Sources of information about the Soviet Union in U.S. government publications

Government Publications Review, Vol. 14, pp. 187-206, 1987 0277-9390187 $3.00 + .OO

Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. Copyright o 1987 Pergamon Journals Ltd

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

MARY STUART University of Illinois Library, 1408 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

Abstract - U.S. government publishing on Soviet affairs constitutes an important contribution to the literature on the Soviet Union. This article provides an overview of the history of government research in this field and explores the relationship between government and academic research efforts. The government’s current publishing program is described, with particular emphasis on unclassified literature produced by the foreign affairs and intelligence agencies. Finally, the article discusses the problems of access to and dissemination of this important source material.

INTRODUCTION

United States government research on the Soviet Union did not begin in earnest until well into World War II, with the recognition of the need for intelligence specialists and military personnel with facility in Russian and a working knowledge of the Soviet Union [I]. Prior to this time, Soviet area studies had been pursued by only a handful of professional journalists and specialists at American universities. Roughly a year before the creation of government-sponsored programs to train Soviet area specialists, the first Rus- sian area studies program was established at Cornell University with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation. Then, early in 1943, the Army and Navy established the Army Specialized Training Program, essentially a series of intensive language courses including Russian, with some introduction to the geography, economy, politics, and history of the associated country or region. The program was conducted on the campuses of selected

universities. Although it was dismantled after the war, some of the independent academic programs survived. In 1948, the Carnegie Corporation awarded a $740,000 grant to Har- vard University for its Russian Research Center; in the early 1950s the Ford Foundation joined the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation in the effort to build Russian area studies programs on American campuses. At the onset of the Cold War, Russian area studies programs were operating at Columbia, Harvard, University of California-Berkeley, and the University of Washington. Although the Army and the Air Force continued to send personnel to these academic programs to acquire the skills needed to assess current world affairs, there was no concerted effort on the part of the civilian or military branches of the government to support or utilize academic expertise on Russia for more than a decade after the end of World War II.

It was only after the launching of Sputnik in 1957 that the federal government became

Mary Stuart was librarian with the Slavic Reference Service of the University of Illinois Library for several years and is now Reference Librarian at the same institution. Her major research interest is the history of Russian libraries and bibliography, and she has published a biography of the first director of the Imperial Public Library in St. Petersburg. The information in this article was current as of Fall, 1985.

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188 M. STUART

fully aware of the need for experts in the foreign and domestic affairs of the Soviet Union and other nations of strategic interest to the U.S. In 1958 Congress enacted the National Defense Education Act (PL 85-864) for the specific purpose of training personnel to meet the nation’s defense needs. Title VI of this Act supported the development of area studies programs. Over the next decade, the funds provided by this Act and by foundations and private corporations made possible the rapid expansion of area programs at American universities. In 1960 a professional association of American Slavists, the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Slavic Studies (AAASS), was founded to foster research, publication, and teaching in this field. The association was aided early on by a number of private organizations, especially the Carnegie Corporation and the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations. Many of these foundations and corporations have continued to support the activities of AAASS over the past 25 years. In the 1970s and 1980s the I.J.S. Office of Education (reorganized as the Department of Education in 1979), the Department of State, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the U.S. Information Agency also provided support for AAASS activities.

In the late 1960s and early 197Os, as the number of Soviet area specialists trained on American campuses met and eventually exceeded the needs of the government and of institutions of higher education, both private and government support for area studies began to dwindle, and the universities increasingly were forced to assume the financial burden of these programs. Overall funding for research and advanced training in Soviet and Eastern European studies at American universities fell by 77 percent during the period 196.5-1982 [2]. At the same time, the remaining federal appropriations mandated a shift in the focus of existing programs from training specialists to the general dissemination of international knowledge, resulting in the creation of “outreach” programs. In spite of the changes in external support and internal direction experienced by area studies programs, the tradition of government reliance on the academic community for its foreign affairs analysts remained constant. Precisely because of the tenacity of the relationship between academia and the government, several studies were launched in the 1970s to assess the efficacy of academic training programs in supplying the foreign affairs agencies and the military with qualified analysts [3]. These studies formally acknowledged a long-felt dis- parity between the needs of government analysts and those of academic specialists. They also recognized that both parties had come to fully accept the government’s reliance on academia for the training of its specialists.

Most recently, the passing of the era of detente and the newly heightened tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States have led to a renewal of interest in Russian studies among government and private organizations. The National Council for Soviet and East European Research, a federally funded, nonprofit, autonomous academic corporation, was founded in 1978 to support research on policy issues nationwide. Re- search proposals are solicited from the academic community and funding is awarded to those projects most closely aligned with the Council’s research agenda. The Office of the Secretary of Defense of the Department of Defense coordinates government funding of NCSEER. In 1983 large grants to several American universities to invigorate programs in Soviet foreign policy studies and international relations were made by the Rockefeller and Mellon Foundations. That same year, W. Averell Harriman, former ambassador to the Soviet Union, donated $11.5 million to the Russian Institute at Columbia, on the heels of a one-million dollar grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to Columbia’s program on Soviet foreign relations. Also in 1983, Congress enacted the Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act designed to reverse a nationwide campus decline in Russian studies, particularly in the fields of economics and political science [4]. This legislation authorizes

Soviet Union in U.S. government publications 189

the appropriation of five million dollars per year for ten years for deposit in an endowment fund administered by the State Department.

With some 3,000 current members, the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies continues to serve as the central coordinating body for Slavic studies in the U.S. Research on Russia and Eastern Europe is disseminated through the Association’s scholarly journal, the Slavic Review, and at its annual meetings and those of its nine regional affiliates. In addition to these channels, research on Russia is regularly reported in the unaffiliated journal Soviet Studies, the new journal Soviet Economy, the United States Information Agency publication Problems of Communism, and sometimes appears in a wide variety of political science and economics journals not specifically devoted to the Soviet Union. Another source for research reports on Soviet affairs is the federally funded Kennan Institute of Advanced Russian Studies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, which offers fellowships and short-term grants to academic and government Soviet specialists. Research of the Kennan fellows often appears in the Insti- tute’s publications, including the three series Occasional Papers, Special Sfrrdies, and ~eeli?~~ Reports.

While some of the research conducted by government personnel or by private specialists under contract with government agencies is disseminated through the channels described above, the greater portion is available only in official government publications. These document sources are less well-known to area studies specialists and students of foreign relations and at the same time are among the most widely available materials. Moreover, for Asian, Latin American, African, and Western European area specialists, many of whom have considerable need for information on Soviet affairs but usually lack the language competence required to use Soviet publications, U.S. government publications can serve as a principal source of information on the Soviet Union. Finally, Soviet and non-Soviet area specialists alike are faced with huge gaps in Soviet official statistics and a plethora of di~culties inherent in gathering data about a closed society. Often the estimates produced by government specialists are the only available data on a wide range of politically sensitive topics,

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING ON SOVIET AFFAIRS

Since the overwhelming preponderance of the literature on the Soviet Union produced by the U.S. government is generated in pursuit of national security interests, the subjects most thoroughly treated in this literature are Soviet domestic and foreign affairs, the military and diplomatic relations of the Soviet Union with other nations, and Soviet economic activity. The four main foreign affairs agencies, the Central Intelligence Agency, the State Department, the Department of Defense, and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, are the major producers of literature on the Soviet Union [5]. The Department of Agriculture publishes extensively on Soviet agricultural affairs, and the Bureau of the Census contributes invaluable and unique data on Soviet vital statistics, labor force statistics, population projections, and other demographic analyses. Only a small number of U.S. government publications on Soviet affairs are indexed in the standard subject bibIiographies for political science and economics and in the American Bibli- o~rup~~ of Siavic and East European Studies, the annual index of mostly American writings on Soviet and Eastern European studies sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Periodicals issued by the government are better covered in the standard subject indexes than are government publications issued as separate monographs or in series, but even for periodicals coverage is at best spotty 161.

