

Our answercreeled

it

that the

by war i&u iioiide

Pyramids are castles in the desert Pharaoh* who lived in them and stored their

dead inside the Pyramids slatted only after iheir use as castles ceased and the Pyramids were regarded as useless ruins.

with

them the practice of burying

from the Nishat and Shaitirnar in Kashmir to ihe Whispering Gallery in Bippur are pre-Islamic Rajput o struct ions- That enables us to conclude thai all extant mediaeval roads, bridges, canals, mansions, serai*, iambi, mosques, shrines and foil* were only captured and occupied by

monuments

in India*

Jut aa people

use

Muslim invaders but neverI

built

by them.

Mlate abandoned ruined mansions 84 public toilets tbey also wed deserted or ruined buildings aa cemeteries.

T* beTZlt?

5

dUfiDB *UMl

m'evid

Hittoriaot have

^^ ^HHuatZl T^^a^b 0i ;t.-

wish to alert historians that they should not try to connect the inscriptions on monuments with the origin of the : onumenta where there is no clearcut, independent corroborative evidence to that effect. Vincent Smith it right when he observe* had an army in bis book "Akbar the Great Mogul" that Akbar on capcutters ready to engrave any lettering he lilted

ag

atservices,

is

even now, in

Pwwn*lo

ha * c n"nted suicide.

o,nt

^"T*'

CVidencc in the

back

"11 ourthe

For a Mogul monarch to I raver so that distance at the leisurely pace of an elephant and with all his wealth and person and harem exposed to hostile attacks, for thc dubious pleasure or spending a few cool hours in Nishat and Shalimar, once in a life-time, was sillyof modernair

but a dream.

" tc t* lMia ro teid 11 over and exploitmiitifccnly

beli

m*

archaeological

that Ihc

*

INDIAN KtONUMCNTS CarOfTED TO ALIEN MUSLIM*sci thatit

and coloured

*

**llt

Morrd.,o,cr, .o..* curious pyramidal

build.,,.'

J*

was his grandfather who wi the contemporary of Fcrozshah. As ntl rumour-mongers arc wont to do, the onlythefanciful

aut hori He* he feigns |o quote forfather told1 fay..."

structure.

Towards

account that he has mitten are such stock*phr*ces as "My me" or "on tbe authority of well known historiansInthat

wThe

Atf buiidmg was converted into a io rob *" for llK l r PO; h once formed not orlsiwilly |. d township though it no* extensive Taghlaqabad of the This tomb too is iUr . truncated monument

^iuceo*^^pwviofthai

b y3' lament.,

chronicle

hi

nostalgically

describes

how

land* apart as a hichhatitemcnted wall- inside are some pavihoiu, rounded by a the conclusion that underground passage, all leading 10lT] d an imposition. ihe tomb was a super

Ferazahah uprooted two Aahokati pillars found a great distance away from Delhi, and took all the trouble to transport them all the way to Delhi ^ploying hundred* of carts and thousand! of labourer*. What the object was in hauling a heathen pillar to be hoisted on us own castle in Delhi God alone knows.I

Obviously that account is an attempt to cover up the fact that FcroEshah bad to choose as hti residence an earlier building

fortification*

nearbyforts

are alio ancient

Hicdu

known as Adilabad and Naika Kot laid waste by Muslim marauders.

Feroabib Kotli

Near the sports stadium infront of Delhi Gatefortified

is

an old

which sported the Ashok pillar on it. It is clear, therefore, that cither King v ihok himself originally built the castle euphemistically railed Ferozsbah Kot la, or thai some subsequent Kshatnya king proud of Ashok, had that pillar brought and hoisted or hit wn castle. Later when Feroishah ruled in Delhi he chose tha .-astlc for hts own residence perhaps finding it in

namebull

it it

township known as the Ferowhah Kotla. From its hat been wrongly atsuiued that Ferozshah Tughlaq

much

bettei

shape than other) in those turbulent days.it

His

chronicler Afif finding

difficult

to explain

away

the fact that

own can It. But an Asbok pillar is firmly plantFerozsbah was known Tor bis ferocious erf oa its upper storey. nature He could not tolerate anything Hindu. History hasfor his

Feroishah lived in a usurped mansion invented the myth that it was Ferosshah himself who had the pillar brought andhoisted*

recorded that be

wed

to

bum

people alive for the crime of

idol-

worship

To

believe lh*t sjch

a ruler would on his

ownon

Rajput Glories Plagiarizedhoist

an Athokfeu

pillar,is

with Hindu religious edicts inscribedhighly illogical.

it*

oa

M)

discoveries also lead to the conclusion that

many

a time

own

palace

Femzshah couldIn fact the

never haveoff tip of

one

to sleep in peace under il

chipped

the pillar shows thai in bis fanatic furytried 10 pall

Fcrotskah must hiveit

out the

pillar.

But obvic"l*>

would have

des-

Muslim raters had the former's glories tacked to their own reigns. Thus it is pocaible that during Ferozshah's time some description by an earlier Rajput ruler as to bow he hauled the Ashokan pillar may havewhile destroying earlier Rajput iccords

troyed the whole castle

^\y he had to

the palace which be

kc

during

enough to take tof hi* * thro day* of instability, revolt and incessantfoundfit

and left a gaping hoic in :U ceiling* put up with this L^then P" ar toweriBf

hands of Ferozsbab wjth the castle and its treasures. That description was plagiarized and used as part of Fcrcuhah's own achievement. Jahaagir similarly u>ed the myth 'be belt of ju*l>ce (o glorify his own regit1", bottomed fromfallen into the

the accounts of

AnangpaTs

reign, as

**

-*ed

by the

late Sir

H M.of n* *Sf a sycophant, Ws *P HI AW.!

ul accott0t

^

*>

win

b V sbAm*

l

~

in

This leads us to a new kfi} pru npk to be boroe mind while studying the history of ibe Muslim era- TbeElliot.

ietf-appointcd

chronicler

who

confe-

principle

it

that

Muslim

rulers

trc

m

the habit

of feathering

,

INDIAN HlttoaiCAL

H3TJIRCHinn ian mowdmowts ca Borneo to xuem MuslimsThereforeI

J^rf^W-'^i

h df oi>

unpopular nd Cfucl

Winm by b0f ^row.

41

o^.^r!f*MflferIUipul|i'

hey gel what they deserve namely they ace fed some fictitious stereotype abroeadabto-

"^""^or Mrl,M

fthuiruj

rS55lheLo*k, ,"!

anomalies which have escaped hiii* Tombs In Delhi. Nobody

k^r

bothered to ask

bow massive tombsluxurious

ejlilt

fof

1

,0 '

w j, h oui

corresponding

and

5paciQu

fTtoT?j nied intoRtMbftQ

At

are old Rajput buildings later convertSTIlIeiUilled tombste pulcbret-

'2^ia

i,i.

themselves that question the pauicd lopof* to The right solution u would hve .truck .hem.

**

*...

M53a' ICK3HW w ounlshno

denCC for the purchase or ar*,tiiiii, 0n de^gn drawings, no bills or receipt*,

CLE

If

^

itself signifies

a royal residence orf

By noas

slrttch

?JZ?*^ ]> cow** dul

of the Taj be Hani id not to

S* Stfmin

was 21 years old show*Shabjaban'*

uTcd lo be manicd Having been the umpteenth she should be commemorated there was no reason whya dreamland monument. a

LVlMOtight

of .ruling

monarch coold never he ton

of by a paid

court chronicler.it.

He

should not need a

apecial(7)

reminder for

tekmlouslyIB) [91iricd

contains serious discreMull* Abdul Hamids chroniclelite the

absence of the designer's

name, and a

ridicu(

Even by birth Mumiaz being deserve a palatial monument out-of-theno mention or any special (15) History makes Shahjahan d Mumlar wa ya.tachmC m or romance between(14)

commoner

she did not

eitiraale

(40 lakh rupees) of tbo cost of the Taj

vhJeb b Koffcd at by subsequent scholars.

Nurjahan. that of Jahangir and during theTllfe times unlike love .. a concocuory This shows that the tuNcqwrn. about the building of At Taj seeking to justify the

**

t,onfor

Even other estiautei of the

cost vary from Rs. 50 lakhs

Mumtaz's dead body.

ki, ycrorcs to Ri. 9 ctoTCi

ana 1 1 wai. and 17 lakhs.

Shabjihau's reign was

no golden reign since

it

wasself*

by unending wars and revolts, epidemics

and famines.

of art. M6) Shahjaban was no patron to chop .he hands of w ould not have had the heart monument ' havt toiled to build thearc said tourtis.

