SOUND CHANGES IN SOUND CHANGES IN CIREBONESECIREBONESE

ByBy

Didi SukyadiDidi Sukyadi

Sri WulandariSri Wulandari

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIAUNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

Background:Background:Cirebonese is seen as a dialect by both Cirebonese is seen as a dialect by both

Sundanese and JavaneseSundanese and JavaneseNot all Cirebonese understand Javanese Not all Cirebonese understand Javanese

and Sundaneseand SundaneseCirebonese prefer to identify themselves Cirebonese prefer to identify themselves

as Cirebonese not Sundanese or as Cirebonese not Sundanese or JavaneseJavanese

Cirebonese want to create their own Cirebonese want to create their own dialectdialect

Cirebonese hasCirebonese has

carried out Cirebonese Language carried out Cirebonese Language Congress in 2007Congress in 2007

established Lembaga Basa lan Sastra established Lembaga Basa lan Sastra CerbonCerbon

already had “Kamus Bahasa Cirebon”already had “Kamus Bahasa Cirebon” literary works such as Purwaka Caruban literary works such as Purwaka Caruban

Nagari, Serat Catur KandaNagari, Serat Catur Kanda is taught at schoolsis taught at schools

Is Cirebonese a Language?Is Cirebonese a Language?

Language changesLanguage changesDoes Cirebonese change?Does Cirebonese change? If we can prove that Cirebonese changes, If we can prove that Cirebonese changes,

then we prove that it is a languagethen we prove that it is a language

Study ObjectivesStudy Objectives

(1) Identify sound changes in (1) Identify sound changes in CireboneseCirebonese

(2) Show that Cirebonese behaves as (2) Show that Cirebonese behaves as other languagesother languages

MethodologyMethodology

Corpus: Taken from Cirebonese classic Corpus: Taken from Cirebonese classic text “text “Serat Catur KandaSerat Catur Kanda””

Number of data: Number of data: 587 Cirebonese words 587 Cirebonese words experiencing changesexperiencing changes

Theoretical Framework: (Crowley, 1997 Theoretical Framework: (Crowley, 1997 and Murray, 1996). and Murray, 1996).

FindingsFindings Changes in Cirebonese:Changes in Cirebonese:- loss of affixes, loss of affixes, - vowel deletion, vowel deletion, - consonant omission, consonant omission, - sound change in vowel, sound change in vowel, - sound change in consonant, sound change in consonant, - omission of infix, omission of infix, - change of particle /–ing/ to /e/, change of particle /–ing/ to /e/, - omission of double nasalization, omission of double nasalization, - borrowing, borrowing, - word breaking word breaking - insertion. insertion.

Types of ChangesTypes of Changes AphaeresisAphaeresis SyncopeSyncope ApocopeApocope LenitionLenition FortitionFortition AssimilationAssimilation FusionFusion EpenthesisEpenthesis BorrowingBorrowing Word breakingWord breaking

Vowel DeletionVowel Deletion

AphaeresisAphaeresisSyncopeSyncope

AphaeresisAphaeresis The dropping of initial segmentsThe dropping of initial segments

OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish

amaosamaos maosmaos membacamembaca readread

akersaakersa kersakersa sukasuka likelike

atampiatampi tampitampi nerimanerima receivereceive

asangetasanget sangetsanget sangatsangat veryvery

anarosanaros narosnaros nanyananya askask

SyncopeSyncope The loss of segments in the middle of the words The loss of segments in the middle of the words

resulting in consonant clustersresulting in consonant clusters

OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish

karikil krikil kerikilkerikil stonestone

nyalondho nylondho bersandarbersandar lyinglying

sambarani sembrani (sejenis (sejenis kuda)kuda)

type of a type of a horsehorse

kulawer klawer menjuntaimenjuntai dangledangle

malarat mlarat miskinmiskin poorpoor

Syncope (not resulting in Syncope (not resulting in consonant cluster)consonant cluster)

OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish

wiangsulan wangsulan wangsulanwangsulan change change (money)(money)

Consonant deletionConsonant deletion Aphaeresis: the dropping of initial soundAphaeresis: the dropping of initial sound

OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglishhiya iku yaiku yaituyaitu that isthat ishibrahim ibrahim ibrahimibrahim AbrahamAbrahamhamaksa-maksa maksa-

maksamemaksamemaksa forceforce

Consonant deletionConsonant deletion Syncope: the loss of segments at the middle of Syncope: the loss of segments at the middle of

wordswords

OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish

priyatinpriyatin priatin prihatinprihatin concernedconcerned

tinekantinekan tekateka datangdatang arrivearrive

tuwantuwan

ngungjungingungjungi

tuantuan

ngunjungingunjungi

tuantuan

mengunjungimengunjungi

sirsir

visitvisit

Consonant deletionConsonant deletion Apocope: the dropping of final soundApocope: the dropping of final sound

OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish

ragang raga badanbadan bodybody

tampim tampim jatinejatine

tampi jatinetampi jatine terima terima namanyanamanya

receive the receive the namename

tinekantinekan tekateka tibatiba arrivearrive

Lenition (weakening)Lenition (weakening)

OCOC MCMC

k (stop)k (stop) h h (continuants)(continuants) mustakilmustakil

mukamadmukamad

wakyuwakyu

mustahilmustahil

muhamadmuhamad

wahyuwahyu

n (voiced)n (voiced) s (voiceless)s (voiceless) nabannaban sabansaban

Assimilation: one sound causes Assimilation: one sound causes another to be more similar to each another to be more similar to each

otherother

OCOC MCMC

b (voiced, b (voiced, bilabial bilabial stop)stop)

g (voiced, g (voiced, velar, stop)velar, stop)

mang burimang buri

bawabawa

meng gurimeng guri

gawagawa

ng (voiced, ng (voiced, nasal, nasal, velar)velar)

n (voiced, n (voiced, nasal, nasal, alveolar)alveolar)

kangjengkangjeng kanjengkanjeng

FusionFusion

OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish

hiya ikuhiya iku yaikuyaiku yakniyakni that isthat is

Two separate words became a single word

FortitionFortition

Strengthening: continuants to stops, Strengthening: continuants to stops, voiceless to voicedvoiceless to voiced

OCOC MCMC

marebesmarebes brebesbrebes m (cont)m (cont) b (stop)b (stop)

kilirkilir kidirkidir l (cont)l (cont) d (stop)d (stop)

Fortition: strengtheningFortition: strengthening

Vowel /a/: (back/low vowel) __ /e/ (front/mid Vowel /a/: (back/low vowel) __ /e/ (front/mid vowel)vowel)

kapaten kepaten deathdeathmangko mengko laterlatersatutuge setutuge finishedfinishedsagaraatawa

segarautawi

seasea

oror

Fortition: strengtheningFortition: strengthening

U ____ i wus wis (back – front)U ____ i wus wis (back – front)

Syncope: the loss of infix –in- and –um-

No. Old Cirebonese Modern Cirebonese

1. pinandhita pandhita

2. pinituturan pituturan

3. sinebut sebut

4. kumawula kawula

5. dhumugi dhugi

6. jumenenge jenenge

7. tumulus tulus

8. tumuli tuli/toli

Apocope: Loss of -ning/ -ing and changes to e

No. Old Cirebonese Modern Cirebonese

1. salamining salame ning

2. wekasing wekas ing/ wekase

3. marganing margane

4. jenengening jenenge

5. ganjaraning ganjarane

6. adhating adate

7. kahormataning kehormatane

8. lamining lamine

Aphaeresis: Loss of double nasals

No. Old Cirebonese Modern Cirebonese

1. sukaning ngati sukaning ati

2. yen nora yen ora

3. ning ngendhi ning endhi

4. kang ngujar kang ujar

5. mung ngana mung ana

6. jaman nakir jaman ahir/ jaman akir

7. kang ngesthu kang esthu

8. ning ngarab ning arab

9. boten najeng boten ajeng

BorrowingBorrowing

hanyatur matur haturhatur SundaneseSundanesepaniti peniti penitipeniti IndonesianIndonesiannagara negara negaranegara IndonesianIndonesianningali ningali melihatmelihat SundaneseSundanesesagara segara lautlaut SundaneseSundaneseanom enom mudamuda SundaneseSundanesejangji janji janjijanji IndonesianIndonesiansakabeh sekabeh semuasemua SundaneseSundanesekalangkung kelangkung kelewatkelewat SundaneseSundanese

Word Breaking:-Ira/ -nira, from the word siraVowel sira: KVConsonant ira: VK

No. Old Cirebonese Modern Cirebonese

1. dhenira dhen ira (you)

2. salaminira salame sira (your regards)

3. namanira namine sira (your name)

4. sedulurira sedulur ira (your relative)

5. pakanira pakan ira (your food)

6. praciptanira praciptane sira (before your conception)

7. karepira karep ira/ karepe sira (your willingness)

8. sakwasanira sekwasane sira (as your ability)

AdditionAddition Epenthesis: addition of vowels to break up two Epenthesis: addition of vowels to break up two

consonantsconsonants

1. pyambak piyambek sendirisendiri AloneAlone

2. jro jero dalamdalam insideinside

3. pracaya percaya percayapercaya believebelieve

4. sapratigan sepertigane sepertiganyasepertiganya one thirdone third

5. rijki rejeki rejekirejeki wealthwealth

Thank YouThank You