190 M. STUART

Access to government publications on the Soviet Union is provided chiefly through the Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications and American Statistics In-

dex, and for contracted research, through Government Reports Announcements & Index. Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin also provides extensive, though certainly not comprehensive, coverage of government publications on Soviet affairs. Since studies have shown that social scientists tend to eschew subject indexes and abstracts in favor of footnotes and bibliographies in books and articles [7], it would appear that the vast resource of government-produced information is under-utilized by the academic community. If few area specialists use Public Affairs Inform&ion Service (PAZS), surely still fewer avail themselves of the Monthly Cutalog and Government Reports Announcements & Index. In a subject field where researchers face a relatively circumscribed body of information to begin with, the role of the documents librarian is crucial in making this material more visible to potential users.

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

Of the foreign affairs agencies, the CIA produces the largest portion of unclassified published research (and, of course, classified research as well) on the Soviet Union. Among the many publications issued by the CIA is the Reference Aids series that includes a number of directories of Soviet officials in various government agencies and non- governmental institutions. The periodically updated series Directory of Soviet Officials

consists of three unnumbered parts, one each devoted to persons in national organizations, republic organizations, and scientific and educational institutions. The volume for officials of national organizations covers the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the organs of government of the USSR (including the Presidium, the ministries, and state committees), the Supreme Soviet, cultural and professional organizations, national academies and some other academic institutions, religious organizations, and representation in international organizations. The Directory of Soviet Officials: Science and Educa- tion covers the Ministry of Education (including republic-level ministries), universities, the Academy of Sciences, the Academies of Agricultural Sciences, Pedagogical Sciences, and Medical Sciences, the Soviet republic academies, and international scientific and educational representation. For each official in these three volumes the specific position title is identified, together with the name of the office or department within the organization, the date of appointment or election to the position if known (otherwise, the date the individual was first identified in the position), and the official’s date of birth. A number of similar directories are irregularly issued, including the Directory of USSR Ministry of

Foreign Affuirs Officials, which indicates diplomatic ranks and positions (with Russian- language equivalents) and each official’s earlier postings, the Directory of USSR Ministry

of Defense and Armed Forces Officials, with a Russian-English rank equivalency table, and the Directory of USSR Foreign Trade Organizutions and Officiuls. The annual Ap-

pearunces of Soviet Leaders provides a record of the known appearances of Soviet public figures in the given calendar year. Included are members of the Politburo and Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; deputy chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers; officials of the Ministries of Internal Affairs, Defense, and Foreign Affairs; and the chairman of the Committee for State Security. Appearances are recorded in an alpha- betical list by name and in a chronological listing, and the source of information is provided for each appearance. Also of interest to the area specialist is the reference aid Chiefs

of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments, arranged by country with a name index and updated monthly.


The CIA’s annual Hundbook of Economic Statistics provides data on selected non- Communist and all Communist nations. The information on Soviet economic activity is based on intelligence estimates and constitutes one of the principal sources of such data for the Soviet area specialist. Detailed current and retrospective data are provided for overall economic performance, aggregate trends, production of consumer goods, agricultural and industrial production, foreign trade and aid, hard currency debt, balance of payments, Gross National Product, Consumer Price Index, the wholesale price index, energy production and consumption, and labor force numbers. The Znternutionul Energy Stutisticul Review, issued monthly, provides ten years of data on Soviet oil and natural gas production and consumption, oil imports and exports, and natural gas trade. The biweekly Economic and Energy Zndicutors focuses mainly on Western industrialized nations but does include data on Soviet crude oil production. The World Factbook, issued annually, is a handy compendium of basic information on the geography, demography, economy, languages, and form of government of the countries of the world, and includes information on the Soviet administrative structure, participation in international organizations, liter- acy rates, and ethnic divisions. Although too general to be of use to the Soviet area specialist, it would be approp~ate for the generalist or other foreign area specialist.

The structure of Soviet organs of government is depicted in the CIA’s series Wull Charts of the Organization of Communist Governments. Recent charts depict the Council of Ministers, the State Committee for Science and Technology, the Ministries of Defense and Foreign Trade, and a number of extra-governmental institutions such as the Academy of Sciences and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. A chart entitled Energy Deci- sion Making in the Soviet Union reveals the hierarchies of command in the agencies responsible for energy policy. The CIA also regularly issues maps and atlases of the Soviet Union illustrating various geo-political, demographic, ethnic, and topographical features. Recent issues include Soviet Union Administrative Divisions, Soviet Union Nutioncrlities, and USSR Energy Atlas.

Finally, the CIA occasionally publishes analyses of Soviet economic, military, and political behavior in its series A Research Paper. The scope and depth of these analyses vary considerably; they range in length from a few to several hundred pages. Recent titles in this series include Soviet Gross National Product in Current Prices, 1960-80 (1983), Soviet nnd U.S. Defense Activities, 197140: A Doliur Cost C~mpuri.~on (1981), P~litic~~~ Control of the Soviet Armed Forces (19801, and Centrul Siberian Brown Coai us n Poten- tial Source of Power for European Russiu (1980). Analyses of Soviet behavior are very occasionally issued outside this series, as in the case of the 1982 publication Soviet Acqui- sition of Western Techno1og.y detailing Soviet objectives and means of acquisition, with CIA projections of acquisition targets.

The CIA’s Office of Public Affairs released a 1 ,OOO-word biography of the Soviet defec- tor V.S. Yurchenko shortly after his redefection to the Soviet Union in 1985. Entitled “Vitaliy Sergeyevich Yurchenko,” the two and one half-page typescript document was not issued as part of any CIA series and bears no identifying marks except for the notation “‘8 Nov 85 Release.“’ The place of this material in the CIA’s publishing program is at present unclear. Some analysts regarded the release of this material as politically motivated [8].