Had he beeo one he those holf

CIO)

Shahjahaoi overbearing,out any

conceiled slingy and

especially

one disconsolate on

centred nature ruled

possibility

of his wasting any

Jnooej on a sentimental

project

amounting to throwing away

o ndulge in an orgy of maimmg because. oade tt maiming story is apparently true veneratedand to usurp an ancient leuly on meagre rations just infuriated .he pall to bouse a corpse, apparently

wife* death, would But Ore skillful era umen,his

^^

money onI)

l^

i

dead body.

workmenTajto.bc

That he could not even in bis wildest JUeflaUat toco a gorgeous project iste concocted

dreams conceive apparent from the factus thatgiving

who broke(17)for.

into revolt.

aeoounu

tell

he

made

theoat**

from The subterranean emergency it

the

on meagre rations without Another aceouol tayi

Ihem any

that

he

made Rajaa and

A dead body could only exist in a palace. one at that. any escape route and a subterranean

does not need

*M

INDIAN HISTORICAL ttU&m cso

INDIAN MONUMENTS CMEDITED TO ALlBN UU3UMJ gcm-siuddeo marble screens, and equipped which was silver doors and gold railings ? The Peacock Throne a earned to Iran was, therefore, not a Mogul heirloom but even very ancient sacred, Indian Kshatnya throne which mightdate back toditya

,d Sofill

Anangpal of the lih Centurythe

A.D

,

or Vlkrama*

magnificence beeae |M ?""'" *';" lv deeply hlled And Ahhnr. d nl down in .uceealve a*aul downwards, could not ano waa by oil ffoo, hia own a, be pla ot palace. to liay in an nnbwricaded of the **ebi"h. (38) Bern*, say. that opened on.y once a year and no J. y ,bah,b-n 1,,b. Tb.. Boon of the Taj. P

SW ^^sSES'S * He

n

&

who beguni

Vikram S:.mvaiTajis

in

57 B.C.situated

was o busy twin township known as the Juisingpura and Khuwaspura. The palace was the focal centre or those towiumipi. "Pura" " SaotVtu signifta a busy township and noi just an open plot o\he place where the

now

i

up show no ee*r JP Government .ml our scholars be .he underground cbao^rsof in l.ghling. remove ihe filling* ^?haa * free run of tbe Undent* of history and even ftinOU0t fro , .a. can earn a hanasonM premise*. The Government

underground

rr

""** ^ --

T

^e^ ^ ^>

J

^ ^

'

^ J^L^

land.

njp,**

tnsrotiCAL>

io8A*at

IHDIAH

MOHl^ENTS

GIETjITCD TO

AUl* MUSLIMS

JJ

.***

to levy while

researcher, the.11

B I1 the(D c

lwr

buildings inin the

it*

train out

of the fancied Mogul oi

'*^3\Khc-

0I be

the

wiser by

Muslim yard

in general

where they

i and

dumped

name of

lay usurped, cooflieau various saltans, emperors,

^-^'^ Trto**"* ^(mi*'

**

fir,irt ' c

fflttlcr,flT

for

eyQ ucbs>in

L

and even bhisties. And when all are removed from the credit side of Muilim rule these building* history is reduced to a shambles. India their wholefauzdars, potters

The newT.j hllbll

light

thrown on the

o.igin

of the Taj Mahal

Terikb

i

dd

ha. been Elected .0 be

nnd

induce in our teachers, professors, scholars should, therefore, students of history and univeisitics the need for a thoroughresearchin

this

fascinating subject unless

we are

resolutely

ifaai era peer Sir fi.M. Elliot who knew that it was a"

far fiom being a Endorsing the finding that the Taj Mahal anc.cnt Hindu palace. I7th Century Muslim tomb, is m much American ioaeij-Tar Dr. M. Flagmcicr, President of the Monroe Street NorthScandinavian and Eastern Studies. 4059_

--.

Minneapolis,

Minnesota.l^A.^c

h Hm

fraud,

*at

%i,v

ebeated into bettrviot

tome aspect i of

it.

The

fraud

hn

bees to consummate thai

Kmi

generation! of Kbolar* and Eastern uic Fefumon. Vincent Smith and been badfy duped, 1 hope that scholars, studentssit

of ladno binary at lean now Ueplsf Ibtar hcadi butted in ifaei

up and think

in the Mar hitanisftinstitution* *** tbt m,no* ti TOell

of fanciful lUh history , n Indian scboolf.

n n d,

December 6, 1965 addressed built the that Shahjahan held in contempt the absurd notion bolstered our Taj Mahal, Your scnolarjy o vest! gat. on s the clar. ty .16 own theories, and vou are to be commended for refreshing mtfoo< which you have presented this new and W theJa hiitory...56 to 1605 A. D.

iKbJperhaps bejf.

#VCDtraced

awa >%

B,ts

f

*

amongsearcn

theis

royal andthat ihe

a propct

undent**,

awa>

W

j

t

h

the impression

Lujv mcamng

The Peacock Throne) treasuredTakbt-e-Tausit.

mediaeval monuments throughout India, pre-Muslim origin, have been blatantly credited even though of to this or that alien Muslim ruler it is no wonder if the Faichpur Sikri royal township also suffered the same fate. Bull here is voluminous evidence to prove that Fatehpur Sikri was a Rajput township encompassing all Hi extant redstone monuSinceall

extant

LT^Shab,

But lhc exta,teffigy

i,its

peacock T^** not from the

on

It

gels

ia

former Iranian ruler IXnrcaua itelheart of. that throne. lore to the lady on

L^M>

Peacock)

bird but

from Taus

who

ments, constructed several centuries before Akbar. Though this would be a fitting topic for a separate book yd in view of the amount of evidence available a rapid survey of (bat evidence should give the lay reader and rescachcr alike enough

loved

mb

grounds (o scour out from bis mind the traditional notion that Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar or for that matter by anyalien

to smffc

also belonged to the same teftaStDy, the Peacock Throne It was sacrilegious *'hsch last owned the Taj.

throne with animal (* i Mmkn nwouch to have ordered a eifki Both ihe throne and the Taj enter into the unauthentic The reoiiii of 5bifajihin i reign just about the same time.T

Muslim overlord. The main points of ihe evidence may be summed up as under 1. A number of Muslim chronicles pertaining to the reignsrulers

of

preceding

Alcbar

allude

to

this

township1

as

"Fathpore", or as "Sikri" and even as "Fathpore Sikri2.

".

aatai&xnt palice (now

known

as the Taj)

provided just the

A

historical

book

titled

'Akbar

1

'

written by Justice J.M.

f$i type

of Kiting for the scintillating

throne.

Shelat and published bycarries facing

The Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay,

^iSMTiikdJaiaiMtsjtdthe audit of the

page 82, a painting captioned "Humayun's troops entering Faihpore". Here it may be remembered lb at Humayuncity

crowdedIt is

Wwifls.

*m

of

m ttooe

a huge citadel now called tie main mosque. Bur wall* and other indications such asof Agfais

was Akbar's

father.

The

painting

is

clear proof that Faihporet

(Sikri) existed before Akbar,

point out

thaiifae

it

could only be

an

earlier

3. The faierul battle between Rana Sanga and Babar-iha founder of the Mogul dynasty jn Indiawas fought around

'empk or1

royal deity.

Usually

principal

,Dd,1

**te captured be lea ' ,h fd Ty .he sc, (l o that AM...

S

^%

]u Simkrif name

is

GbatiPatra.Akbar's reign therematerialsia

certified midwife.->r

not even a scrap of paper proving that the Fatchpur Sikri township was ever25. In the records of

According to current

falsified

account. Fatehpur Sikci

comtnrjsioned, designed,

ordered,

labourers or any day-to-day account kept. ordered mob a huge township to be constructedrecords or at leastable in the26.

money paid to Had Akbar reallyhugepiles

=sfere:S.r fltsaAkbarlive in .

township under constructs

1

some

tattered bits

of should have been availBritish.

Mogul record captured by theJesuits at

Contemporary

that cot a stone-cutter's chisel

Akbar 's court have recorded was ever heard or any buildingmustif

f^td"of1

nnd *en suddenlyafter

leave

*i.

>-*

tamXl'ly

completion

on the

very

""-""J? face of.

material piles seen

and

that,

therefore, the city (if at all)

have been "built oversight asdressed to the required size

by magic for which stones must have been brought readymade

U.veltinlife

"8Sin

because the

hto*"

*

'"*'

from the distant quarries".overnight withoutisI

he slightest

That a whole, city couJd be built trace- of any material lying. aboutApparently taken in by

SS3 rn.de30

Fatehpur Sikrl untenable.

the height of sentimental nonsense.

the gullible talk of Akbar's

fawning courtiers whose language

ihe Jesuits could hardly follow, the latter have made this naive noting in their mediaeval simplicity and bclier in magic. But for us now that noting is of immense significance in seeing through the medieval game of falsification

wall thai enclose! holes in the outer ns.ss.ve vivid proof of the In,. the surrounding plain ! the over three against Rana Sang, Latttfonsht there by Bh ascended the throne. decades before Akbar evidence, turreut historical That in spite of sueh massive . anach,o,.t.lly that Jaud"ouri,t U.er.tnre shonld

The gaping

IVek

SU

*

of Indian history.

FS

hZ Sikri

bj Akbar.

Hindu ,ownsbip-was condoned tragedte. ofhlunderone of the major end glaringa patently

Even before the

fictitiousis

of Fatehpur Sikri township

t

T* fL*^ Z S? ZZ TI

rdCd

-m

2

m hhlwy*" ,yX

dates on which the building believed to have been begun by

research. ing Indian historical

Agra Fort

Fatch P Uf

**l

lbat bc

"*>

o send

his

wives

This clearly shows that

0I lttt

pcri&d of

Akba ''* wig"

>* stately

WOrDCQ

ci

lic iQ

**.

In spit, ofstyle.

