18
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT AND POLLUTION LOADING IN LAKE CHINI WATERSHED USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS MD YASIR ARAFAT Master of Science UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT AND
POLLUTION LOADING IN LAKE CHINI
WATERSHED USING MULTIVARIATE
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
MD YASIR ARAFAT
Master of Science
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
We hereby declare that we have checked this thesis and in our opinion, this thesis is
adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Master of Science
in Civil Engineering and Earth Resources.
_______________________________
(Supervisor’s Signature)
Full Name : DR. MIR SUJAUL ISLAM
Position : SENIOR LECTURER
Date :
_______________________________
(Co-supervisor’s Signature)
Full Name : PROF. DR. ZULARISAM BIN AB WAHID
Position : PROFESSOR
Date :
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has
not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia
Pahang or any other institutions.
_______________________________
(Student’s Signature)
Full Name : MD YASIR ARAFAT
ID Number : MAM14001
Date : 16/10/2017
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT AND POLLUTION LOADING IN LAKE CHINI
WATERSHED USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
MD YASIR ARAFAT
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
Master of Science
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
OCTOBER 2017
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful and would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor senior lecturer
Dr. Mir Sujaul Islam for his germinal ideas, invaluable guidance, continuous inspiration
and support for completion of this research. He always impressed me with his outstanding
professional skill, a strong conviction for science and his belief that the master program
is just the beginning of learning experience. I appreciate his consistence support from the
very first day of my graduate application drop till the concluding moments. Honestly, I
am grateful for his progressive vision about my training in science, his tolerance of my
naïve (silly) mistakes and his commitment to my future career. I would like to gratitude
special thanks to my co-supervisor Professor Dr. Zularisam AB Wahid for his invaluable
suggestion, friendly cooperation and most importantly research funding for this research.
My sincere thanks go to all my lab mates and members of the staff of Civil Engineering
and Earth Resources Faculty, UMP, who believed one of them and made my life in UMP
pleasant and unforgettable. My special thanks go to the technical staff of Environmental
Laboratory and Hydrology Laboratory in UMP; and UKM Research Center at Tasik
Chini. I am grateful to my co-researcher Md. Golam Rasul for assisting in laboratory
analyses, data arranging and in statistical steps as a trainee.
I acknowledge my sincere indebtedness and gratitude to my parents for their love, dream
and sacrifice throughout my life. I also acknowledge the sincerity and patience of my
parents, who consistently encouraged me to carry on my higher studies in Malaysia. I
can’t express in proper words that could properly describe my appreciation for their
devotion, support and faith on me to reach my goal. Special thanks should be given to
my committee members. I would like to acknowledge their comments and suggestions,
which was crucial for the successful completion of this study.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION
TITLE PAGE i
ACKNOLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRAK iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 6
1.3 Significance of the Study 8
1.4 Objectives of the Study 9
1.5 Scope of the Study 9
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Land Use and Land Cover 11
2.3 Surface Water Quality Studies 12
2.3.1 Physicochemical Parameters 12
2.3.2 Inorganic Nutrients 16
2.3.3 Heavy Metals 18
2.3.4 Microbial Monitoring 19
2.4 Water Quality Index (WQI) 21
2.4.1 National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) 23
vi
2.4.2 Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality 23
Index (CCME WQI)
2.4.3 Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) 24
2.4.4 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method 25
2.5 Previous Water Quality Studies in Lake Chini 25
2.6 Sediment Pollution 27
2.6.1 Previous Sediment Studies in Lake Chini 28
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Study Area 30
3.2.1 Location 30
3.2.2 Climate 31
3.2.3 Geology 32
3.3 Selection of Water and Sediment Sampling Sites 32
3.4 Frequency of Water Sampling and Rainfall Data 35
3.5 Water Sampling and Analysis 35
3.5.1 In Situ Measurement 36
3.5.2 Ex Situ Measurement 36
3.5.3 Water Quality Assessment 37
3.5.4 Water Quality Index (WQI) 38
3.6 Sediment Sampling Analysis 38
3.6.1 Heavy Metals 39
3.6.2 Particle Size Analysis 39
3.6.3 Other Parameters 39
