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Sophiatown-Orlando Anglican Mission and Nnrsery

Schools

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AIIAl REPORT1 9 4 6

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C A X T O N , P R E T O R I A

THE SOPHI AT OWN AND ORLANDO MISSION AND NURSERY SCHOOLS, TRANSVAAL.

CENTRAL FINANCE COMMITTEE.

The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of Johannesburg (Chairman). The Rev. Father T . Huddleston, C.R., Sister Esme, C .S.M .V.

The Rev. Father K. N. Davie, C.R. Mrs. Fouche.A. MacDougall, Esq. Miss D. Thompson.F. A. Nixon, Esq. Mrs. Durward.G. R. N. Shaddick, Esq. Miss D. Chaplin.Mrs. Massie. Miss M. Leeke.

Miss M. Taylor (Secretary/Treasurer).

EKUTULENI MISSION COMMITTEE.

The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of Johannesburg.F. A. Nixon, Esq. (Chairman).

The Rev. Father T . Huddleston, C.R. Miss Nancy Smith. The Rev. Father K. N. Davie, C.R. Mrs. Crawford.The Rev. Mother Provincial C .S.M .V. Miss M. Richards. Sister Esme, C.S.M .V. Miss M. Leeke.Sister Margery, C .S.M .V. Mrs. Gajana.Mrs. K. Durward. Mr. Mokgoetsi.

Miss M. Taylor (Secretary/Treasurer).

LESEDING MISSION, ORLANDO.

The Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of Johannesburg. Miss D. Thompson (Chairman).

J. P. Harding, Esq. Sister Esme, C .S.M .V.The Rev. Father T. Huddleston, C.R. Miss M. Leeke.The Rev. Father K. N. Davie, C.R. Miss J. Marshall.H. Oppenheimer, Esq. Mrs. Massie.G. R. N. Shaddick, Esq. Mrs. Williams Napier.Advocate Stratford, K.C. Mrs. A. W . Hoernle.R. Lurcock, Esq. Miss S. Sprigg.Councillor Lee. Miss E. Bradford.

Miss M. Taylor (Secretary/Treasurer).

NURSERY SCHOOLS COMMITTEE.

The Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of Johannesburg. Mrs. Fouche (Chairman).

The Rev. Father T . Huddleston, C.R. Mrs. Mahlaku.The Rev. Father K. N. Davie, G R . Mr. Monkoe.Mrs. Durward. Sister Esme. C.S.M .V.Miss D. Chaplin. Miss M. E. Roberts.Dr. I. Gross. Miss H. Edwards.Miss Jordan. Mrs. Raikes.Miss M. Leeke. Mrs. E. J. Read.Miss J. Marshall. Mrs. Glen.Mrs. McCrae. Mrs. Crawhall.

Miss M. Taylor (Secretary/Treasurer).

THE SOPHIATOWN-ORLANDO MISSION.

R E P O R T F O R 1 9 4 6 .

Once again as we make our Annual Report upon the past year’s work, we have to thank God for the many blessings He has given us, and not least amongst these are the prayers and support of those to whom this Report is sent.

I am sure that all of us who work in this glorious corner of the Lord’s vineyard are conscious the whole time that nothing could possibly be achieved without those prayers and the sup­port and encouragement which you so generously give us.

There can be little doubt that we are entering upon a very critical period in the life of the Mission — critical because the atmosphere in which we work is an atmosphere of crisis. The recent debates at U .N .O . on the Indian question and South W est Africa have thrown a spotlight on the racial problems which beset this country ; it is in the midst of these problems that this Mission is striving to build up a strong and durable fabric of Church life. W e are all aware of the fact that racial bitterness is on the increase. How should it not be, when the African is so constantly frustrated in the fulfilment of his legitimate desires ? Very often we are looked upon as cranks and agitators (even by such an intelligent man as H. V . Morton, who visited us recently), whose only object seems to be to arouse false hopes or to fight for unattainable ideals. Yet it is in the fight for social righteousness that one of our greatest tasks lies. For this, and for the no less important task of build­ing up a sense of responsibility amongst our African brethren, we ask your special prayers.