As a result of the establishment in the 1970s of mandatory review procedures for national security information, thousands of post-World War II government publications previously classified “top secret,” “secret,” and “confidential” have been declassified. The majority of these documents originated in the foreign affairs agencies. Included are background studies, intelligence estimates, field reports, telegrams, memoranda, and

192 M. STUART

other materials generated by the CIA, the State Department, and the Department of Defense that pertain to Soviet domestic and foreign affairs. In 1975, Carrollton Press (acquired by Research Publications, Inc. in 1981) began publishing its Declassified Docu- ments Reference System, consisting of an extensive selection of these documents on microfiche with paper abstracts and indexes (The Declassified Documents Quurterly

Cutulog and the annual Cumulutive Subject Index). The original retrospective collection of 8,000 documents is supplemented with annual collections, each containing some 1.500- 2000 documents.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE

State Department publications are usually documentary rather than analytical. Gener- ally speaking, the Monthly Cutalog is the sole means of access to State publications. The Department’s Bureau of Public Affairs publishes the bulk of unclassified State Department literature. Policy statements on current issues in foreign affairs are issued in a numbered series entitled Current Policy. The contents are usually culled from addresses delivered by Department of State officials. Approximately 100 of these three-to-ten-page statements are published annually [9]. The series Special Report presents the assessment by agency analysts of activities of nations and other entities of strategic interest to the U.S. Seven special reports, averaging seven pages in length, appeared in both FY 1983 and FY 1984. Recent titles in this series include Soviet Active Measures (Special Report no. 1 lo), Soviet and Soviet-Proxy Involvement in Poland (Special Report no. 94), Afghan Resistance and Soviet Occupation (Special Report no. 118), and Soviet Noncompliunce with Arms Con-

trol Agreements (Special Report no. 122). The series Foreign Affairs Note is designed to provide background information on international issues. Like Current Policy and Special Report, Foreign Affuirs Note is usually only a few pages in length. The Bureau of Public Affairs issues an average of five titles in this series each year; the majority concern the activities of the Soviet government. Recent titles in this unnumbered series include Soviet

Active Meusures: The Christian Peace Conference (1985), Soviet Active Measures: The World Peace Council (1985), Soviet Fronts: Women and Youth (1984), New Soviet Legis-

lation Restricts Rights, Strengthens International Security (1984), Expulsion of Soviets Worldw,ide (1984), Human Rights in the USSR (1983), and World Federation of Trude

Unions: Soviet Foreign Policy Tool (1983). Each pamphlet in the Bureau’s series Buck- ground Notes provides basic information on a given country’s government, history, culture, demographic profile, economy, and political conditions. Some 60 of these pamphlets are updated and issued each year. The most recent update on the Soviet Union was published in 1981. More extensive than the section on the Soviet Union in the CIA’s World

Fuctbook, with a greater emphasis on U.S.-Soviet relations, Background Notes: USSR is nonetheless far too basic to be of interest to the Soviet specialist but would be of use to the non-Soviet area specialist and beginning student of Soviet affairs. The Bureau also issues a series of two-page fact sheets on foreign policy issues entitled Gist. Each issue provides a concise summary of U.S. policy and objectives in a particular area, and several of the approximately 55 issues published annually pertain to aspects of U.S.-Soviet relations.

In addition to these intermittently published series, the Bureau of Public Affairs publishes the monthly Depurtment of State Bulletin. Serving as the official record of U.S. foreign policy, this important resource contains addresses and news conferences of the President and Secretary of State, analytical articles on international affairs by State De- partment specialists, press releases, lists of treaties, and chronologies of world events. Finally, the Bureau publishes the annual American Foreign Policy Current Documents,


containing the text of major foreign policy addresses, press conferences, briefings, and congressional testimony by officers of the Executive Branch of the U.S. government for the year covered. Documents issued by other governments are included when they are found to have had a major impact on U.S. foreign policy. The volume for 1981 was issued in 1984.

Other branches of the State Department that publish unclassified documents and research on the Soviet Union include the Office of the Legal Adviser and the Bureau of Intelligence and Research. The annual publication Treaties in Force is issued by the Office of the Legal Adviser and provides synopses of all bilateral and multilateral treaties binding on the U.S. There is an appendix containing detailed info~ation on the internationa1 copyright relations of the U.S. Slip treaties, many with bilingual text, are issued in the series Treaties and Other International Acts. The Office of the Legal Adviser also publishes the annual Digest of United States Practice in International Law, an extensive review of international legal developments in the year covered. Topically arranged, with a detailed index, the volume for 1979 was published in December 1983 and contains some 1,933 pages.

Most of the research on Soviet economic, political, and military affairs conducted by the Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the Department of State is classified. A small portion is unclassified and published for release outside the government. However, the publishing activity of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research has been drastically cur- tailed in recent years, reportedly because of budget constraints imposed on the agency by the Reagan administration [lo]. The quarterly G~ver~lment-sp~n~~ured Reseurch on Foreign Affairs ceased publication in December 1981, and most of the unclassified intelligence prepared by the Bureau of Intelligence and Research is no longer published for distribution outside the government. An example of this type of report is a publication entitledsoviet andEast European Aid to the Third World, 1981, issued in February 1983.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

While the bulk of unclassified published research issued by the CIA and the Department of State is prepared by staff specialists, most of the literature on the Soviet Union published by the Department of Defense (DOD) and military departments is prepared by outside specialists on contract (ll]. (Much DOD classified research is performed within the Defense Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency. but virtually none of this research is downgraded for public access.) Independent researchers, scholars at American universities, and private research institutions such as the Rand Corporation regularly contract with the defense agencies to produce studies on Soviet affairs. Un- classified published reports prepared under contract with the defense agencies can be identi~ed through Government Reports Anno~ncemeFzts & Index ~GRA~I~. Occasionally a contracted report will be picked up by one or more subject bibliographies or will gain circulation among the scholarly community as a result of citation in authoritative secon- dary literature, but typically GRAhZ is the sole means of access to this material.

The Rand Corporation contracts extensively with both the Department of Defense and the military departments, primarily the Department of the Air Force. A dozen or more Rand Reports and Notes on Soviet affairs are prepared for the defense agencies each year. Usually the research is conducted by Rand staff, but in some cases outside academic specialists are subcontracted for a particular project. Rand also issues a series entitled Rand Papers, intended for internal circulation, Papers are prepared exclusively by Rand staff and are designed to facilitate the exchange of ideas among the staff. Unlike the

194 M. STUART

Reports and Notes, they are not prepared in fulfillment of contracts but are indexed in GRA&Z. All three series are available on subscription directly with Rand or through the National Technical Information Service. While there are a number of other private research institutions that regularly contract with the Department of Defense and the military departments [ 121, Rand’s output accounts for over half of the 50 or more reports on Soviet political, economic, and military affairs indexed in GRA&Z each year.

The Department of Defense (DOD) and the military departments also produce a few important unclassified publications on their own. The annual Soviet Military Power presents detailed DOD estimates of Soviet and Warsaw pact military strength and presence. The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) publishes an index to and extracts from the Soviet military journal Military Thought (Index to and Extracts from Voyennaya mysl’). Al- though this publication is normally distributed only to military agencies, DIA has indicated its willingness to consider outside requests for the unclassified volumes of this index. To date, volumes covering the journal in the periods 1963-69 and 1970-73 have been declassified; additional volumes have been produced but remain classified. DIA also publishes the monthly Review of the Soviet Ground Forces, containing articles by DIA analysts on Soviet military strategy and organization and translations of articles from the Soviet press, with unrestricted distribution. While the vast majority of DIA research is classified, occasionally DIA issues an unclassified report on the Soviet Union, such as the 1984 publication Western Technology Transfer to the Warsaw Putt documenting instances of reported transfers of Western technology to the Soviet Union and the satellites.