The

Diwan4-KJias and Dlwanarchitecture in the stylish

i-Am

^i prince,

in

Sal.m Chisii'i "cavo"(.i c ).

interior apartments tn

Amu

The very

64the

INDIAN HISTORIC,

"ns^*C,|tfai C

Hindu mandap design.

No Muslim rukr

ever hart'I'lUfi

or ibc resources to build such a cosily fori. Hindu til me* *uch as "Aroar Singh Gate

a' O 1H0,a^0HU--

*UWW!L,,B

Gate" At the gates wert statues bor*r< and elephants in full regalia.

Haifa of Rajput prince?"- -?*

and

turned

to b

mi**"""*df

absurd (o explain this away as Akbars appreciation of the valour of the prince who

U

ii

^hl

claim Hmdu Kig of

of Chit tor fort against his army, flames were of earlier Rajput princes and the fortvaliantly in tbe defence

kg Th fhabuilt

Uh*J P-' " SSjW.dtW *** Mogu^and other Muslim roten be m' R ,pal,ceDb,. Since"*u,,rwci,k0

^ '"

^gpal. *

Tomar m '> t "" ,i *

betrayed

",

manyto

centuries before

Akbar ascended the throne.

was

glr,

Agra fort ft a twin of the Delhi Red Fort. Akbar and another to Shahjahan is wrong.built they

To

Agra to .. chain of ituHcem esistea Delhi and AgraPorts ut

to their

.

'X^^uUlclue-.,h - Taj

thenars

gold reference to the

^^at

th.MheRedI...

fcM11 gp.|-s time..

ascribe on

by Hindu rulers. There is no auth tic documentary evidence to sustain the claim that they built by Mogul emperors. In believing that claim hbionant nave made a grievous error of judgment.built

were

were

Wheats^ th*

around 370 A.D.

nT

Tbc cmbl.haofbeTa,ndrt,=res

architecture of the

tmmU

a 5A*a ft monuments. Rajput built

^ ^^

Amber,

elotely

lhtRed

M'tal ot ^

forts have stone flower emblems w*>4. The architecture of the Diwanj-Am an

Both thosehalls

i 'hekarch'

AkbaraTomb-Slbandr.Six mi..s from Mine* to lie buried '>

kbii

e

forts featuring elephant images.

They Save fix terrace roofs and no domes or minarets. Elophmt taigesex.stattbe gateways or both the fotts. Since Islam frowns on images. Muslim monarch; conl never construct

Diwan*f-

of the ornamental

Hindu roaaiap

sryle.

say * Af ; 1 Leu" Historian,being uaed ha '^^ pa1i before

Sikandn. Akb , t

tt

h.v^.

J? Tf"" e JPU*

C

1'

"P:

ABtain

hnby

oeZCtoZ

^.

"S in.

en,

CT' d

bad re al ,ra PP in s

P"^^btt

P

^

Jnd a which h,

w

construction to Akbar.

Other historians quoting

lA H^* r^LTomeTcit

and accomim meorW. To huge bad count less was. thoPBns and gba s. U

*

AUah,b'd

W 'ork of someail

blundering authors, haveRiver Ghats Demolished

become

distorted.

him in 1384. Akbar but only occupied by flaunting claim ot ti. Mm*ir* nf Shahiaban make a

another aspect or ancient Allahabad which has remained hidden from the public because historians have failed to delect facts. It has been often wondered how the holiest of

There

is

faiher, grandfather ,8 tta precedent, of ki>inj5

and Cher pieced-

Allahabad has no jthats for pilgrims to bathe on even though it has been an invariable Hindu custom to construct magnificent ghats even in minor places of pilgrimage. A popular myth is that since the .Ganges changes its bed no ghats could be constructed. This It tn such cases ghats are constructed at the a facile explanation farthest limits at which the river flows. That is not, therefore,the holy confluence of the

three

rivers at

Muslim Abmcdubad mtdabad

rulers*

AhmcdabadBtf ulcrs srs.

another case in point of how Rajpui aionuMusltm been have bce ascribed wholesale to succeedingll

Before being

named

after

Ahmad Shah

1,

Uftl Ahmedabod *

a satisfactory explanation.

Moreover the confluencetownshipslike Pratistbanpurrivers* facing

is

surrounded by very ancientside of the

and Arai, on the othercareful

and Ashaval. Its history extends to.u very iemuie past. Abroad Shah was* very fanatic and tyrannical ruler. As was the practice with Muslim invaders Ahmcid Shah used captured Rajput temples and palaces cnoaqucs and tombs. A glimpse of his iutole ram dcprcdaiioni

*nawa

a* Rjjiiagar. Karciavati

u

exploration of the area reveals (bat ghats which existed along the banks were demolish-

Allahabad.

A

OMfl-MS

*

JO**Ci,

Kumar Mujumdnr's can be had fwm Mr, Ash ok eriki "Three Saints which was published in the special V'"*! "" numbrt ol ihc Caravan Magazine (Delhi) of August lajg11

|MD ,AN MONUMUHTS

cmtDmD fO ALU *maybe

**chared

llwith the Hindu

"In AJX Sultan Ahmad In that he observes. Sh destroy all Hindu Gujarat appointed an officer lo tempi! was executed with great bis kingdom, and Ihe taski

MM

Hindu

.tyle,

1*1

atthttecturs

\

So-tillc*! Juina'"

Maijid

din^

went to Siddhapur and broke" famous Rudramahalaya temple of Siddharaj und convened, The reign of the notorious bigot into a mosque.vear the Sultan himself

aSSSSSS E:i=Hindu roUU are common .* hundred closely vet pillar, ** evcaaamgic mosque* do not have temples. Genuine Muslim hamper mass prayers. nillur since ibey h*ed the sanctuary are,

m-.,ia

MuhnmmM"destroy" destroyed

Bagds (1458

to till)

was

yet to come'*.

here obviously signifies that ami tb umf buildings were occupiedInspire01

The word only Hindu worship wasnaively

and used as mosques,misleadingaccountsf

ihe

many

Ahmadin

Shah's

reign

ascribing

the

several

monumentspro'.e

Ahmcdabad

to him, there are

thai all those buildings

wen

unmistakable clues to only appropriated and not

cons-

the were wont to

style

on another nearby monument resoi originally a Shiva temple, it was turned into a pleasure by Shah Budagh Khan. Governor of Mandu under emperor

The

inscription

supporting arches architecturally not feasiblefanaticism of

^* ^* uncomP Moreoverreligious(if

romis,ngfid

tw Akbar, These two instances should be enough io show various others of identical construction falsely ascribed ioMnritarulcts,

Hindu features in mosque, had thoseEven

**!* ***** M?Z* d sacred,storesany e*iiteo/w"

a

Mmlim engineers

^ ^''^^0^. ^ w ,lole

were

built

by earlier RajputIs

rulers.

characteristics ed the incorporation of Hindu Muslim conception.

m

bunaing* buddings of

In such cases the utmost that

an conceded by historians,

The

ichacoloinii of ibe old school, is that the lucceeding MjJ*Jj' ndcis may hive used Rajput building material and sites. Tho academicians would have the original RJus believe that

mediaeval moouraflOW origiomllytinkering-

m *.*. o= ta. -"* * Hindu bear t.ga* *,y

M.U-

aa

76Neither the

INDIAN HISTORICAL

I

m

,

primary

dome nor shrine, the Kbarhe

the minaret arc

Muslim

has neither a

dome

since hi am, nor a minaret.

CaiiDltBO TO |NDIAN MONUWlNtS. ,i

M-RM MUSUSSU

~*,rt*t,

homelands of the were unreduced to the

AJmfTof the ancient Sanskrit Aiaya-Meru. Irs central city-palace, now housing som c 1^,, office* has been falsely claimed in fawning, flattering chronicle,

Ajnuf

is

corrupt form

to have been built by

Akbar.

Mecca Was SUWfflW hou.ing 360 (InduO tailed huge temples'

W

rl ** h ave a virgin d , number ...TV* coumervvan^ have ame D courtier wn c if. *ell known e kii if any well ,

al near thepalace

^^bee.

.^Z f

^urtiers. courtiers,

**" ,2

rSl hai

boys prostituted

? therme Ives, *iiSo

Zl Jon led to-Woo*

Akbar's stark tils AH batofian* unanimously testify to has recorded that Akbar could neit racy. Mis son Jahangir as though he was very learn nor write but used to posereadIt

a

not 10

much a question of Akbar's posing asall

ofotheri'

prtntlwMa T Ldenly descend

TV* DEPRIVED THEM OY would be A percent question Whcrefrom did m-PWWi

^^^ ^permission,

^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ mibe icalm

who coH

ed

^

.nei heir

.

and drunkenness an-

* *""

^miesf

cabled

some

lw WHOof

HAD

s0. ca]led ll|llW ,

Akbar *

yea to

hkeT

loCMto 7 wre n0De

humouring bim into the belief that the outcome of profound wisdom,

that ho saidelse

or did wai

Tbe answer

when faced monarch!

with

a

cruel

and

could they do unscrupulous, alt-powerful

What

Hindu other than decent

wh^ase hn menfolk w and after their ra ,ded and plundered ^l helplessly left to fend ^ massacred or converted were sex-hungry to the mercy of selves and were exposed5.000 women Dpite an eaclusivc harem of over as of the realm whose vtrgmity.

is

that

^^^ ^^cI women

we.c

^^wog.

daily

Akbar'ssays:

life

a good example of a Sanskrit adage which

courtiers*

diUihe

Abu JFw

Youth* Wealth. Porter and Intemperance

virgin "prostitutes"tells

Each irogly can bring ruin

What theu when

all

combine.

of repeating thai Albar during hit early years remained "behind a vert'*Whit he meani Thereby is that Akbar used to spend most ofpage 31 Smith says "*Abul Fazl never tireshis

On

and could not Akbar's exclusive royal command by any courtier be violated without special permission was itself always honour or the wives of noblemen and courtiers of Atbarnama. subject to Akbar's sexy pleasure. Id Vol. Illus wasat

edited by Sir

tune in the harem."'the

On page

good (Jcsuttl reprove the emperor iharply for his licentious relations with omen,,, Akbar blushingly excused himself." Abul Fazl deicr** tni Akbar ' harem says, "Ms Majesty baa made a large enclo-

Aquivm.