A good deal has been said elsewhere in the Report of the various developments which are tak'ng place all over the Mission, in the way of building and expansion. A s at Orlando, Sophiatown is hop;ng to provide a much-needed club-room and recreation-centre for its young people. Sophiatown is more fortunate than Orlando in having a really excellent Bioscope (Cinema) — opened last year — of which this Mission is the sub-lessee, and at which it is possible to have good concerts and other entertainments.

There is no improvement whatever in the housing conditions under which most of our families suffer so gravely. Nor has the Government made any substantial prov'sion for the thou­sands of children who cannot get into school. It is certain that

the M issions cannot shoulder this vast burden alone, and Government schools are urgently needed. The present policy, however, seems to be to allow the M issions to build schools, provided that when built the Government should control them ! T h is seems to be a highly immoral method of approach, and one which we cannot tolerate much longer.

S t a f f : In 1946, Father Downton left Sophiatown after .twelve years of devoted work, for St. Francis Mission, Seku- kuniland. His labours amongst the boys and young men have borne and will continue to bear much fruit. He is greatly missed and we thank God for all that he has given to the work.

In January, 1947, Father Lunniss was recalled to England by the Community. It is impossible to say how much Orlando owes to his marvellous pastoral zeal and love for souls. In the seven years that he was there he spent himself untiringly in the service of the African people, and it is very largely due to him that the Church life at Orlando is so strong and healthy to-day.

In their place we have welcomed Father Jenkins and Father D a v i e — both of the Community of the Resurrection. The former worked at Sophiatown for several months until Decem­ber, 1943. The latter has arrived from England. Already they are deeply immersed in their new work and it is splendid to have them on the Staff.

After four and a half years of most generous service as the Fathers’ Secretary, Mrs. Dorothea Fehrsen has been forced to resign on doctors’ orders. Her work with us was the hidden and often monotonous work which did not attract atten­tion, but which was of inestimable value. W e are deeply grateful for all that she has done.

So the work goes forward ! Laus D e o ! A s we face the coming year we are sure that, under the good hand of God, “ all shall be well, and all shall be well, and all manner of thing shall be well.”

T R E V O R H U D D L E S T O N , C.R.Priest-in-Charge.

EKUTULENI MISSION.

Since the last report was given, I have returned to the Mission and will give you some of my impressions.

Throughout the war, but especially since, prices have risen steadily in Johannesburg. The African has been hit badly, largely due to the fact that the scarcity of essential commodities has given unscrupulous shop-keepers the opportunity for wring­ing Black Market prices out of their more unfortunate brethren. Iniquitous prices have been charged from time to time for such articles as bread, tea, sugar and soap. Although individual retailers have been caught out it has been almost impossible to cope with the situation as Europeans entering the shops either have been charged Government prices, or have been told that the commodity is out of stock. In many cases we are told that the trouble goes back to the wholesaler. Clothes also are often prohibitive prices for many of the small wage-earners of these parts. In the shops of Sophiatown, school boys' shirts, except those of the poorest quality, are marked from 15s. to a guinea. Think what that means to a mother of a large family, or a widow struggling to keep a home going by taking in washing ! A European, whose work brings her to Sophiatown occasion­ally, asked one day, “ W hy are there so many more completely naked children in Sophiatown than there used to be ? ” The answer is obvious, there are not enough clothes to go round, and in many cases no soap with which to wash what they have got.

W e had hoped that the Government would help with school feeding in the holidays this year but alas, we find it unable to do so. The following extracts were taken from the same publi­cation of a weekly paper : “ Efforts to persuade the Govern­ment to subsidise private efforts to feed children have been vain. Food distributed during the coming holidays will be supplied entirely by private charity.” “ Back to Normal Budget,” “ The tax relief given to the business man and industrialist is out of all proportion to the very small concession made to the average tax payer.” Actually tax remission to the industrialist was stated to be £11,000,000.

Ekutuleni, thanks to Mrs. Crawford and a few special sub­scriptions collected by Mrs. Nixon, is still able to feed from forty to fifty children daily. These are some of the unfortunate hundreds who are not able to get into school. They arrive in a strange assortment of garments, some naked, bringing a variety of milk containers, some mugs, battered tins, glass jars, teapots, and basins.

H o u s i n g : The pictures below speak for themselves except that you and I would not look so cheerful if we had to live under such conditions In this yard each room is rented at £1 a month, most have only the earth for a floor, only one has a window, and the walls are riddled with holes.