In addition to a steady flow of contracted research, the Department of the Air Force publishes two major series on Soviet affairs. Soviet military writings are translated and published in the irregular series Soviet Military Thought. Recent titles in this series include Fundamentals of Tucticul Command and Control (no. 18, 1984), originally published in the Soviet Union in 1977, and Forecasting in Military Affairs (no. 16, 1980), published in the Soviet Union in 1975. Number 9 in this series is a translation of a 1965 dictionary of Soviet military terms and contains more than 1600 entries. The monographic series Studies in Communist Affuirs presents analyses of Soviet military policy and theory. The fifth issue in this series, published in 1982, is a two-volume collection of translations from the Soviet journal Military Thought. Other volumes in this series have included contributions from outside academic specialists. Finally, the Directorate of Soviet Affairs of the Air Force Intelligence Service publishes a bimonthly translation journal entitled Soviet Press; Selected Translations. However, although this material is unclassified and although the Soviet newspapers and journals concerned are readily available in academic libraries, this publication is distributed only to defense agencies and contractors.

A similar translation project is underway in the Department of the Army, but like its counterpart in the Air Force, it is not released to institutions or individuals outside the government. Since the early 1960s the Army Intelligence Agency (until recently called the Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center) and Foreign Science and Technology Center have sponsored the translation of five Soviet military journals. These translations are distributed initially in paper copy and subsequently on microfiche, and are intended for use by government officials. The five journals translated are Military Herald, The Rear and Supply, Air Defense Herald, Equipment und Armaments, and Military Medical Jour- nal [13]. Army agencies occasionally issue unclassified studies of Soviet military affairs. In 1978 the Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center published a handbook on Soviet army organization and operations entitled Soviet Army Operations, which was reissued in 1983. The Department of the Army is responsible for the Areu Handbook series covering the political, economic, geographic, sociological, and military conditions in each of 112


nations. These handbooks are periodically revised and updated, and each includes an extensive bibliography. The 827-page Area Handbook for the Soviet Union compiled by American University for the Department of the Army was published by Defense in 1971 and reprinted in 1979.

A broad range of studies on Soviet affairs is produced by staff and students of the service schools. The joint service school at the National Defense University publishes a monographic series devoted to research on aspects of national security policy entitled National Security Affairs Monograph Series. Recent publications in this series pertaining to U.S.-Soviet relations include Richard L. Shearer’s On-site Inspection for Arms Control

(1984) and Benson Lee Grayson’s Soviet Zntentions and American Options in the Middle East (1982). The National Defense University also issues an occasional study outside this series, such as the 1981 collection entitled Soviet Perceptions of War and Peace edited by Graham D. Vernon with contributions from academic and government specialists. The Strategic Studies Institute of the Army War College occasionally publishes reports on Soviet military capabilities, objectives, and operations. The Army War College also publishes the quarterly journal Parameters, with frequent analyses of Soviet foreign and military relations. The monographic publications of the Air Defense University have included works on Soviet military affairs, such as the 1985 study by Kenneth R. Whiting, Soviet Air Power. Although the focus of the series Leavenworth Papers published by the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College is usually military history, an occasional study on current Soviet military affairs is included. The Combat Studies Institute of the Army Command and General Staff College publishes a series entitled Research Survey,

also mainly historical in focus, but including some research relevant to current affairs as well. The monthly journal Military Review, also published at Fort Leavenworth, carries a number of scholarly articles on Soviet military strategy and objectives each year. Analyses of Soviet politics and diplomacy and Soviet naval operations are issued by the Naval Postgraduate School. Other periodicals from the service schools containing material on Soviet affairs include the bimonthly Naval War College Review, the monthly U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, and the bimonthly Air University Review. All of these periodicals are indexed in PAZS, Index to U.S. Government Periodicals, and Air Univer- sity Library Index to Military Periodicals. With the exception of Parameters, none is covered in the standard political science indexes. The American Bibliography of Slavic

and East European Studies selectively indexes most of the periodicals issued by the service schools, but because it is so slow to appear (the most recent volume, issued in the fall of 1985, covered 1982 publications), the other three indexes provide more timely coverage.

ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT AGENCY

The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) is responsible for several publications of interest to Soviet area specialists. The annual World Military Expenditures and

Arms Transfers provides 10 years of data (in the case of the most recent volume, 11 years of data) for 145 countries. In addition to the detailed tabular information on arms expenditures and transfers and related indicators, the latest volume includes two essays on Soviet politico-economic activity by outside analysts. ACDA periodically updates its documentary collection Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of

Negotiations. The latest edition was published in 1982 and contains the texts of the Geneva Protocol of 1928 and all major arms control agreements concluded after World War II to which the U.S. was a signatory. Each text is preceded by an essay outlining the

196 M. STUART

issue or condition that motivated the treaty, the objectives of the agreement, and the history of negotiations leading to its adoption. The annual ~oeurnent~~ on ~~~~armarnent presents, in chronological order, a variety of materials documenting developments in arms control and disarmament in the preceding year. Included are conference documents and position papers, international agreements, addresses and statements of representatives of the U.S. and foreign governments, and reports and proposals. There is a bibliography, a combined subject and name index, and a list of persons with brief identifications. ACDA publishes an occasional study of issues or events relevant to U.S. arms control policy, such as the 1983 publication by ACDA staff analyst Charles A. Sorrels, The Soviet

Propagunda Campaign Against NATO.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA)

Virtually all USDA research on Soviet affairs is performed by staff analysts. Extensive agricultural and economic intelligence is collected and published by Soviet specialists in the Foreign Agriculture Service (FAS) and the Economic Research Service. FAS staff publish much of their findings in the FAS Circulars designed to provide market information to agricultural exporters. There are 18 separate publications in this series, each devoted to the production, trade, and consumption of a different commodity. Two of particular interest to Soviet area specialists are the monthly USSR Grain Situation and

Outlook with forecasts and current estimates of Soviet grain yield, production, trade, and utilization, and the monthly World Crop Production with crop production totals and projections by country. FAS also publishes a five-to-seven-page weekly report on current developments in world agriculture and trade entitled WarId Prod~~~tion and Trade: Weekly

Roundr~p. Foreign Agriculture, issued monthly by FAS, is aimed at business firms selling U.S. farm products overseas and includes summaries of current developments in agricultural production and trade, with analyses by government agriculture specialists of trade in specific commodities or with specific countries. The February 1985 issue contained a feature entitled “A Guide to the Soviet Market.”

The Economic Research Service (ERS) issues a myriad of publications containing data on Soviet agricultural performance. The bimonthly Foreign Agricultural Trade ofthe U.S.

presents extensive statistical data on U.S. agricultural exports and imports, by commodity and country, Two years of data, plus data for the previous month, are presented in the tables. Narrative analyses of markets and country and commodity trends appear in each issue. Two supplements to this publication are also of interest. The annual U.S. Foreign

Agri~L~ltL4ra~ Trude Stutisti~ul Report presents current and retrospective data on U.S. foreign trade in agricultural products and provides tables detailing commodity and country information for two calandar years. The series World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, published 16 times per year, contains data on Soviet crop production for the past year, estimates for the current year, and projections for the coming year.

ERS publishes a quarterly journal entitled Worlcl Agriculture Outlook and Situation containing world indices of agricultural and food production and surveys of regional developments. There are 11 regional supplements to this journal, published annually. The series on the Soviet Union is entitled USSR: Outlook and Situation Report (formerly USSR: Review of 19---and Outlook for I9-) and provides data on Soviet agricultural policy, performance, trade, capital investment, and agricultural education and research. The latest volume in this series, issued in April 198.5, contained 25 tables and provided numer- ous bibliographic citations to reports in the Soviet press.