Smith informs us thai father had boldly dared te81

Jadunath Sarkar, Abul Fazl says 'Whenever Bcgami or the wives of nobles, or other women of chaste (sic) character, desire to be presented, they first notify their wish tothe scrvanis of the seraglio

and wait

for a reply.

From

thence

which those who arc eligible (sic) are permitted to enter the harem. Some women of rank obtain permission to remain there for athey send their request to the officers of the palace, after

sure with fine buildmgi inside where he reposes. Though there arc more than 5.000 women (in the harem) lie hat given o each

*bolc month/'

Remembering that Abul Fazl has the reputation of being a

CTWH.

86

IMD,AN

w *Wtic*t nt^iaVU "ioanohl

ihat

above passage is a clear "thtmdtt* nsiteref". the used to compel wives of courtiers and

Ak&r

N oaU U*.

*-

toward* *hotn he

fell sufficiently

hum at least

for a

monthis

attracted, to remain al a lime.

w,ihr7*

hJ

b^t^22 r= i-%1>i>

cou,d havc . 7* ,t s (bat huma mty shed m ed} ^ bct eve ovct a number of generai,o D| W3J S ' generations removed f rom cr bree many tiroes more cruel thao ZCD must be(

^

not

^

Hamzabao, a military

worthy

d^A

n

Evfln lhis S i

m p]e

(J) 01 * Dialled scholars "s greatness,At"

nMstory who

ignored by have perpetuated *> eis

truth

ibyAkbwlVb.orbioii^rim ina near Masud Hussain Mir**, eyes se revolt, had b.sa

$13fear

AkbarC

^ W ^'Akbar Vi " y

"~.

which Ihc ft"

wiih people coiMceml

U

'^ ^ tev of (heir owt

therefore,

Nights than supplement* to Arabian be regarded as

2*! m^haj

Bibliography1.

:

Akbar the Great Mogul by Vincent Smith.Akbar the Great, Vol. Akbar by1,

is

2.3. 4. 5.

by Dr. Ashirbadi Lai

Stivuiavi.

have only incidental, and would by moit caution after firm corroboration find as a needle, in Such truth would be as difficult toslack.

*~**22 "**^** an

MM*

Shelat.

Akbaroama by AbulCommcntarius.

Fazl, Bibliotbeca Indica series.

and kind have been uttered by discerning been heeded. For serious historians even before but have not eight instance the late Sir H.M. Ellioi says in the Preface to hisWarnings ofthis

6.

Annals of Rajasthan by Co!. Todd.History

volumeHistorians, Elfraud."

1- India's

As Written by1

Its

Own

study of mediaeval chronicles that the History of the Muslim era in India, is an 'Impudent and interestedcritical

ami Dowson, Vols.

to 8.

In his address to the All India History at Allahabad, in 1938, Dr.

Congress session held

Surendranatb Sen, a sectional presi-

dent, similarly observed

:

*"Hereis

I

deemi,

il

necessary to sound a note of warning. Thereto treat everything written in

a tendency

certain quarters

of history. Nothing can be more weie mainly interested in the court and the military aristocracy. Some of them deliberately soughtridiculous^.. The chroniclersilic

Persiuo a* a prima:) source

patronage of the ruling sultan and the principal nobles.

'

[JH

INDIAN H.STOt Maa

TV MU wtiicn were seldom free from religious bin tu bit, tt1 ihem inditTcremi nude them indirTcrent to the culture of the Hindus, Th* Theto eternal pcrdi perdition of These defects the Persian cr ian chronicle* r-iryibat inspire af India/ onr>Tm to influence the historical works of India."

m

^^n Hnitt

MEDIAEVAL CHRONICLES FA rf|| IH..aoocratcloss

107all

was i deluded misbeliever

doomed

u^ "

crown wealth out

of

proportion, and

over the rulers'

many

misdeeds.

Mh u*** j[*"5

therefore, mediaeval

Muslim

chronicles and rulers*

on to quote Dr. Tcssitorl, the gre liiluD scholar to say that "The history of mediaeval India hai been so far compiled chiefly from the works of Muslim hisior ni who rcpTcieni the Rajput princes in an unfavourable light* calling ihem infidel dogs, headstrong rebels, etc Bearing suchDr. S,N Sen then wearunfriend t>feci inn

V u reliance1L.icce DiedIt

handled with the utmost caution ought to have been that our histories have gone all out in e1 j on I find on these suspicious records- Every word written

weighed and verified before being needs to to properly these records provide will be found that sometimes

'be

Monammadenrole

historians never

do

full

justice to the

important

which Rajput princes played

in

unpens! campaign*,.,."*

The shove twobts;

extracts

should be enough lo highlight two

At times, the asscrmaterial for adverse inferences. pinch of sail, sometimes to be taken with a Itenita thrm need to the glories of previous Rajput rulers* v rive us a clue the events dealt with in them need to be while at other times and examined with a pair of tongs."rftnirtble

L

carefully

lurned

failings of ihc

mediaevalchronicles

Muslim chroniclers

:

One was

ihat

tan rote

not out of a literary urge lo leave innhful accounts of contemporary happenings for posterity hut run ai*>frmding. They were mainly interestedI

their

in flattseir-

tini the sultan or

reliance hitherto placed Because of the indiscreet and blind Muslim chronicle* and rulers' memoirs many in mediaeval Indian history. A proper myths have become embedded in the that there is absolutely no evidence ofreappraisal will

badihah *ith a view to curry favour for

show

jnndraent. Their other drawback was that they wrote t d *** local culture, people and 1V l.i K nd^wtuch mihuted afa, ,be impartiality, veracity and

TT

law to prove thai Akbar built canals scribed to him. or any of ihe forts, towns, palaces and or the Delhi Red Fort. Like that Shabjaban built the Taj Mahalkind as will stand in a court ofassertion* originatrumours starting as oral canards all these sacrosanct beliefs through ing as written yarns have become of going to the very If historians take the trouble repetition,root of these

*ttcta*i *hKh . true historian should possess

much vaunted

claims claims they will find that the.

W^** ****

Akbarct

.?

*'i

fof

,D "oce

**-l>n**

pwpH,n.

Ufa Jafaanp,,^

A^^re lift* Uveto

* mgni ,,,*, lBe '**" lter p,,n*'> ob.___1

.jt

' " ,bt PDin * ' h* 1 been *** v. the rulers themby L or "-called accounts of

J,r,

IO

^

works on

are baseless.

M

present before of the above contention I shall chroniclers you a panoramic survey of all important Muslim why discern and the much quoted records left by them, to show unreliang historians have repeatedly pointed out the utterIn supportbility

"J'

of these

men and

their

works and how

In spite

ofthweinstitu-

emits

the applecart of Indian

mediaeval history

'**

w w,

w

1' 1 prol, rah* " FCi a , ! magc of the,

^^..iotu

move merrily through ourtion*

unmindful of

its

research schools, colleges and false and insecure wheel*.

Let ui take Alberuni. In

Ms

JSP** *

the

1*^ H

out mediaeval

" Congress. Alliha&ad*

history,

we

Alberuni hasevents he

left

are the only

others throughease as in that of account* tnat are told that the our knowkdg n

noun* of

e

has dealt with.scant

And soon

after

wi

*re

^

Alberuni had

regard for iruts.

tIn this connecttoo

:

, ,

INDIAN HISTORICAL

Ri

Edward

C

Sachau the well

us. H.ficnc tradition failing

known wboJar-Mitorfon . *"* we arc reduced to a sj

litthCUD

0ftjt

a^ato*???.'

** 1 f *

hilt

* (ofGhazni) had been dead only wrote King Mibmud tf politician he awaited the issue weeks As a cautious of th (between the two heirs Mahmud and Masud) ad ,JJ contest on the throne or his Masud bad been firmly established rather hastened to dedicate to him the greatest work of hii he at ooce Masudteus If he had been affected by a D y fe& life the Canon the dead king he (ought to fog of sincere gratitude to have and dedicated to him his works in grateful praised him memory). He has not done so. and the terms in which he speaks of Mahmud throughout his book arc not such as a mm would ase when speaking of a deceased benefactor. He oalymentions bim as Amir

author's Of tofonMlion--U

(7-e.