A s reported in the last circular letter all our schools are full, hundreds having been turned away at the beginning of the year. Sunday school numbers are down chiefly owing to the constant change of staff. W e hope to become more stabil­ised during the coming year especially at St. Francis, Newclare, where M iss Hilleary, who has returned from All Saints Mission, is now working. W e have divided the morning school at Christ the King, making catechism classes for the over tens. At present these are well attended and we are hoping to help both children and teachers by the time they reach confirmation classes. The latter go on steadily, 136 children and adults were confirmed last December.

The Guilds are in a flourishing condition, excepting the senior girls which has always been a problem. However, we have started off again this year with a small number most of whom have come each week, and with Father Davie to help us, we hope to keep it going. The St. M ary M agdalen Guild is most flourishing. Sister Editha reports as follows :— This Guild was begun with the idea of keeping in touch with the girls who after having been under church discipline for six or nine months had been restored to their Communions. On September 7th. 1944, four of these airls became probationers to the Guild, and at Christmas they were admitted as members. W hen other women communicants of the church asked to join

the Guild we thought it a good plan to mix them. Now out of a roll of 86 members 40 have not been under discipline, showing that the tendency to despise those who have been in class is disappearing. There are three members of the Mothers’ Union and four school teachers in the Guild. Their faithful­ness is shown by the way in which many of them come to the six o ’clock corporate Guild M ass on Tuesday mornings. Even on dark, cold winter mornings there are always some faithful members present. A las, some have fallen away again, but we hope to get them back one day. In a big church like ours the Guild helps very much in the social side, as there is a meeting on the firsc Saturday each month when the members meet for talk and light refreshments and then go over to Church to say the Guild Office and have a short instruction. There are generally about 70 per cent. On one afternoon of the week there is a working party. At Michaelmas last year we were able to have a sale and concert which realised £43. Most of this went to improve St. M ary M agdalen’s Chapel in the church. Malthoid was put on the cement floor. This will be much appreciated in winter ! Also a figure of our Lord as a boy was put up in the Children’s Corner. New hymn books and M ass booKs were also bought for the use of guilds and classes in church and Lent books for the use of Guild members. Guild M anuals have been printed. The working party has been started again, the aim this time being to teach the mem­bers how to cut out and make up useful garments for themselves and their children. T o the great delight of the members we have lately acquired a sewing machine. You should have heard their cries when it appeared at the working party. W e could do with another but that will not be just yet.

M iss Hilleary ploughs a somewhat lonely furrow at New- clare, and is just rejoicing that M iss Viner, from St. M ary’s School, W averley, and M iss Vallacot, from Roedean, have come forward to help with her guild and club work. Miss Chaplin, helped by an African student from Jan Hofmeyr School, is now running a most successful club for girls on M onday evenings. The Nursery School students form the nucleus of this but there is a steady attendance of about twelve others. The programme includes dancing, games, physical exercises, stories and handwork.

Sister Olive Irene reports that Guiding goes on steadily. W e have now five guide companies including a Torchbearer company. Last October thirty-six children went to camp at Roodepoort and had a very happy time. On the last day a great cry was heard. “ Sister we don't want to go home.” The Reverend Mother Provincial has kindly given us ground at

Irene where we hope tciestablish a permanent camping ground tor African guides. The Guide Association is giving us our camping equipment. There is great excitment at the moment among the guides as we have been asked to send one of our number to Cape Town for the Guide Rally for Princess Elizabeth on her 21st birthday. The child chosen has nevei been out of Sophiatown and has never seen the sea. W hat a thrill for h e r !

M any generous friends continue to help us with money, goods and clothes for which we are most grateful. Our needs are never ending for all that we do seems but a drop in the ocean. W e shall be in special need of clothing this year, so may we plead with you to remember us once again, and if possible a little before winter is actually upon us.