3.7 Pollution Loading Techniques in Sediment 39
3.7.1 Sediment Contamination Assessment 39
3.7.2 Sediment Quality Guideline (SQGs) 39
3.7.3 Contamination Factor (CF) 40
3.7.4 The Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) 40
3.7.5 Pollution Load Index (PLI) 41
vii
3.8 Statistical Analysis 41
3.8.1 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients (r) 41
3.8.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 42
3.8.3 Cluster Analysis (CA) 42
3.8.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 42
CHAPTER 4 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT 43
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Physicochemical Parameters and Their Status 44
4.2.1 Temperature 44
4.2.2 pH 46
4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 47
4.2.4 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) 49
4.2.5 Turbidity 50
4.2.6 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 52
4.2.7 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 53
4.2.8 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 55
4.2.9 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 57
4.2.10 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) 58
4.2.11 Sulphate (SO42−) 60
4.2.12 Phosphate (PO42−) 62
4.2.13 Total Nitrogen (TN) 64
4.3 Biological Parameters 65
4.3.1 Total Coliform 65
4.3.2 Escherichia coli (E coli) 67
4.4 Heavy Metals Contamination 68
4.4.1 Iron (Fe) 68
4.4.2 Manganese (Mn) 70
4.4.3 Copper (Cu) 72
4.4.4 Zinc (Zn) 73
4.4.5 Barium (Ba) 74
viii
CHAPTER 5 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTS 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 pH 77
5.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 78
5.4 Organic Matter (OM) 79
5.5 Particle Size Distribution 80
5.6 Heavy Metals Concentrations within the Lake Water Sediments 81
5.6.1 Zinc (Zn) 82
5.6.2 Arsenic (As) 83
5.6.3 Cupper (Cu) 83
5.6.4 Cobalt (Co) 84
5.6.5 Lead (Pb) 85
5.6.6 Manganese (Mn) 86
5.6.7 Iron (Fe) 87
5.6.8 Barium (Ba) 87
CHAPTER 6 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT AND POLLUTION 89
LOADING
6.1 Source Apportionment of Physico-chemical Parameters and Heavy
Metals in Surface Water 89
6.1.1 Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Measured Parameters 89
6.1.1.1 Water Quality Calculation in Accordance with 91
DOE-WQI
6.1.1.2 Pearson Correlation Coefficient 93
6.1.1.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 93
6.1.1.4 Cluster Analysis 95
6.1.1.4.1 HCA of Physico-chemical Parameters 96
6.1.1.4.2 HCA of Heavy Metals in Lake Water 96
6.1.2 Conclusion 98
6.2 Source Apportionment and Pollution Loading in Sediments 98
6.2.1 Descriptive Statistics of Measured Parameters 98
ix
6.2.2 Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) and Degree of Pollution 100
6.2.3 Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) 101
6.2.4 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient 102
6.2.5 Cluster Analysis 102
6.2.6 Conclusion 103
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 104
7.1 Introduction 104
7.2 Water Quality 104
7.3 Source Apportionment in Water Pollution 104
7.4 Pollution Loading in Sediment Quality 105
7.5 Recommendations 105
REFERENCES 107
APPENDICES 127
A National Water Quality Standards (NWQS), Malaysia, for the
Following Parameters
127
National Water Quality Standards (NWQS), Malaysia for Selected
Heavy Metals
Water Classes and Uses for NWQS, Malaysia
B List of Best Fit Equations for the Estimation of Various Sub-Index
of DOE-WQI
129
C Average Monthly Precipitation Data in the Chini Lake (January
2015- December 2015)
129
D1 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L1
130
D2 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L2
131
D3 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L3
132
x
D4 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L4
133
D5 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L5
134
D6 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L6
135
D7 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L7
136
D8 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L8
137
D9 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L9
138
D10 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station L10
139
D11 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station T1
140
D12 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station T2
141
D13 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station T3
142
D14 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station T4
143
D15 Mean, Standard Deviation and Ranges of Water Quality Indicators
in Lake Chini, Station T5
144
E1 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L1 145
E2 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L2 145
E3 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L3 146
E4 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L4 146
E5 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L5 147
E6 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L6 147