Alberuoi's)

work

1.

w^"*

ni^from

^^"'/I'd and d,sin= tion ^tThis we find Hi*h " A6 daTase inDr.to

rJvs

policy ga and follow him at once, he took them to showing him the copies he said "What Abul Fazl teaches me is very different from what he practices in ihc hove." The incident is said to have produced a temporary estrangement between Akbar and Abut 1-azL

in

That Firdcusi too (though he has not written on fndia) wii no way better than Alberuni in the matter of Vet*(

^.^W^orhun.

Dr. Sacbau say,1

m ther.

same

TdS Kiii?dILto

J^^^^sr

ro

dca,h byen,

^ J2IiTt

have

KnairM

L

youDg

;

iC U "

lyy*r

*

*>**h*

*foufld

after

enthrone ionat

hB fiBiriMd

,a,ed

n

****

** Shihnan. andhe flung

for reward,

him

3-

On

and to the Vl|] ocompaoying drinking orgie,.

* taH ^ ^carccfutatio^roTl Patronage and engagement to the *ru and lettm Wh Whatever Patronage was encoded * to iMBfih^.. lo i>cophnttf

U8h U

^"^

~

kind of dance and music

page 178 of the 1st volume of Akbarnama Blochmann Badauni * opinion about Abul Fazl. Badaum says 1 Abul Fazl when once in favour of the emperor (officious as he was and lime serving, openly Faithless, continually Itudying Hit Majesty 1 ! whims, a llattcrcr beyond all bounds) took every opportunity of reviling in the most hnmef.il way l hat sect whose labours and motives have been io little appreciated.quotes1

,

*f Airti

Ill

,Ml>,A * | HIS110|

CAL||

>H

Me0tABVAt

CHRONICLES

111

bywMltftrtlJ"i^

,bJ(

fr thai

vantage

M

,jlPtACCO

he hro*heat anybody- Jafcangir ibc crown prince h 10l8elr *Oufo under the overbeanng authority PPqr tly wioeiof *i. or A|? position so intolerable as lo be !' F- *l. found hi* compelled1 abour the assassination of Abut Ftel.

po in,

iHioH

undcr

* bti^

S^*' ^^rTtX^iScould-be fl,0U

^

Tbrdc1to

We

ba'c

Abul Fail's own confession lo show that

c

In Bfocbmanns 1 time s-erver and opportunist. mef*** ' ta tbt fim edition be has quoted Abul Fail's own remark '*** which Abul Fail says "As fortune ' Akbsrnftma in

^^.:r:fu^rng*io

did

ass Failure o

and detailed except a coherent of without J"J, Hamlet reign- Akbarnnma wia lo object in writing extended interminably lich could HisasottofPenelope-s Web that is iiasort of Penelope information

.?

commercial rates and metal lur-

lakmmcU.*- when beAkbar'* a rtention)price of lenrniofinclusion..., The!

'

failed!

in

bis

first

attemptr

olfir|l

almost became selfish

bad made

advice

my brain drunk with the of my father with difficulty Icm

and conceited* 1511"*h'

^;; ^mthe^rem^ncj spersonality

Akbarnama and its author has Akbar's reign and conceptions about Akbar nccptionS m^ibe.

rcsul -

0 *;

from outbreaks of folly."Footnotes in

f ** "**=* *e bo*as asi

opium add^5,000 wotnen-

Urd drun^

d

^and

^^

^^ ^inI

hi.

a sovereign

who

pUe of

grained

a harem of over

Akbarnama describe Abul Fazl

who oiedcertainly

nan and

consume about 22 seers of food everyday. "i!? * ought not to be one of the attributes of a suave histto scholar.

TT^elsTr the L|

Thai Akbar himself rega rdedhanger-on and idid

Abis

,-.: 1 1 i .

.

I

.

,

-

n

o

mo

-,.

t

h

,

Had he been the Just and great ruler that we have been wrongly made to believe he should have arraignassassination.

proved by the fact tbath* not bat even an eyelid or raise a finger on Abul Ftofy

camp

follower

Fazl reveal* Vol, or Akbarnama Abul Kuknai ( ho opium or -Whenever His Majesty takes wine, a drug par excellence outlining Sabri ,i 4 ucr he calls servants in charge ?1 aumtessence of ill other drug*) the addichou him the stands ." Akbar's extreme p ace before could only result in extreme o drinks, drugs and women coniiar tyranny towards his helpless subjects1st;

cruelly

justice, fairplay, impartia to the claims about his exemplary he was anothet Hty generosity and nobility. Obviously Nero.f

and

Jahingir with ibe charge.

% On page

TO

Abul FazTs 'rand strategy to hitch his wagon Akbar* tram so as to forge a lifelong link for ensuringsecurity, prosperity

wu

tohis

or

a correc appraisal of his

and commanding authority it court undemanding of this role of Abul Fazl is essential for

Akbarnama.understood thatlo

Inhouid be

demyn,l,

Akbarnama wisanything more,o

S^JlmcZ

s "Jabatigir openly co* l

Ain-15 dealing with "The Imperial Harem" Abul Fazl the reader "His Majesty has made a large enclosure

c

WM

his

enemy/'

with fine buildings inside, where he reposes. Though there "'- more ibtn 5,ooo women be bti gtvon to eicli topktmli apartment. Surprisingly enough Abul Fazl fails to mention

i

INDIANII*IQ*

n. ' wofd of Jtbnngrr to prove thai Alcbar We hate lie a neither read nor write a word. BDWilB. He coufd Al JJI aiQjn

^ ied

womenfolk or Akbar** subject* In addition he up truinn. . ilw Tt mi*** fomoelled to ipend up. to a roomh

compel

^

c tpern*, u;:i raafntn) 16. |g j;'

&\oS

Sf.

^

*!* of Jahangir depend* cmolfs written by h.mself or

S

ni''t' and angelic J' P* ** are described in '"* 37. 38 etc.l

u

rllu

quali-

Am*

* *s hardly he ""Miwil hboir

La"

t u^l^ w,th h,s own **". for haVe taken "Pon himselfiuch

MAobsession

nmw TO

fctC Al

^

mmhi,

.. About Jibmafir"* v*li* of crou jewels to agronomical fagy 1MJ quantities observcd vcrV perlioenily **" Bnnsh historians have that iiiif k| jeweller's -eport than an emperor's Kb a

for exaggerating

n p^|TH

W

MEDIAEVAL CHRQNtCUSit

..-

narration.

The claim' ofltthangir to have install-* palace fli Agra for anybody to ring and011

i

a bc|| orjuaii

g Hid Elliot as jost another yam unworthy of consideration predecessor, had been m the habit f nsechanliLosc all Wi limilar empty and unfounded d*,m- id their ^jy recordingcredit.

amenities for wayfarers Jc d other

cynically scoffed at

bi

H.M

os

has dismissed as 'silly **.

demand juMi^V* Sir

^

jabangtr'* claim

1

Examining the

much vaunted twelve

,rgio Jabaogir, formed the basis or Sit Hto Elliot says that those have been mechanically repeated by r alu? Miulim i ulcf cacb pledging tw root outrank corrupt'* rjmpafli previously. Thus between themselves these cbrotu and memoirs provide staggering evidence of thej

Institutes which ace his regime.

m

_, ty unviable and

that he regarded everybody** private pro* sacrosanct is refuted by Sir H.M. Elliot

classic instance hv citing the

of

Mohobbal Khan,this leader-soldier

a

military

Jahangir. Lirflandcr ofn

While

was Bating

cstcm and depth of corruption that prevailedfrom Kutuboddra to Bahadursbah Zafar.

nigbtmamh under all ruler,

hii family Kabul on the frontier* ousted from its mansion to make room l ft s unceremoniously This also incidentally proves bow deiperaPrince Parwcr

of Jabangir'v kingdom

accommodation the Moghuls used to be and tv sbort of hollowncss of the traditional claim of their having therefore theintrepid builders. These observations of the been great and reduce Ihc veracity and reliability of ihc British scholars jtohangirnoma almost to a cipherLet us

for

iibiogiTi claim i* to

have

built

serais,

sunk

wefts and

1

Jo ihc preface toreject* Price's

Jahangirnaraa the editor says "Sir HM having been written by a jeweller aiher than an emperor the pretended accuracy and minuteness with which Ihc value of gold, silvc and precicwi s given, and the abounding exaggeration displayed in enumerating suras... must be ranked with the fictions of coxutu and PialBmanzaT."version a>

now

turn our attention toreign

Bitdshuhnama or Ihc

ofShahjaban written at btsinttance by Hamitl of Lahore. It must first be stated here that Italia Abdul behind his Akbnrriama subsequent ever since Abul Fail leftaccount or the

'^f

P a * 206 records "h which the emperor tells ThTL\ r u | h ,M cow,rr * P*ice at Agra to a stone pillar r.E Ju e , it does not appear that it was ever shaken. 2f and probably was never meant for anything but parade. taEZrf7i" :ka? Umil * tian of what was attributed.