W e ended the year with a Nativity Play produced by Father Hunter from Orlando. I do not think I can do better than close this account with the following extract from the “ W atchman “ Nativity plays have come to be a tradition in the Church, and their presentation is in many ways an act of devotion. Nothing more genuinely devout and moving could be imagined than the nativity play presented just before Christ­mas in the Church of Christ the King at Sophiatown. The actors were Africans and they brought to their parts the same simplicity that is expressed in their faith This was no stereo- typed play. It was written and acted against the background of Sophiatown itself, Sophiatown with its problems and its drabness and its misery and its frustration, and with the A fri­can s attempts to better himself. It was not only the scenes from the N ativity which were so striking. They were beauti­fully and sincerely acted but they, in their turn, formed the background to a separate play. It was this second play which moved the audience. It had as its theme the scepticism of the African, his distrust of the white man’s motives, and his hope­less feeling that he i.® alone and uncared tor. The unnamed actors represented young African hooligans intent on the mater­ial side of their existence. Almost against their will they were persuaded to watch the scenes on the other side of the curtain — the Nativity play proper. In the intervals they scoffed, questioned the heavenly visitor who interpreted the scenes to them — and remained to pray. And the final scene the adora­tion of the Infant Jesus, was so magnificently moving and dramatic in its simplicity that there can be few in the audience who did not find a lump in their throats, or genuine tears in their eyes.

The whole composition of the play was entirely different from that usually expected at Christmastide. It carried its

eternal message to mankind, but it also carried a separate message to Africans and Europeans. The message to the Africans was obvious, that to the Europeans less obvious, bu' sufficient to induce a sense of shame for the general attitude towards the African. The acting was magnificent and com­pletely natural, while the singing of the unseen choir provided the finishing touch to a remarkably fine performance.Staff: S IS T E R E SM fi, c .s .m .v .

T h e S i s t e r s , C .S .M .V .M iss C. H i l l e a r y .M i s s M . M a b e l a .

LESEDING REPORT, 1946.

I find it somewhat difficult to write a Report of the work last year, having been away in England most of the time, but as the other members of the staff who were here last year have gone on leave, there is no one else to write the Report.

The work was most lovingly cared for by Joan Marshall and the other members of the staff. W hen I got back in Decem­ber I was somewhat horrified to find three new Shanty-towns had arisen — as well as the 4,000 odd appalling Municipal so-called temporary shelters. The permanent housing scheme had progressed very slowly, as the authorities are still wedded to the insane white labour policy which prohibits an African to lay a brick, even in an African Township. A s the European Trade Unions limit the bricks laid each day to 230, not many houses had been built during the 7 months I was away in England. Shortly after my return to Orlando, the dwellers in the Third Shanty-town, numbering several hundreds, were forcibly removed with their belongings back to Alexandra Township, from where most of them had come. The Second Shanty-town, which comprises some 30,000 odd people, are living in sacks, tents, cardboard shelters, with no water laid on, no drains or rubbish removal, within a quarter of a mile of Leseding. Terrible sickness and hardships are of course the lot of these unfortunate people, most of whom have been waiting for houses for many years.

The shanties and shelters in Orlando are a constant tear to one’s heart, as one knows how utterly impossible it is for people living there to lead anything approaching a decent life.

The 4 Primary Schools and the 2 Nursery Schools are full to overflowing. The Mission has the responsibility of the education of over 3,000 children here in Orlando, and yet on the first day of the new term this year, we had to turn away 1,000 children. I am thankful to say, owing to the generosity of Mr. Schlimmer, a 5th Primary School, St. Augustine's, has been begun, and there are hopes of 2 more Cottage Nursery Schools being started this year. The City Council have kindly given the cottages and are paying for the necessary alterations, and they are being equipped partly by a gloriously keen and enthusiastic group of people got together by M rs. Marthinusen. and also by Mr. George Barry in memory of his wife. W e are most grateful to these kind people for their generous help.

Alas, the Club-room is still unbuilt, permits being steadily refused by the various building controller? The need for a Club-room is so very acute, and generous Mr. Schlimmer has promised to give it to us as soon as we can get the necessary building permits through. Please pray that the stony hearts of the building controllers may be melted.

W e had the great joy of seeing Father Raynes when he was visiting the Community here in Africa last year, and in April he laid the foundation stone of the St. John Church. Now, a year later, permits to build have been given, and we hope to make a start soon.