E7 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L7 148
E8 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L8 148
E9 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L9 149
xi
E10 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station L10 149
E11 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station T1 150
E12 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station T2 150
E13 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station T3 151
E14 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station T4 151
E15 Heavy Metals Status of the Chini Lake Water in Station T5 152
F Pearson Correlation Coefficient for the Studied Water Quality
Parameters
153
G Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGS) and the Sediment
Contamination Assessment
154
H Certified Values of Selected Heavy Metals in Standard Reference
Material ® 4353
154
I Geo-accumulation Index for the Sediments of 10 Monitoring
Stations in Wet Season
155
Geo-accumulation Index for the Sediments of 10 Monitoring
Stations in Dry Season
J Contamination Factors and Pollution Load Index for the Sediments
of 10 Monitoring Stations in Wet Season
156
Contamination Factors and Pollution Load Index for the Sediments
of 10 Monitoring Stations in Dry Season
K Average Values of Physicochemical Parameters in Sediments over
Seasons
157
L Average Values of Heavy Metals in Sediments over Seasons 157
M Pearson Correlation Coefficient Matrix of Studied Parameters in
Sediment
158
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Changes in land use pattern and covering area in relation with
time (1984-2002)
11
Table 2.2 Different prominent studies on water quality at Lake Chini 26
Table 2.3 Different prominent studies on sediment assessment and
loading at Lake Chini
29
Table 3.1 Locations of water sampling stations and characteristics of the
surrounding area
34
Table 3.2 Equipment used for infield physico-chemical measurement 36
Table 3.3 Methods and equipment used for physical measurement 36
Table 3.4 Methods and equipment used for chemical measurement 37
Table 3.5 Methods and equipment used for biological measurement 37
Table 3.6 Methods for the measurement of pH and organic matter (OM) 39
Table 3.7 The degree of metal pollution in terms of seven enrichment
classes
41
Table 6.1 Mean values of selected physico-chemical parameters at 15
sampling stations during the study period
90
Table 6.2 Mean values of selected heavy metals at 15 sampling stations
during the study period
91
Table 6.3 Average water quality index in all stations based on DOE-WQI 92
Table 6.4 Average water quality index in the sampling months based on
DOE-WQI
92
Table 6.5 Rotated Component Matrix (Extraction Method: Principal
Component Analysis)
94
Table 6.6 Dimension reductions of contaminants based on loading
strength in the studied samples
94
Table 6.7 Sediment particle size distribution during dry season in 10
sampling stations
99
Table 6.8 Sediment particle size distribution during wet season in 10
sampling stations
99
Table 6.9 Selected heavy metals concentration in sediments during dry
season
100
Table 6.10 Selected heavy metals concentration in sediments during wet
season
100
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Flow chart of research activities followed in this study. 31
Figure 3.2 Locations of water sampling stations along the Chini Lake and
along its catchment tributaries.
33
Figure 4.1 Seasonal distribution of temperature at Chini Lake during
sampling months.
45
Figure 4.2 Spatial variation of temperature along the sampling stations at
Chini Lake.
45
Figure 4.3 Seasonal distribution of pH at Chini Lake during the sampling
months.
46
Figure 4.4 Spatial variation of pH along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
47
Figure 4.5 Seasonal distribution of EC at Chini Lake during the sampling
months.
48
Figure 4.6 Spatial variation of EC along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
48
Figure 4.7 Seasonal distribution of TDS at Chini Lake during the
sampling months
49
Figure 4.8 Spatial variation of TDS along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
50
Figure 4.9 Seasonal distribution of Turbidity at Chini Lake during the
sampling months.
51
Figure 4.10 Spatial variation of Turbidity along the sampling stations at
Chini Lake.
51
Figure 4.11 Seasonal distribution of TSS at Chini Lake during the
sampling months.
52
Figure 4.12 Spatial variation of TSS along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
53
Figure 4.13 Seasonal distribution of TSS at Chini Lake during the
sampling months.
54
Figure 4.14 Spatial variation of TSS along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
54
xiv
Figure 4.15 Seasonal distribution of BOD at Chini Lake during the
sampling months.
55
Figure 4.16 Spatial variation of BOD along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
56
Figure 4.17 Seasonal distributions of COD at Chini Lake during the
sampling months.