Utt

w His,or 5 ^!ly ctl

mo

m r 5 Justice

>

Vl

v[i -

KtoghulruleTswcie in desperate search of similar chronicler cruel and tyran* wiih their alchemic peas could make base, as had regimes appear resplendent, righteous andgencfOBImealbeen successfully demonstrated by

found a tolerableI

prototype in

Abul Fail That Shrthjahun 1 Mulla Abdul Hamid .an be

'

tk.r*'

J

rulrntheir

Pf e

'% h

Alul, Ht had alrcadv done the same at ,e*r fierce of ihc habit of Muslimn,etvei

Ra,pj" ; o S'^ D

suien

P^fi knspuiMM.J

*ctiDco OW

flK r'^S;* fl, "rwi e ,i ,0Elliot's

r ^ in!5,oMu n C *^'"

recorded glories of "- Therefore, even though Muslim ,ly dci "oycd all Rajput reoardiwill >

*he

the third Institute of Jahlfflgif wbjch m,e "5-*j claims that all heirs to proper' Y Wcre *! property, bir M- fcuiot enjoyment of the deceaseds nicre repetition of obscrvei "The descent to heirs it Institutes of Tiraur. p. Timurs Institute (Davy and White teen by refer373) but bow little it was adhered to may be Aurangneb, who ence to the history of Jahangir* grandson

Commenting on

'

chronicle* ; rcCQntIru * . .. ,t._. .._ *,. lej, and the Sutlej, and that the Sultan founded the Jumna and laid out verdant gardens by ind towns, built palaces

!t

"My

rl

i

assertions are like the ones

we make

while

lhC

ta,c * to c *" Wrcn ratios fci'Y

m

,ul,lD 8

them to sleep

Had

surrender copies of Jahangjr't original version. Thii was done because lahangir's version eonofficial!

who were asked

to

bland statements been true the author could "c numerous sources than merely ascribing the inforroahaw quoted belter father. Rumour-mongers always ascribe such infor"h,]8

lis

'

of

""* P'.

theyfort.

were

intended to compel th* subjects and

officials

to

to drown the dreadful mechanically repeal the official version of diurnal tyranny in experiences, memories and miseriesofficial

ZT

C ' UI

"

'

hc

'"" a

Muslim

history Professor

K.A, Nizami or Aligarh

a psychobistonan alone can analyze conSbvs Prof. Nizami, and motivations to arrive at the "historic tradictory situations extent Akbar " A classic poser for a historian is to what fICl for Rajput ladies of his harem in wa5 guided by considerations while revelling in animal hums adopting vegetarian habits,enjoined by theHistorians'

Univcfsitv debunking

wtnitivorthv.professor

Medieval Muslim chronicles as most Such a confession al appraisal from a Muslimdiehard

"Qubusnamab".

of

tbe

Aligarh

tradition

is

a

rare

phenomenon.ierit>

mc'IT

Muslim academics had better emulate Prof and emerge out of the holes and baskfo

Nizam is

accounts can't be properly interpreted unless t their psychology, their predilecreader first understands them, of their minds, observes Prof. tions and above all the duality the most important Nizami. For instance, Abu Al-Fail. one ofhistorians of

of their chauvinistic of the

tutoring

the sunshine

TRUTH

ifli

mediaeval India and author of the "Akbaroamah Akbar. laments recording Hie achievements of Mughal emperor become a slave of dirhams and id a letter that "I havedinars."

The ne*i repoei ran is

under

W T 7 " ""' n** ! -o** M * ^toZZll

bHioS^I;^ 2

:

"^'^Wiiory",m lbf

new

technique oftime,, has

ZEISS?

t]

t?

U

C*

bis Nizami analyses that whenever Abu Fail found from assessments of a situation running in a different channel of the emperor's, he very artistically hid himself in a plethora high sounding words or quietly let out bis views m abstractProf.

he** a teUisiiag.taoomougiciiftaf ik. **_.

rab

hl tonography

tradinoo

and philosophical language,

'Wherever his florid style begins

to soar

higher,

whereveris

w -^l^cihdai .T/ **1

dV0Ci,led

by

Fmwh

hi*

h

'

a, *

philosophic ideas

become more

abstruse, he (Fail)

always

Ionic,

^h found aaiCf'^jtifluencwi

of

I,:, "!

'"J

*" "searcbera,

fating

the former

some psychological

situation,

by the

WT'

J*

g.

*

University.

Mr. K.A.

Accounts of Iranian historians, notes

Prof. Nizami,

cannot

chf0ni l of court bis*

be regarded as comprehensive or truly reflective

of their times,

UMainn WMongraphy tradition,

'hey

dedicated their works to ruling monarchs and consider-

\24

d any reference to common man or his pr toryto tort to tbe art of h rstory writ ins.i

M* ro|

H| ***^H

,.* pjSSffcA^""

MIT> N

MroiAWAL CHROMICUS

12*

writer*,

The Persian Renaissance after the !rh c* 7VA/rr> *//*< age'' into 'TAe historytowards the beginning olthenfj

those faith* were spread through force BecauMS both y^^jequcntly they have destroyed lot of historytha remmioder.

Bth

onZ\histot-

COftVe

century,

"

^

'"I

ere written

in

Persian

in

Minor. Prof

Nizimi's

countries fro ra conclusions are alto.

?

*0tfc|

b-

of Europe and America and of thinking people to Algeria must reallte that "tiMfrfwni Afghanistan rcg, ^lualito prc-Mohamed history has wn rea , p re -CbtJslian and the* tn* tT nurtured ou a fake history even naVc been DurtUfC,otic*

llcoryiD.

ha* not only adulterated Indian hitHence it fected architectural taxi book*-

desp alr of ibis We would like to assure oF tnC j r profession. bMic CO as as overwhelming and formidable iog is not l ' ibem* 3 atl mediaeval monuments includinf the Tij Mahal, Hum ay un's Tomb, Akbar"s Tomb and the*o*c*Ued Kutub M.nar are pre*Muslimoul) Saracenic element in

Rajput buildings. The some of them is confined to ArabicIt it like

architectural from archilecturtt Saracen* SitaoeoK "i u. a . x....-, "" id. rcicrrco to. Let that architecture be referred to ^hitecture hitcClurC arco arcn teclurC is tpediacval mediaeval ly i QPpropr,,eS I, m * aiuium use.

*** plinth

' ,0g,e

Hindu

H^yle 5 i!^",

*?

**

^

"*

One very important consideration is that while India has had a very elaborate and masterly Sbilpashastra U. a science of architecture, ancient and mediaeval Muslim world has had20.

nothing corresponding to

it.

A,

***

"l

^"itoio

SU^.ucmt

M Ul]i0lBL ,,,etT 10 C0Vcr

hiildlng.

^naolished old Hindu from the sameihe

Any community claiming architectural skill must have basic (rcatisei describing structural form* and strength of mater alluied in construction

Ancient and mediaeval ladia had these.

P

many

illogicality*

The invading Muslims had none.

COM

132

INDIAN H!5T 0RlCALfc*ta

Of THB bl

pO.*IIC TH60HYl|41

133the fatse

Mkl *wIf.

m

lf tep

further

we may sayilliterate

that

invading

predominantlyrikJIh

not to talk of

M7*! niTr

to bring

home

to the reader

bonom

brill

Wc

the current

is

M To the north is an octagonal chamber which at all." to have not been usedin

West Atian monuments,is

has already been observedis

connection with the Taj

tl.

Another point to be noted\*I

that all

:xtanl

Indian

Mahal that the octagonthe

a purely Hindu shape.

Moreover

maoboenif tun* been built according to the Indian 'iihaitra irecifiratiaai even if they appear supcrficiiilfy toibi

aadibe

mosque*.centuries

Visitors

to Indian

monuments

have

the Whisunused chamber is an indication that the use of was an afterthought in which pering Gallery as a Muslim tomb earlier Hindu no uk could be found for every chamber of thebuilding.

Jx

mound,

y 23^^m*Z**qAdoer

fW M HjnJ(J im ^ s ***+* *ofW including students of architectureinside build.n*,

come to associate very rectangular or octagonal building shapes ilhdomci wilt) inseparable characteristics of Muslim notqott. This is perhaps o unique mi lance in world * raUtficanon of records and mere grafting of.quart

levertl

of luioriug

*V

ind archcJ

book TEMPLES. CHURCHES AND MOSQUES by Mr, Yakub Hasan it is stated on page 165 that "A peculiar style known as Saracenic was invented... Muslim architecture of one country differs from the Muslim architecture of another."In the

Thn

false

that the

building,

[*'?

are buih

entirely

to Hindu

a critical

claims in the above sentences become apparent study. If Mr. Yakub Hasan claim* that a new

^

^ were

eommissione,

,

A* Humd

tcliatoioBitti mm* .

uo^taT^r

same motlfl and style* coo 'eoPorary Muil.ni lomb* tnd disturb or bother ihe historical.

^ * book, ; dealing with

8ma

""

^

was developed he should produce the necessary treatises of the style. Secondly the admission thai Muslim architecture f one country differs from that of another is clear P'oofihiii the Muslim invaders used earlier indigenous build! * tombs and mosques and staked a false claim to have* u l them themselves,io lht,

'acenle style

the topic

,cl ata

ht article

LETTERS Society's journal titled ARTS 'Akbar the Master Builder' coo tains a characteristic

AND

'*eatenceIf

,NDUT*T S TOu . c*ays

Li(it1

"The

largest

tomb*

*

df

* '^

^aanACiHiC TltEOAY

13S

at

Delhi

plan or rather polygonal, the central lowded b an arcade, a plan which

tomb chamberha* ancientall

a re

h!?'