You all know that many years we have been trying to get permission to live down in the existing location. At long last this permission has been granted, and we are struggling with plans and building permits to build on a flat to the Nursery School so that four workers can live there. This will be a most enormous help, as we can divide up the work in the dif­ferent parts of the' township, and so avoid unnecessary over­lapping ; also it will save endless time and petrol. W hen this is built it will free rooms up here, so that we could have students to stay with us, in the hopes of interesting them in the work W e have not enough money to build the flat, we want another £1,000. Please pray that it may be forthcoming.

S t a f f : There have been var;ous changes of staff. Alas, Molly Starey, who went back to England with me in March, was not allowed to return (by the D octor). W e miss her quite intolerably. Her untiring devotion and service to Orlando has been a glorious inspiration for 9 years. W e had also to part with M ary Alexander, who had to go on to Barbara Tredgold, in Salisbury. Her work during her year with us was a most tremendous help, and we could let her qo willingly only because she was going to another part of our same big family.

Joy Tobias also had to leave us, which was very sad; we missed her greatly.

On the balance side was the arrival of Kay Crabb, who came out to help during my leave. She has been doing grand work, one of her jobs being arranging for feeding of 7,000 odd school children in 23 different schools in Orlando. I am thankful to say she is still with us. In October we were lucky enough to get Joscelyn Hyslop. Joscelyn is known to a great number of people, and it is grand to have her great wisdom and experience in Orlando. Mrs. Hole has been coming out from Johannesburg on three days a week, and helping by taking charge of one of the Sunday Schools, and also doing baptism classes and much visiting. W e are most grateful for her help.

Helen Edwards came out with me in December to help at the Nursery School ; it is lovely to have a second worker down there.

M ay I end by saying a very great thank you for your lovely help. One feels ashamed to take money from England, know­ing what hard times you are all going through. W e are so deeply grateful for your generosity, and above all for your prayers, without which the work cannot go on.

Yours most gratefully,M A R G A R E T L E E K E .

Leseding Mission Staff:Miss M. L e e k e .M r s . J u l i a M o t s o e n y a n e .M i s s 1. M a r s h a l l .M i s s A g a t h a C a r e w H u n t .M i s s M . A l e x a n d e r .M i s s J . T o b i a s .M i s s K . C r a b b . tM r s . V . H o l e .M r . J . K u m a l o .

NURSERY SCHOOLS: ORLANDO, SOPHIATOWN AND NEWCLARE.

The Nursery Schools have had a very successful year. New interest has been aroused amongst many people and in particular amongst several of the European Schools. Roedean School has adopted Thabong, and has helped in numerous ways. St. M ary’s, W averley, have taken a very practical inter­est in St. Elisabeth’s whilst Kingsmead and St. Andrew’s Schools assist the work at Orlando. Members of the Monday Club have been very busy raising money in order to equip two new cottage schools, the buildings for which have been kindly

given by the Municipality. It is hoped that these will be opened shortly.

S t a f f : At Sophiatown, M iss J. Lindsay Brown has been on the staff for the past year, and has given valuable help in training the students and in doing any job of work thrust upon her. W e are very glad to have M iss Agnes W alrond as house­keeper. The Orlando schools have been very well cared for by M iss Roberts, who has done splendid work singlehanded, and we are glad to report that she now has the assistance of Miss Helen Edwards, who has recently come from England, and is doing very good work indeed. The African staff have con­tinued to give good service. There have been a few changes in the different schools several teachers who had previously been on the staff having returned, and recently qualified teachers being appointed.

W e have to thank Dr. G ross again for his valuable services to both Thabong and St. Elisabeth schools, and we are most grateful to a band of very keen voluntary helpers, in particular, Mrs. Hunter, Mrs. Meyers, M rs. Addison and M iss Billingham. The schools are greatly indebted to the committee for their untiring work and help throughout the. year, especially to Mrs. Fouche, whose inspiring enthusiasm has been very largely responsible for the success of the past year, and to M rs. Craw- hall, who has undertaken the buying of provisions and vege­tables for the Orlando Schools. W e also owe a great debt of gratitude to Mr. Archibald, who has on so many occasions assisted us in different ways and particularly in regard to the Sophiatown School.

T o one and all who have helped in any way whatever we extend our most grateful thanks.

D. C H A P LIN ,Thabong Nursery School,

Sophiatown.

Staff Nursery Schools:Thabong and St. Elisabeth, Sophiatown:

M iss D. C h a p l i n , P r i n c i p a l .M i s s J. L i n d s a y B r o w n .M i s s A. W a l r o n d .