57
Figure 4.18 Spatial variation of COD along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
58
Figure 4.19 Seasonal distribution of AN at Chini Lake during the sampling
months.
58
Figure 4.20 Spatial variation of AN along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
59
Figure 4.21 Seasonal distribution of sulphate at Chini Lake during the
sampling months.
60
Figure 4.22 Spatial variation of sulphate along the sampling stations at
Chini Lake.
61
Figure 4.23 Seasonal distribution of phosphate at Chini Lake during the
sampling months.
63
Figure 4.24 Spatial variation of phosphate along the sampling stations at
Chini Lake.
63
Figure 4.25 Seasonal distribution of total nitrogen at Chini Lake during
the sampling months.
64
Figure 4.26 Spatial variation of total nitrogen along the sampling stations
at Chini Lake.
65
Figure 4.27 Seasonal distribution of total coliform at Chini Lake during
the sampling months.
66
Figure 4.28 Spatial variation of total coliform along the sampling stations
at Chini Lake.
66
Figure 4.29 Seasonal distribution of E coli at Chini Lake during the
sampling months.
67
Figure 4.30 Spatial variation of E coli along the sampling stations at Chini
Lake.
68
Figure 4.31 Spatial distribution of Fe concentration in Chini Lake water. 69
xv
Figure 4.32 Monthly variation of Fe in water along 15 sampling stations
in Chini Lake.
69
Figure 4.33 Spatial distribution of Mn concentration in Chini Lake water. 70
Figure 4.34 Monthly variation of Mn in water along 15 sampling stations
in Chini Lake.
71
Figure 4.35 Spatial distribution of Cu concentration in Chini Lake water. 72
Figure 4.36 Monthly variation of Cu in water along 15 sampling stations
in Chini Lake.
72
Figure 4.37 Spatial distribution of Zn concentration in Chini Lake water. 74
Figure 4.38 Monthly variation of Zn in water along 15 sampling stations
in Chini Lake.
74
Figure 4.39 Spatial distribution of Ba concentration in Chini Lake water. 75
Figure 4.40 Monthly variation of Ba in water along 15 sampling stations
in Chini Lake.
75
Figure 5.1 Average pH values in the studied sediment at 10 stations over
seasons.
78
Figure 5.2 Average EC values in the studied sediment at 10 stations over
seasons.
79
Figure 5.3 Average OM% in the studied sediment at 10 stations over
seasons.
79
Figure 5.4 Average sand percentage in the studied sediment at 10 stations
over seasons.
80
Figure 5.5 Average silt percentage in the studied sediment at 10 stations
over seasons.
81
Figure 5.6 Average clay percentage in the studied sediment at 10 stations
over seasons.
81
Figure 5.7 Average Zn concentrations in the studied sediment at 10
stations over seasons.
82
Figure 5.8 Average As concentrations over 10 sampling stations over
seasons.
83
Figure 5.9 Average Cu concentrations over 10 sampling stations over
seasons.
84
xvi
Figure 5.10 Average Co concentrations over 10 sampling stations over
seasons.
85
Figure 5.11 Average Pb concentrations over 10 sampling stations over
seasons.
85
Figure 5.12 Average Ba concentrations over 10 sampling stations over
seasons.
86
Figure 5.13 Average Ba concentrations over 10 sampling stations over
seasons.
87
Figure 5.14 Average Ba concentrations over 10 sampling stations over
seasons.
88
Figure 6.1 Component plot in rotated shape for the physic-chemical
parameters and heavy metals.
95
Figure 6.2 Hierarchical cluster analyses of 15 stations for
physicochemical parameters.
96
Figure 6.3 Hierarchical cluster analyses of 15 stations for heavy metals
in water.
97
Figure 6.4 Dendrogram of cluster analysis of sediment sampling stations. 103
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
APHA American Public Health Association
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
DO Dissolved Oxygen
DOE Department of Environment
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EQRM Environment Quality Regulations, Malaysia
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
GPS Global Positioning System
ICPMS Inductively Coupled Plasma Membrane
NWQS National Water Quality Standards
NH4-N Ammonia-cal nitrogen (AN)
ppb parts per billion
ppm parts per million
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TSS Total Suspended Solids
WQI Water Quality Index
TN Total Nitrogen
TP Total Phosphate