1'

imagedl

conqueror** iconoclastic by the Muslim

orlgi

?%

"-

badlyfrry

Th.

*ffllnce again

underline*

how

have been mistaking ancient Hindu l*^*" ** be original Muslim creations merely because someM 1toll ta tombs have been grafted in them.and hiiTorjId the article

students of

J befo^**** ff0fia *

*"

flowing the genius of your country, Ids' physical facta tbey were *

VISHNUDHVAJ A ...REVIEW,

l#.I54, of the year 1962 or the Bhandarfcar Oriental Institute, the author writes "Professor K,Research Director. Sanskrit University,that Mabnj'j'i

Vol XLI

M^ 1 *U

U^^TiTiTsprntual ntheUt'

t^d

the

the

santc,

n^Ev ry *****

canal

were language, but facts which went southwards,fi

Wiraihi. or remained aother.

R^-f

1

^r^st^i--*-!?*-**^ Theytl

Chaitopadhij*.

to each

werethai

Vuranasi,

iarbnnii

GbdZOt look ihe moders of the Delhi Manar do

called

Kuiub Miner) with him to Ghasoi for a timilnr coditraction there. He carried away Hindu masons from Mai hum to build hi j mosques and palaces at Ghazaj and the HiDdaarchitect built the

" M 5rt'

?^ "TuiufAdilShah of Bijapur creeled the fort* Z\ Khz c3a "" can be exposed by several clues. C* not be >n"ratcd in one year. baiwav.. ,currenttexts

yi

and comprehensive town-plan ; and this upon a teak of spacious dignity ; combined with individual and artishc freedom to which I cannot name any equally survivingparallel..*."If

historians

and archaeologiststhe

will

similarly study

Old

Adl Shah.

Sholapur, an ancientTfai

city.

Uelhnbeyk,

will find in it

common

ancient Indian

planning

^We.Of\;

"*ly S "fcal temple,

n * ai0ml

there arc

several

Jraiqua of laying

m

one haa been

lurac*

*albcr Shiva temple,

which bi

down a central axial road and planning ag reaideatial lanes around it to form a security-cocoon '^cd by a peripheral wall. In the case of Old Delhi

mCtaindni

"*>'AK

MUWH ICM>

Hr,

CUawk

it

iht axial road

red fort) at

ow rud md^c

with the ki . a

**K

Of,irTu S t Thus Abmcdabsd was not founded by Ahmadshah but5.J

conquered by him and christened in his

own name

supplanting

"^^'"J

2*^

* Mo***,b

r.iht f bid

J*r> -he

ttl.lfca

.owr,.^*'

^ ^*"f'*li

rrfJ

y maty>

nursing her

the earlier

name

ol

Rajnagar

alias JCarn.vati

Tfliikh-i-Ferox-

r*"7 00

even lo nukt both ,Qt, or-SaduI' (5oorya*Shardul) meaning The existence of an "infidel" drawing and its Sanskrit tiger

What

is

Inscribed records.

It is a common psyregimes would care to keep highly illiterate regimes scrawl enor-

suspicious

literate

name prove

thatin

Tamerlaw was buriedwhich he used toin

in

an

earlier captured

mously across huge wall surfaces it is a case of ifae lady pr> testing much too much." In faci those who stake false claims areoverzeatousto prove ownership or origin of'

the building

Hindu palace11, False

live.

on captured buildings. otherwise picnickers scrawl their names Even on the placestleyvisit.

by scrawling

their

own

inscriptions

mediaeval Muslim chronicle* sometimes afford tit a glimpse of earlier Rajput rulers' archives which were captured and burnt by the conquering aliens. Thus for insiauct Sir H.M. Elliot has pointed out in his critical study orclaim*the Jahangirnama that Jahangir's false claim to have installed a gold chain of justice in his palace at Agra was plagiarized

This

is

a

common human

failing

Hence Muslim inscriptions on mediaeval Indian buildings even appearing to be tombs and mosques, must never be mistaken to signify the original builder but only a captor, occupier and usurper,

from accounts of Anangpal's reign. Such nostalgic claimst therefore, far from applying to India's alien rulers, afford us a glimpse of accounts of earlier Rajput rulers' reigns, de&troyed

Vincent Smith has testified that Akbar."ten

Muslim monarchs used

to

by

their alien successors.

insenben at their command to scrawl wanted on captured buildings

and consequent all have an army of sculptorsandtheinscriptions

they

mediaeval Muslim chronicles sometimes lend themselves to adverse inferences. A broad, shaded highway upu> connected Lahore and Agra, and perha, : extended right ttawi Attack on the Indus The shaded trunk road existed from12

A 13mJi!lwworth* h|

hcr!

Claims

in

princ, P ,c,S lftat

to

^member

to

studying Indian

|

ry'

Mu * litaWri " CD

to spread throughout the country that the tbe

^^ption

SAUND-

for four years.

^^iu^tShankaracharya"

be period

is

not record ed.

hil

the 68 pontiffs who held office as Shankaracharya during the 2,448 years from 482 8C to 19G6 AJX, work* out to 36 years which is not an impouibk figure when we consider that the incumbents were strict celtbates

Tbe average period of each of

^

accounl5 f shankaracbarya refer to * Bhatta, the author of the philosophy ih fwii Kumaril meeting poorva Mjma^a." Since Bhatta lived

(to

fll|

tract

w

^

" 0X4haB.

Qhave livedout that,n

shankara, considerably youngerthe 8th Century,

S?

In rebuttal

it

rnuTt

i notoicd

^wKumarit*.

who

led

exemplary

lives

characterized by continence,the Sh ringerin

Sap in niibcrtoCentury

were no doubt contemporaancient a perBhatta himself to much more suspected. Therefore instead of behevingthe two

temperance, frugality and purity.

L and the RreatB,CThe

A thirdmonastery

view supportedis

by one tradition of that the great Shankaracharya lived

Shankaracharya lived near about the 8th ^AD^tsetms more certain thai both lived in the 6th

44 B.C.

Century4

WetimeI.

shall

now weigh

the available evidence to determine thelived.

when

the great

Shankaracharyainscription

mentions one Sivasoma desthe cribed as a pupil of "Bhagawao Sbankara-" Sivasoma was lived preceptor of Indravarman. The latter is known to have around 878-S87 A.D. This is cited as evidence that Shankaraview cbarya lived from 768 to 822 A.D, In rebuttal of thii the |**"j must be pointed out that no Sivasoma is listed among alta Sbankai a'i disciples. Moreover Sivasoma ha* obviously since the Shan* to a successor Shankaracharya, because ever has alway Lrecharya line was founded the presiding pontiff been referred to with the deepen reverence.

A Cambodian

of Shankaracharya is said to of the Pasupata doctrines from the contain a refutation Century A.D. This is cited as proof Parana* assigned to the 4th lived in the 8th Century A.D. Againstthaitins

SOOTRA BHASHYA

Shankaracharya

:

of the several Puranas is Indian chronology having been itself by no means faultless. All pre-conceived notion warped by Western scholars to suit their their assigning the that the Indian civilization is not very old, said Puranas to the 4th Century A.D. is itself questionable.it

may be

said that the dating

5.

The

SOOTRA BHASHYA

is

also said to contain a

quotation from

X A work called theSAUNDARYA LAHARlto the Great Shankaracharya.Its

isat^ted

Kamalasila s commentary on the TAT I VASAMGRAHA of Shantarakshtta, In reply it may be pointed out that the said passage may as well have been lifted byKamalasilainstead

75th verse

i*

a# ravjdl as allude to ihe Tamil Saint Tirujnana-Sambhanda Century Shishu.' Since that saint lived in the 7th before bis argued that a century roust have elapsed the B rW h all over South India and thai, therefore, {hc g ( vc himself have il/ charya who refers to him must argument F i rt detected in this Century. Many flaws can be a century aod nothing

p*

from

Sfaankaracharya's

SOOTRA BHASHYA

of being vice versa.pointed out that Shankaracharya refutes the doctri-

6. It is

'^^g..^

ne* of

^

Buddhist scholars Asanga, Dinnaga, Nagarjuna and Aihvaghosha, These latter are supposed to have lived not writer than the 3rd Century A.D., therefore, Shankara mustj*j*lived in

me

assumption that about

**

to

Century A.D, In refutation of this it be pointed out that Shankaracharya no doubt refutes

the

8th

:

:

173

mHi SauuntrVij

NDt*M HISTORICAL ltlf

j, wdj and Shoonyavada * oli Ruddhi*i ihmifhi but he never mentions A sun on f nt Asanga, r*. Djumi-. ** Najjiriuoa by name, Thos particular r Bnddhfstie d C ,T ' nc* were propounded long before the threeBudrthict.

M

^

&******

ACf|A

,iAS antiquity-

f(i

.