Finally, ERS issues an irregular series Statistical Bulletin, covering a wide range of


topics in world agriculture. Number 700 in this series is entitled Agricultural Statistics of

Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union 1960-1980. Data on land use, farm machinery, fertilizer availability, crop production, livestock numbers and per capita consumption are presented in 110 statistical tables. Statistical ~~~l~etin no. 710, World Indices o~A~ric~It~re and Food Production 1974-83, contains data on total and per capita production for 109 countries, including the Soviet Union.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

The Department of Commerce, especially its Bureau of the Census, gathers and publishes a wide range of unique economic and demographic data on the Soviet Union. In addition to the Bureau of the Census, the International Trade Administration of the De- partment of Commerce issues the annual Foreign Economic Trends and Their Impiicu-

tions fcrr the United States: U.S.S.R., one in a series of IO-to-15page country reports. The 1984 issue on the Soviet Union contains basic indicators for the Soviet economy for the period 1981-83, data on foreign trade and aid, a summary of activity in 1983 in four sectors of the Soviet economy, and an assessment of the impact of Soviet economic developments on the United States.

The Soviet analysts at the Bureau of the Census have long enjoyed a reputation as preeminent authorities on Soviet demographics among Soviet area specialists. Although relatively few publications emanate from the branches of the Census Bureau concerned with Soviet affairs, its published research is typically the most detailed source of data on demographic and economic conditions in the Soviet Union. The Census Bureau recently underwent reorganization, and the former Foreign Demographic Analysis Division (FDAD) became the Center for International Research. FDAD’s USSR Population, Em- ployment, Research and Development Branch is now the Soviet Social Science Branch, and the former USSR Input-Output Branch has become the Soviet Economic Branch. The Center for International Research will continue to publish the highly acclaimed Interna-

tional Population Reports, Series P-95, which frequently treats topics in Soviet demography, education, employment, and research and development. Number 74 in this series, issued in 1980, was a statistical analysis of infant mortality in the Soviet Union. Number 76, issued in 1981, presented statistics on Soviet research and development employment. According to the staff at the Center, two additional numbers pertaining to Soviet demography are in preparation; these studies will treat the issues of Soviet language policy and education, and non-Russians in the Soviet military, respectively. Finally, the Center for International Research sponsors an irregular series entitled CIR Staff Paper. The fifth issue in this series, A Compendium of Soviet Health Strrtisrics compiled by Murray Feshbach (now at Georgetown University’s Center for Population Research), presents an extensive array of statistics covering the period 1960-82.

CONGRESS

Although the many Congressional committees and subcommittees concerned with Soviet affairs generate a large volume of hearings, reports, and committee prints, most of these materials repeat information or analyses previously reported. The testimony of area specialists generally summarizes information from scholarly articles or conference papers, and studies commissioned by Congressional committees and subcommittees are usually based on research, government and private, previously produced. However, occasionally these materiats are of interest to the Soviet area specialist. The publications of the Joint

198 M. STUART

Economic Committee on Soviet economic growth and development, for example, are widely circulated among area specialists. Both the 1979 report prepared for the Joint Economic Committee entitled The Soviet Economy in a Time of Change and the 1982 report USSR: Measures of Economic Growth and Development, 19504980 have served as basic sources for Soviet specialists. The Joint Economic Committee’s annual Alloca- tion of Resources in the Soviet Union and China, based on hearings held before the Subcommittee on International Trade, Finance, and Security Economics, contains the texts of detailed Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Intelligence Agency briefings and special reports on Soviet military and economic behavior. Sensitive data, such as information on specific Soviet weapons systems, are deleted from these presentations and reports for security reasons prior to publication. Volume 9 in this series, covering the 1983 hearings, was published in 1984. Other committees that regularly produce material on Soviet affairs include the Senate committees on the Armed Services, Foreign Relations, Appropriations, the Select Committee on Intelligence, and their counterparts in the House. In addition to the coverage in CIS and the Monthly Catalog, Congressional hearings, reports, and committee prints pertaining to Soviet affairs are thoroughly indexed by Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin. Committee prints and special reports are often prepared by committee staff. Occasionally these materials are prepared by agencies within the executive branch such as the CIA, but, of course, are most frequently prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). Much CRS research is never published and is distributed only to members of Congress, committees, and their staffs. CRS Issue

Briefs, for example, are prepared for exclusive use by members of Congress. However, selected briefs are published on microfilm by University Publications of America in the series Major Studies and Issue Briefs of the Congressional Research Service. A retrospective collection covering the period 1916-1974 was published in 1975, and annual supplements have been issued beginning with the 1975/76 set to provide continuous coverage. Well over 300 briefs are included in each supplement. A paper index provides subject access to the briefs. In addition to the briefs and special studies, CRS publishes a journal entitled CRS Review for members of Congress and their staffs, and this publication is distributed to depository libraries. Several of the 10 issues published annually contain material on current developments in Soviet affairs. Articles on the Soviet Jewish emigra- tion and the leadership succession, for example, have appeared in recent issues. Finally, CRS provides indexing of material pertaining to public policy issues from some 3,000 periodicals. The index is available online only, as the Bibliographic Citation file in the SCORPIO data base of the Library of Congress, accessible to the public only at the

Library of Congress.

U.S. INFORMATION AGENCY

Established in 1953, reorganized in 1977 as the U.S. International Communications Agency, and renamed the U.S. Information Agency (USIA) in 1982, this body is responsible for the international information and cultural programs of the U.S. government. Some of the agency’s publications are intended for distribution abroad as a means of interpreting U.S. policy to foreign audiences. The October 1983 publication Shootdown of KAL 007: Moscow’s Charges - and the Record, for example, outlines the position of the

U.S. government on this event. In addition to this largely propagandistic function, the agency conducts research concerning public opinion abroad, the organization and function of foreign cultural institutions, and the cultural and intellectual activities of foreign nations. Until recently the fruits of this research, the agency’s Research Reports and Re-


search ~emorunda, were distributed outside the U.S. government on deposit. Although none of this material is classified, in recent years its distribution has been severely circumscribed. For the most part it receives only limited official distribution. The Office of Soviet Research of the USIA estimates that currently some six to 12 Research Reports pertaining to Soviet affairs are issued each year. Another important agency publication, the bimonthly bulletin Soviet Propaganda Afert, is also distributed exclusively among government employees.

Unlike the agency’s publications intended solely for foreign audiences or internal government use, its bimonthly journal Problems of Communism is widely distributed. The analyses of Soviet affairs by government and academic specialists published in this journal are probably the most widely indexed in the literature, with coverage in all the standard political science indexes and abstracts, the government indexes, and the American Bibfi- ogruphy qf Slavic and Eusr European Studies.

FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

The precise administrative relationship of the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), and its subsidiary, the Joint Publications Research Service, to its sponsoring agency, the CIA, has long been shrouded in mystery 1141. Whatever the nature of its affiliation with the intelligence agencies, however, FBIS is the major supplier of English translations of political and technical literature in foreign languages for the federal government . FBIS is responsible for the translation of the foreign press and broadcast media, published in its Daily Reports covering the Peoples’ Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and six other regions. In addition to press reports and radio broadcasts, there is some coverage of speeches by major figures, interviews, and official communiques. The Dnily Reports are edited for release to the public and can be accessed through the NewsBank Index to FBIS Daily Reports. Paper copies of the Daily Reports are delivered to govem- ment officials daily, but libraries generally receive microfiche copies in batches often several months after the date of issue. Until July, 1981, FBIS also issued a weekly series entitled Trends in Communist Media that presented analyses of the treatment of important issues in the Communist press. It was classified “confidential,” but was automatically declassified six months after the date of issue. Unfortunately, in July, 1981, the series was withdrawn from public circulation [ 151.

