+ All Categories
Home > Documents > source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O)...

source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O)...

Date post: 24-Jul-2020
Category:
Upload: others
View: 0 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
11
11/2/18 1 SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate source: wikipedia
Transcript
Page 1: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

1

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

source: wikipedia

Page 2: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

2

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

Page 3: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

3

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

climate: average long-term condition; controlled by location regional to globalweather: short-term condition; controlled by atmospheric anomalies local to regional

climate: “I live in San Diego because it rains in Seattle”

weather: “San Diego got soaked last week”

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

how much solar radiation is received in any area?

1) insolation per area: 2.4 times lower at poles than at equator

Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet

zenith

seasonswatchshortVideo15a

Page 4: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

4

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

how much solar radiation is retained in any area?

Albedo: fraction of insolation reflected back to space

- 80% fresh snow- 25% grass- 10% oceans

THE DUAL FUNCTION OF H2O

WATER VAPOR: most abundant greenhouse gas (warms)

CLOUDS: reflect sunlight back into space (cools)

Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet

seasonswatchshortVideo15a

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

Name two ways how levees can fail?(0.33 pt)

Write your own pop quiz only. Have your student ID ready.Submitting a pop quiz for your friend is cheating!

We check handwriting.Suspected cheaters will lose ALL previous PQ credits!Students in class less than 20 min are NOT eligible to get PQ credit.

Page 5: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

5

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

What does a hydrograph show?(0.34 pt)

Write your own pop quiz only. Have your student ID ready.Submitting a pop quiz for your friend is cheating!

We check handwriting.Suspected cheaters will lose ALL previous PQ credits!Students in class less than 20 min are NOT eligible to get PQ credit.

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

- 30% reflected back to space- 51% absorbed at surface-  19% absorbed by atmosphere

Earth’s surface emits more heat (IR) than it receives

Ahrens: Meteorology Today

see Fig 11.4

Page 6: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

6

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

+ 1% other stuff- 0.93% Ar- CO2 400ppm (0.04%)- Ne 18ppm- He 5ppm- CH4 2ppm- Kr 1ppm

mainly N2 and O2+ 0-4% water vapor (H2O) (variable)

Greenhouse Gases: H2O, CO2, CH4

watchshortVideo15b

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

Earth’s atmosphere acts like a greenhouse

greenhouse gases: H2O, CO2, CH4-  transparent to visible, UV light-  absorb infrared-  reflect IR back to Earth- > trap heat

Earth with greenhouse:16ºC/61ºFEarth without greenhouse: 34ºC/61ºF colder -> -18ºC/0ºF

Fig 11.8

Page 7: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

7

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

3) Earth’s tilted axis orbits Sun!  sun in zenith at different times (+/- 23.5º N/S)!  local insolation changes throughout the year

Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet

watch shortVideo 15a

Fig 11.15

summer in San Diegobut winter in Santiago, Chile

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

IDEALIZED: Earth were covered 100% by oceans- frigid- temperate- torrid

Abbott: Natural Disasters

Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet

Page 8: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

8

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

polar ice, subpolar Tundra, subtropical (temperate), dry land (desert), tropicalplus: highland, continental

Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet

see Fig 11.7

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

Which season is it in Santiago, Chilewhen it is winter in San Diego? (0.33 pt)

Write your own pop quiz only. Have your student ID ready.Submitting a pop quiz for your friend is cheating!

We check handwriting.Suspected cheaters will lose ALL previous PQ credits!Students in class less than 20 min are NOT eligible to get PQ credit.

Page 9: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

9

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

•  oceans store more heat than atmosphere •  oceans are climate moderators (negative feedback) !  coastal areas have less extreme climate

Heat Capacity: ability to absorb heat without getting hot

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

- ocean processes longer-term than atmospheric processes- > ocean currents slower than atmospheric winds-  currents blocked by continents-  Driving Mechanism: cold and salty water sinks (thermohaline circulation)

source: Wikipedia

exact shape of heat conveyor not well known

Page 10: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

10

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

Ocean Surface Currents

Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet

-  warm western boundary currents (e.g. Gulf Stream)-  cold eastern boundary currents (e.g. California Current) (think May Grey/June Gloom!)

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

!  atmosphere has less CO2 than humans produced in last 150 yrs!  oceans take up CO2!  it’s not (only) the rain forest!!  leads to ocean acidification

but what we do know!

Page 11: source: wikipediagabi/sio15/pdfs/Lecture15-presentation.pdfand O 2 + 0-4% water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 watch short Video 15b SIO15-18: Lecture15:

11/2/18

11

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

50% air below 5.6 km 90% air below 16 km 99.99997% below 100km

•  air pressure: push due to weight of atmosphere above•  greatest at sea level: 1 atmosphere, 14.7 PSI, 1035 mbar (g/cm2)•  pressure and density decrease exponentially with altitude

simple

watchshortVideo15b

SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate

troposphere: lower 10km; weather layer, mixingstratosphere: next 35km; very dry, no vertical mixing, O3 layermesosphere: less O3; meteorites burn upthermosphere: < 1% air; (ISS at ~350 km)

Layers follow T-function


Recommended