Qkjia

(

birth it idmiited

by

all

,y thc

^ t^w.rf

Ad, Shankw,

For Ihc present it may just be noted that the year birth by or 7*8 A.D. assigned for Shankaracharya's 44 both wrong. two different schools arelater.

m M9.

rfr

3058 Kali

of the bn*tal Sunday the 5th Lunar date disposition Vaishakha But the planetary th0SC CithCr f44 -

began

io

3102 B.C.

he ** Hence 2591

were intended to be recited inwhile paying them homage.

memory ofthe

^corresponds

*

ralnttS

2593-509 B.C. Thai was

the

THE

GURURATNAMALIKAverses

contains 86 beautiful andr

which Adi Snankata wa* born.the other details

we have the cyclic year Nand-ra, the Silt day or the Vaiihaaba month and Sunday which was was SBgiutriu* and bright hair of the month. The ascendant

Among

terse stanzas composed by Sadashiva Bra h mend ra a disciple ofthe 55th pontirT of the Kamakoti Peetha- Param ash vend rai

Saraswati. In those

is

recorded the succession to the

Ptetoa

from Adi Shankara's times.is

the

constellation

Punarvasu.is

What

is

noteworthy

is

thatthe

SUSHAMA

a

commentary

written by

Sbaskim't

birth anniversary

celebrated all

over India exacily

Atma Bodha on

GURURATNAMALIKA Atmathe

data every year. Therefore, there in accordance with in* above thtycat of his should be no doubt at to the authenticity or bjith being 509 B.C line of From that dale the Dwarka Peetha has an unbroken hud over succession of nearly 79 pontiffs, the Pun Peetha has140 acharyai andthe

the 58th pontiff of

Bodha was the discjpte of Kamakoti Peetha. Adhyatma Prakashen-

He is also the author of^a gloss on PUNYASHLOKA MANJAR1, known as MAKARANDA. His >s adttSaratwaii.highly critical

and historical genius which compels the reader's

admiration.

Kamakoti Peetha, 68. The

traditions Historians have ignored the fact of a remarkable similarity

just be ignored preserved by these three great centres cannot

and brushed aside.

Thereof

is

also a copperplate inscription ofI

addressed to

DwU pectha.ih ii a era

Ad Shankara VIMARSA, a work

himself.

It is

King Sudhanva reproduced on page

written by a recent head of (M The inscription is dated 2663 of the YiidhJs-

which corresponds to 478-477 B.C.Peetha of Jigannith-

of the Kamakoti, Puri, Dwarnka and Kudali nas, Shringeri is the only exception, ll would be very Wf to imagine thai the heads of the former four at some cn ' dftl * conspired together and faked those records just to P 1,c "' v aDour their antiquity. Far from ever coming baa h er I*"** pontiffs known for their pious, simple and

the records

^!

*te

Would

The chronology f the Govardha&a pun tallies with thai or Dwarkai

"Oflfcd

ncm

wtBwoL'r roande ^*tisifi,.

tht VeniaUtylife

bcC*** vaa Shfingct which has had a chequered history Adi Shankac* of political opheavali has m tradition by which A.D. lived abound 44 B.C and not in the Etb Century

^*

havc c"*ctively OT Individually with the dale* of their * an>P eri S just for the fun of it without the rerooof

nt

*

f any material gain,hl,toriaiu

^oaoj.? He*

bave eoramitled ihemielvei to certain which they dogmatically assume are uniiaallah'*

m

ml

'> refine to

admit dates which

. ... of revolution concept* .re undergoing amendmenttherefore .that the

h

luntpiion eicn though supported by s . r

Mte

onru8

r

^*'b*u1

l0VA

VKARACHAaVAS SHAW*lw- ""

ANTIQUITY

I81alio pull

changV^^ *,.

the death of ic PUNYASHL0K4 - 2625 3l02 =4" B.C in the the y ar 2625 Ka,i or SM F in lunar date of the bright hair of the on the 1 l!h

MANJARt

\

liTj***Lionelih

Blum,.

C.

That

ii

me

birth

dale of

Kumar

it

4M B^

*.

m.,

Kmma .. hi.

I

Sl

yo

((u

,

',""-" has heen dealt with at tome length volume tuled VEDIC HERITAGE

in

my

WORLD

>.HT,,.,M

Bbt^r So

II

ANTIQUITY tORP BUPWfA'SLike doubling

|gj

Lord Buddha's Antiquity Underestimated by Over 1300 Yearscelebrated with great Year of Grace 1956 when India anniversary of one of her moat juito ibe so-called 25001* birth Hie Buddha, the celestial famous sons Shalya Muni Gautama sleeves and the serene timekeeper must have laughed in his over must have names of "The Enlightened One' all the world the underestimation of brofcen into a broad, tolerant smile at The Buddha's antiquity by over BOO years by a not to enlighIn the

first doubted cverytblotind gave the benefit of doubt to all later dates. They then however, entered a very pathetic confession that they ihcro' very sure of their findings. On selves are not page |7| VO f I of 7* Cambridge History of India 'Mr. Hi, Rapion taw "Unfortunately even after all thai bas beeni

Thomases they

m

4,

ubject of early Buddhist chronology we are still uncertain as date of The Buddha's birth. The dale to tbe exact 489 B.C.adopted in this history must still be regarded as provisional/' Likewise Mr. Vincent Smith observes on page 44 ofthe J9I5

written on tbe

The Oxford Students* History of India that "The date of Buddha's death is uncertain, but there Is good Teason for believing that the event happened in or about 487 B.C.edition ofpossibly four or five years later."

tened posterity.

Modemtell

Indian histories and world histories have tended to readers that Lord Buddha was born around 544, 563 or 567

worthwhile marshalling and sifting all available evidence and finding out whether Lord Buddha's dates of birth and death, could be fixed with any degree of certainty. Such fixation is of great importance forit is

In view of this confusion

B.C.'

and died

after

SO years.

Indian historical chronologyimportant landmarkreference toIt

because

Lord Buddha forms an

This seems to be yet another blunder in Indian historical research because there is very strong evidence to prove that the

and many other events can be dated with

Him.

Buddha was bora jo 1887 B.C. and died in 1807 B.C. That meini Lord Buddha's antiquity bas been underestimated byover 1300 yearn.

scholars

would be worthwhile noticing at the outset how Western have ai rived at their dates about Lord Buddba. Because

The question thenmurg u ofi

arises

as to

how and why suchchronology.

a big

error crept intois

Indian historical

TheFor

eaplaoatioonearly ISO

that

India

having been under

British rule

of their pet aversion for dates recorded in the Indian Puraoaa and astronomical data, the Western scholars by-passed these eompletely Instead they plumped Tor the peg of some proximate Western records and hung their assumptions on it. In

yean and the entire Indian educational apparatus having been dominated by them dates acceptable to them alone came to be foitted on Indian history willy nilly. The British who came tortile over India in the 18 th and 19th Centuries bad vary primitive notions about the human creation. Theythought

Lord Buddha, flouting all Indian data, the Wesienr coolers took Alexander's invasion as the starting point. State Cd lhat comem P' arY L >ranes of Atexander. It

^flndr* nies

Saodrocouus and Sandrocyptus as must first be noted here that

IqdfiiQ _*h

*ir

Arabic chroniclers are notorious for mutilating all 0081 nd p,BCdha's

!17

tec? atfutam from their matilstiont. But thai hat the Ware-* K&okn hawe dooe. They nrjfiu, fo CbaBdragupta Manrya. his preoeceaNaodx lelas Dhanaoanda) and facet,** &BacanoryglBft aod resVctknthm Id coavaseo

aMe

that there

so similar*}*

between the Greet peg.it

aad **a "Nawds" tod

Bindnsaravfeethe?tt

Gmf chroawJcs do aot mthOLINDA AND

Chandr*gpta oT\ eokataehelam

eoansaeetsea page 3 of ha book thst "The s^eatnacarioe of Gopta-Clucdragupta of Msgadha as the rrwui niminii or Aleaaudcf tallies *.ith ail the dates of aadeat events noted in the sacred aod secular literature of ancient tiaaea of Hmdau. Buddhas and Jains."

loofht in 3138 B.C. Tracing tbe virions dynasties aamin,.,i rexcb ibe reign of Ckaodragnpta is thro we (of theft dyaafly) of Megsdhe to 32* S,C. Mr. Vcakuaeheaaai

Kou

or Maarya dyaasty Mr. on safe! of ba book THE

Kota

WNG

AGE OF BLTJDHA, AMTttOKA AND YLGA PURANA"toe entire cferooolofywg*Mi t*

Ac Ths wrsof ideatxacarjoaof the Maarya Ouodragttpci a*of Bhara!'

g the due of Lord

2 of ha

book Mi.

Kou

Veokatachetain

js "I>je

tdt Biifc

Hiw the

ancient history

foe" by a dtaereece

of 12ceoUme,to 327-320to by

ofBbarat his Akxaacer'i inraof too

:32a B.C (mmQi

k a OwndragaptaB.C"the

Greek chroaiders ts i=as tiiis Qiiidn Soros ibe last Aodhra king of ears beforethe

Kanisbka lived Kanisbka

Z\? *5*fois

it. 7ft

i

by

conflicted with their presumptions the Westerner* that since it of the 1st Century B.C., and concluded dial Vikraraaditya A.D. never existed. Further. SaUvahaoa of tbe 1st Century Sakas were the same stated that Vikrama and Salivahanatheyas

Western

scholars

themselves

kaiinhka advanced by the Western scholars

wrong

Azcs and Kanishka Sakas. Since the Western scholars postfrom B.C. to A,D. to dated the