A vast range of translated source material is covered in the Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) series USSR Reports. There are 15 series classed as “General Reports” covering the social sciences, and 16 devoted to science and technology. A recent survey of JPRS output revealed that a total of 12,572 articles were translated in the USSR Reports in 1981 [ 161. Included in the “General Reports” are series on Military Affairs, Political and Sociological Affairs, International Economic Relations, Agriculture, Consumer Goods and Domestic Trade, Economic Affairs, Energy, Human Resources, and Transportation, each containing translations from a selection of newspaper and periodical articles, and less often, excerpts from books, news agency releases, and broadcasts. Some of the series offer cover-to-cover translations of major Soviet journals. Translations of entire issues (or major portions of issues) of the Mifirary History Journal are included in the series Military Affairs, and the journals The Peoples of Asia and Africa and EKO: Economics and Organization of Industrial Production are included in the series Political and Sociological Affairs and Economic Affairs, respectively. In addition, five series in the USSR Reports are exclusively cover-to-cover translations of the Soviet journals World Economy and International Relations; USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology; Sociological Studies; Prob-

200 M. STUART

lems of the Fur Etrst; and Communist. JPRS translations are indexed in Bell and Howell’s monthly Trunsdex with annual cumulations available on microfiche.

MAJOR NON-GOVERNMENTAL STATISTICAL AND TRANSLATION SOURCES

Much of the intelligence on the Soviet Union provided by the U.S. government to the public is unique. The limited quantitative data provided by the Soviet government is inaccessible to the researcher lacking facility in Russian, and source material in English

produced outside the federal government in recent years is, with isolated exceptions, quite limited. Among the most useful non-governmental compendia of Soviet statistical data are

The Eust Europenn rrnd So\!iet Dutrr Hundhook: Politictrl, Social, crnd Devc~lopmentr~l

Indicators, /945-IY75 by Paul S. Shoup (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), Soviet Economic Fcrcts 1937-1981 by Roger A. Clarke and Dubravko J. I. Matko (Lon- don: Macmillan, 1983), and USSR Facts und Figures Annurrl, compiled by John L. Scherer (Gulf Breeze. Fla.: Academic International Press, 1977- ). Shoup provides extensive tabular data on a wide range of political, sociological, and economic indicators drawn primarily from Soviet and U.S. official publications, as well as some other Western sources. Clarke’s compendium of Soviet economic statistics is chiefly based on published

Soviet sources; a separate section called “Unofficial Recalculations based on Western

sources” incorporates Western estimates of Soviet economic activity. USSR Frrcts und

Figures Annucrl is a compendium of information on Soviet affairs culled from an extensive list of Soviet and Western sources, including a wide range of U.S. government publications. Current and selected retrospective data are provided for 14 categories: Govern- ment, Party, Demography, Armed Forces, Economy, Energy, Industries, Agriculture, Foreign Trade and Aid, Health, Education and Welfare, Culture and Communications,

Transportation, Institutions, and Special Topics. Some subjects within each of these 14 categories are continued from year to year; others are included on an irregular basis as

data are available. Another important non-governmental source on Soviet affairs is The Soviet Armed Forces Rrvir,r> Annual (SAFRA), also published by Academic International Press since 1977. In addition to bibliographies and surveys of both current and historical topics in Soviet military affairs, SAFRA provides extensive tabular data on the Soviet military establishment. The weekly Rtrdio Liberty Research Bulletin, covering all aspects

of Soviet society and politics, is another major source for Soviet specialists. By far the most widely used of the non-governmental sources of translations and

abstracts from the Soviet press is the weekly Current Digest ofthe Sol~iet Press. Published since 1949, each issue of the Current Digest covers a week of PrtrLdrr and Iz\~e.stiia, major

provincial newspapers, literary and trade weeklies, and, occasionally, selected Soviet journals. A total of some 2,000 translated articles appear annually in the Current Digest

[17]. There are quarterly indexes with annual cumulations. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. publishes a large number of quarterly translation journals offering highly selective coverage of Soviet social science, humanities, and scientific journal literature. The most important ones for Soviet affairs are The Soviet Review, Soviet Luw und Government, Soviet und Eust

Europeun Foreign Trade, Problems of Economics, Soviet Statutes und Decisions, and Soviet Sociology. Finally, in 1985 Associated Publishers Inc. of St. Paul, Minnesota announced its plan to publish a complete translation of the daily newspaper Pruvdu, with an approximately lo-day delay between original publication and production of the trans-

lated version. Publication was expected to begin in late 1985.

GROWING RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESSIBILITY

Although the amount of translated material contained in these translation and abstract


journals is not large compared to the material translated into English by the government, it is nonetheless more accessible than the government’s translations. The question is not

only one of the difficulty of access to material the government releases to the public, but also the large quantity of government research withheld from public circulation. In this regard the partnership between academia and the government is being steadily eroded by a policy of ever more restrictive public access to government information and research 1181. Government funding of the National Council on Soviet and East European Research and other activities designed to increase knowledge of the Soviet Union is clearly under- mined by restrictions on the dissemination of government research on Russia. If, as Admiral Stansfield Turner, Director of Central Intelligence from 1977 to 1981, states in his recently published account of his administration of the CIA, there has been a significant decline in Soviet area expertise in the intelligence community 1191, surely the need for the participation of outside specialists in analyzing Soviet behavior is greater than ever. Turner’s cogent proposal for the open publication of all government material that can be declassified [20] would do much to promote cooperation between the intelligence community and academic specialists, especially in the critical area of long-range forecasting of political, economic, and military trends abroad.

NOTES

1. On the history of government involvement in Soviet studies see Richard D. Lambert, Beyond Gron~rhc The Nest Sttrge in Lungucrge und Arru Studies (Washington, DC: Association of American Universities, 1984), especially Chapter 1, and Appendix H, “Eastern Europe and USSR,” by Herbert J. Ellison; Lorraine M. McDonnell et al., Federtrl Support for lnternationol Studic.s: The Role of NDEA Tifle VI, R-2770-ED (Santa Monica. CA: Rand, 1981); Harold H. Fisher, ed., American Resetrrch on Russin (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1959), especially the chapter by Philip E. Mosely, “The Growth of Russian Studies,” pp. 1-22; Cyril E. Black and John M. Thompson, eds., Americrrn Teuchinr About Russicr (Bloomineton. IN: Indiana University Press, 1959); Robert A. McCaughey, Inter-nrrtionrrl Studies und Academic Enterprise (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984); and Richard D. Lambert. Lonrcucrpe und Area Studies Revie11, The American Academy-of Political and Sociological Science, Monograph ‘17 (Philadelphia: The American Academy of Political and Sociological Science, 1973).

2. To arrive at this figure, Vladimir I. Toumanoff combined the results of a study conducted by Stanford University in 1976 with the findings of a study conducted by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1981. See his testimony before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the U.S. Senate on the proposed Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act, in U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on European Affairs, United Stutes-Soviet Research Studies: He’rrring B&e the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United Stcrtes Srnutr, Ninety-seventh Congress, Srcond SesGon, on S. 2919 September 22, 1982 (Washington, DC: GPO, l982), p. 72.