Dikonyaneng and St. Nicholas, Orlando:M i s s M . E . R o b e r t s .M i s s H. E d w a r d s .

THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE SOPHIATOWN AND ORLANDO ANGLICAN MISSION

FIN AN CIAL STATEM ENT FO B TH E Y E A R EN D ED 31st DECEM BER,1916.

R EV EN U E AND E X P E N D ITU R E ACCOUNT.

By Donations and Subscriptions...................................................... • ■ • ■ f 2963 16 4„ D o n atio n s e a rm ark e d fo r sp ec ia l p u r p o s e s .................................... 599 3 8.. I n t e r e s t .................................................................................................................. 5 5 6

T o Sundry Expenses:S a l a r i e s ......................................................................................... £336 9 0G en era l Office E x p e n s e s .............................. .................... 39 2 1S tre e t C ollection E x p e n s e s ............................................... 9 15 6

„ Allocations:N u rsery S c h o o l s ..................................................................... £1200 0 0O rlando M i s s i o n ..................................................................... 1300 0 0E k u tu len i M i s s io n .................................................................. 1200 0 0C om m unity of the R esu rrectio n (fo r T ran sp o rt) 100 0 0

.. D on atio n s e arm ark ed fo r spec ia l pu rposes . . . . 599 3 8By Excess of Expenditure over Revenue: ̂

Transferred to Capital F u n d ................... ..................... 1216 4 9

£4784 10 3 £4784 10 3

N URSERY SCHOOLS SPECIAL APPEAL FUND.

Bv C redit B a lan ce brough t fo rw ard 1st Ja n u a ry , 1946 ................ £24 15 0,. D o n a t io n s ............................................................................................................. 501.8 18 2

To Appeal E x p e n se s ..................................................................Expenditure on Alterations and Equipment of

Nursery S ch o o ls ............................................................„ Grant to Community of the Resurrection (fo r

t r a n s p o r t ) ...........................................................................„ Credit Balance carrie d fo rw ard 31st D ecem ber,

1946 ........................................................................................

£5043 13 2 £5043 13 2

£65 8 0

1314 9 3

200 0 0

5463 15 11

CAPITAL FUND ACCOUNT A T 31st D ECEM BER, 1946.

Credit Balance of Capital Fund Account :At 1st Ja n u a ry , 1946 .......................................................................................£1621 0 0

Deduct: E x c e s s o f E xp en d itu re over R even u e fo r the y e arended 31st D ecem ber, 1946 ................................................................ 1216 4 9

Credit Balance of Capital Fund a t 31st D ecem ber, 1946 ................£404 15 9

Account for as follows :A t B a n k ..................................................................................... £3770 11 0On C urrent A ccount w ith B u ild in g S o c ie tie s . . 265 19 6

-------------- £4036 10 6Sundry D eb to rs...................................................................................................... 159 g 6

£4195 19 0D ed u ct: L iab ility on accou n t o f N u rse ry Sch ools

S p ec ia l A p peal F u n d ................................................. £3463 15 11Su n d ry C r e d i t o r s ............................................ . . 327 7 4

-------------- 3791 3 3

£404 15 9

A udited an d foun d correct.(Sg n .) D O U G L A S LO W & CO.,

H on. A u ditors.Johannesburg,

3rd F eb ru ary , 1947.

T h a n k s : It is impossible to thank all kind donors by name, but special thanks are due to the Anglo American Corporation, The Rand Mines, Anglo Consolidated Investment Co., The Deferred Pay Interest Board of Control, General Mining and Finance Corporation, Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Co., S.A . Townships, Apex Mines, Ltd., The Union Corpora­tion, Ltd., Stewart and Lloyds, Johannesburg, The Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Co., African Explosives, Ltd., The Robert Niven Trust, H. Oppenheimer, Esq., and to many commercial bodies for their very generous financial support. To one and all who have helped the work forward by gifts of money, food and clothing and in many other ways we extend our most grateful thanks and appreciation.

Collection Number: AD1715

SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS (SAIRR), 1892-1974

PUBLISHER: Collection Funder:- Atlantic Philanthropies Foundation

Publisher:- Historical Papers Research Archive

Location:- Johannesburg

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