3. See, for example, U.S. General Accounting Office, Frderrrlly-Finunced Re.cerrrch rrnd Communiccrtion on So\,ier A.ffi~ir,s: Cnpuhilitie.\ trnd Needs (Washington. DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. 1980): SRI International, Definse Intelligence: Foreign Arec~Lrrngucrge Needs and Arndeme, SRI Project 5884, prepared for the Association of American Universities (Arlington, VA: SRI International, 1983); President’s Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies, Strength Throu,gh Wisdom: A Critique ofi7.S. Crrpahilit~ (Washington. DC: GPO, 1979); Lambert, Beyond Growth; Sue E. Berryman et al., Foreign Lar7,gucrgr crnd Internutionul Studie.c Specialists: The Marketplace trnd Notionrrl Policy, R-2501.NEH (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1979); James N. Rosenau, lnternotionul Studies and the Socirrl Sciences, Sage Library of Social Research, 2 (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1973).

4. The list of expert witnesses testifying at the hearings before the subcommittees of the House Committees on Education and Labor and Foreign Affairs and the Senate Committees on Foreign Relations and Labor and Human Resources constitutes a roster of prominent Soviet area specialists. Taken together, their testimony is an important source on the evolution of Soviet area studies. See, for example, U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Education and Labor, Solsiet-Etrstern Europeon Re.\eurch crnd Twinin&? Act of1983 (Washing- ton. DC: GPO, 1983); U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on European Affairs, United Strafes-Soi+et Research Sfudic1.c (Washington. DC: GPO, 1982); U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security and Scientific Affairs, Soviet-Eust Europeun Resetrrch und Trninin!: Act (Washington, DC: GPO, 1983); U.S. Congress, Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Subcommittee on Education, Arts, and Humanities, Soraict-Enstern Europemn Re- .srurch rind Truininp Act o.f‘ 1983 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1983); U.S. Congress, House, Committee on

M. STUART 202

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11 12

13.

14.

IS. 16.

17. 18.

19.

20.

Education and Labor, Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education, The Soviet-Er~,stern Errroperrn Rrsrnrch und Training Acr of 1983 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1984.) For detailed information on the structure of U.S. government agencies involved in research on Soviet affairs see Steven A. Grant, Sch&rr’s Guide fo Wu.~~ir~~t~~ D.C.fiw Ru.~.~jfj~i/S~~~iet Studies, 2d rev. ed. (Washing- ton, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983). On coverage of government publications in So&~/ Sriencr.s C~f~~~i~~~ In&r see Peter Hernon and Clayton A. Shepherd, “Government Publications Represented in the So&f S&trc<~s Cirtrfiorr Index; An Exploratory Study,” Gorwnmcnt Puh/iccr?iorrs RevieKr 10 (1983): 227-244. On the minimal use of indexes and abstracts by social scientists see Peter Hernon, C/se of’Got~rrt7mc~tf

Puhk~tions by Social Scicntirfs (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1979): Peter Hernon, “Information Needs and Gathering Patterns of Academic Social Scientists, With Special Emphasis Given to Historians and Their Use of U.S. Government Publications,” Go\+?rnmenr Injiitmcrfion Quarterly 1, no, 4 (1984): 401-429; Robert Goehlert, “The Scope of Indexing Services in Political and Social Science,” RQ 17, no. 3 (Spring 1978): 235-241. See Stephen Engelbert, “CIA Gives a Rare Glimpse of Life of a Top Soviet Agent,” New York Times, 9 November 1985, sec. 1. Data on the average annual totals of Bureau of Public Affairs publications were provided by Colleen Sussman of the Bureau. This statement was made by an anonymous Bureau of Intelligence and Research official in a telephone conversation with the author on July 16, 1985. Similar cutbacks in the production and dissemination of government information by various agencies have, of course, been noted widely in the documents literature, library journals. and the popuIar press. See, for example, Marc A. Levin, “Access and Dissemination Issues Concerning Federal Government Information,” Specki Lihrur-irs 74, no. 2 (1983): 127-137; Judith E. Stokes, “Federal Publications Cutbacks: Implications for Libraries,” Govei-rrment Inj&mcition c)ui~rfe~.lj~ 1, no. 1 (1984): 49-57; “Less Access to Less Information By and About the U.S. Government: A 1983-84 Chronology,” (American Library Association) North CoroJino Lihrrrries 42, no. 3 (1984): 143-146. See Grant, Scholar’s Guide, pp. 233-34. The Association of American Universities, for example, produced the 1984 study by Richard Lambert, Ua~ortd GroKarh, under contract with the Department of Defense. The JPRS series USSR Report: Militcrry Affirs includes translations of the tables of contents of these journals (with the exception of Militclv Medical Journal), but does not translate any articles. David Y. Allen reported on his frustrated attempts to penetrate the organizational structure of JPRS in his article “Buried Treasure: The Translations of the Joint Publications Research Service,” Govcrtzmerzt Puhli- ccttions Reikr. 9 (1982): 91-98. See GPO Adrni~?~s~~f~r~~~e Noirs 3, no. 2 (February 1982): 131. See Bruce Morton, “JPRS and FBIS Translations: Polycentrism at the Reference Desk,” Rqfewnce SPII.- ices Review. 1 I, no. I i 1983): 108. Ibid., p. 101. For an overview of this trend see Donna A. Demac, KeepinK Americrc Uninformed: Governmenr Secrecy in the lY#I’s (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1984). Admiral Stansfield Turner, Secret!: crrrd Drmocnrcy: The CIA in Trrrnsifion (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. 272. Ihid, pp. 116-l 18, 277.

APPENDIX

U.S. government publications cited in the text are listed below. Arrangement is by agency, and aiphabetica~ by title within agency. SuDocs numbers have been provided as available. For irregular serials the full SuDocs number of the most recent volume is provided. Only the SuDocs stem is given for regularly issued periodical publications.

Central Intelligence Agency

Appearances of Soviet Leaders, January-December 19 - , A Reference Aid. [PrEx3.10/7:CR 85-101451

Chiej2 of State and Cabinet Ministers of Foreign Governments, A Reference Aid. [PrEx3.11/2:CR CS 850071

Diwctoty qf USSR Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Officirrls, A Reference Aid. {PrEx3.10/7:CR 83-132741


Direeto9 of USSR ministry of Foreign A&airs Of~~~a~.~, A Reference Aid. [PrEx3.10/7:CR 8.5-145351

Directory of USSR Ministry of Foreign Trade Orgunizations and Officials, A Reference Aid. [PrEx3,10/7:CR 84-101141

Directory of Soviet Officials: National Organizations, A Reference Aid. [PrEx3.10/7:CR 84-138941

Directory of Soviet Officials: Republic Organizations, A Reference Aid. [PrEx3.10/7:CR 85-10140]

Directory of Soviet Officials: Science and Education, A Reference Aid. [PrEx3.10/7:CR 85- 145471

Economic and Energy Z~dic~Jt~~rs. [PrEx3.14/2:(nos.j] ~a~?dbook of Economic Statistics, 19 - . [PrEx3.10/7:CPAS 85-10001 J I~~ternationa~ Energy Statistical Review. [PrEx3,14:(nos.)] craps and Atlases.] [PrEx3.10/4:So8/(nos.)]

Soviet Union (1985). [PrEx3.10/4:So8/18] Soviet Union Administrative Divisions (1985). [PrEx3.10/4:508/17] Soviet Union Nutionafities (1982). [PrEx3.10/4:So8/7] USSR Energy Atlas (1985). [PrEx3.10/4:Un3/5]

A Research Paper. [PrEx3.10/7:(letters-nos.)] Central Siberian Brown Coal as a Potential Source of Power for European Russia

(1980). [PrEx3.10/7:SW 80-100061 Politic& Control of the Soviet Armed Forces (1980). [PrEx3.10/7:SR SO-lOOSSU] Soviet and U.S. Defense Activities, 1971-M: A Dollar Cost Comparison (1981).

[PrEx3.10/7:SR 81~1~051 Soviet Gross Nution~~l Product in Current Prices, 196~~~ (1983). [PrEx3.10/7:Sov 83- 100371

Soviet Acquisition of Western Technology (1982). [PrEx3.2:So8] Wull Charts of rhe Organizations of Communist Governments. [PrEx3.10/7:(letters-nos.)]

CPSU Central Committee: Executive and Administrative Apparatus, A Reference Aid (1985). [PrEx3.10/7:CR 85-130741 CPSU Politburo and Secretariat: Positions and Responsibilities, A Reference Aid (1985). [PrEx3.10/7:CR 85-130731 Energy Decision Making in the Soviet Union, A Reference Aid (1982). [PrEx3.10/7:CR 82-127361 Organizations of the WSSR i~inist~ c>f Defense, A Reference Aid (1982.) [PrEx3,10/7:CR 82-109411

World Factbook, 19 - . [PrEx3.15:(year)]

Department of State

American Foreign Policy Current Documents. [S1.71/2:(year)l Background Notes, USSR. [Sl.l23:Un33/981] Current Policy. [St .71/4:(nos.)] Department of State Bulletin. [S1.3:(v.nos.&nos.)l Department of State Publication series. [S1.2:(CT)]

Soviet und East European Aid to the Third World, 1981 (1983). [S1.2:So8/71 Digest of U.S. Practice in international Law. [57,12/3:(year)] Foreign Affuirs Note. [Sl.l26/3:(CT)]

expulsion of Soviets Worldwide (1984). [Sl. 126/3:So812/984]

204 M. STUART

Human Rights in the USSR (1983). [Sl.l26/3:H88] Soviet Active Measures: The Christiun Peace Conference (1985). [Sl. 126/3:So816]

Soviet Actil’e Measures: The World Peuce Council (1985). [Sl. 126/3:So8/5]

Soviet Fronts: Women und Youth (1984). [Sl.l2613:So8/4] World Federation oj’ Trade Unions: Soviet Foreign Policy Tool (1983). [SI.l26/3:W89]

Gist. [Sl.l28:(CT)] Government-Sponsored Research on Foreign A8uir.s. [Sl. 101/10:(nos.)] (ceased 1981)

Special Report. [Sl.l29:(nos.)] Afghun Resistance und Soviet Occupation (1984). [S. 1.129: 1181

So\fiet Active Measures (1983). [Sl. 129:l lo] Sol’iet and Soviet-Proxy Involvement in Poland (1982). [S1.129:94]

Soviet Noncompliance with Arms Control Agreements (1985). [Sl .129: 1221 Treaties and Other International Acts. [S9.lO:(nos.)] Treaties in Force. [S9.14:(year)]

Department of Defense

[Air University Publications.] [D301.26/6:(CT)] Kenneth R. Whiting, Soviet Air Power (1985). [D301.26/6:So8/3]

Air University Review. [D301.26:(v.nos.&nos.)l Areu Hundhook for the Soviet Union. [D101.22:550-951

Index to and Extructsfrom Voyennaya mysl’, v. 1 (1963-69)-v. 2 (1970-73). (later volumes remain classified)

Leavenworth Papers. [D110.9:(nos.)] Military Review,. [D110.7:(vols.&nos.)]

[National Defense University Publications.] [D5.402:(CT)] Graham D. Vernon, ed., Soviet Perceptions oj’ War and Peace (1981). [D5.402:So8]

National Security Ajyairs Monographs series. [D5.409:(nos.)l Benson Lee Grayson, Soviet Intentions and American Options in the Middle East (1982). [D5.409:82-31

Richard L. Shearer, On-Site Inspection for Arms Control (1984). [D5.409:84-71 Naval War College Review. [D208.209:(v.nos.&nos.)] Parameters. [D101.72:(v.nos.&nos.)]

Research Survey (Combat Studies Institute). [DllO. 1 l:(nos.)] Review of the Soviet Ground Forces. [D5.209:(nos.)] Soviet Army Operations (1983). [D101.2:So8/4] Soviet Military Power. [D1.2:So8/3/(year)] Sol!iet Press: Selected Translations. (not available to the public) Soviet Military Thought series. [D301.79:(nos.)]

Dictionary oj’Basic Military Terms: A Soviet View (1976). [D301.79:9] Forecasting in Military Ajyairs: A Soviet View (1980). [D301.79:16] Fundumentuls oj’ Tuctical Command and Control: A Soviet View (1984). [D301.79: 181

Studies in Communist AjJuirs series. [D301.85:(nos.)] Selected Readings from Military Thought, 1963-1973 (1982). [D301.85:5lpt.l-21

Understanding Soviet Military Developments. [D101.2:So8/2] Understanding Soviet Naval Developments. [D201.2:So8/2i(year)]

Western Technology Trunsjbr to the Warsaw Pact. [D5.202:TECH]


Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

Arms Control and Disarmument Agreements: Texts and Histories of Negotiutions.

~~~l~~l~~ts on Disarmament. [ACl.l1/2:(date)J Soviet Propaganda Campaign Against NATO (1983). [AC1.2:So8] World Military Expenditures and Arms Transjers. [ACI. 16:(nos.)]

Department of Agriculture

Foreign Agricultural Trade of the U.S. [A93/17/7:(date)] Foreign Agriculture. [A67.7/2:(v.nos.&nos.)] Foreign Agriculture Circular: USSR Grain Situation and Outlook. [A67.18:SG-(nos.)]

Foreign Agriculture Circular: World Crop Production. [AiJ. 18:WCP-(nos.)] Stat~~~ticui Bl~lletin. [A1.34:(nos.)]

Agr~culturul Statistics of Eastern Europe and the Soviet ~niorl 1960-19~~. ]A 1.34:700] World Indices ofAgriculture and Food Production 197443. [Al.34:710]

U.S. Foreign Agricultural Trade Statistical Report, Culendur Yeur I9 - , [A93.17/3:(year)]

USSR: Outlook and Situation Report. [A93.29/2-3:(nos.)]

World Agriculture Outlook and Situation. [A93.29/2:(nos.)] World Agriculturul Supply and Demund Estimates. [A93.2913:(nos.)]

World Production and Trade: Weekly Roundup. [A67.42:WR (no.-year)]

Department of Commerce

Foreign Economic Trends and Their Impl~cut~ons for the United States: U.S.S.R.

[C61.11:84-911 International Population Reports, series P-95. [C3.186:P-95inos.)]

CIR Stujj Paper series. Murray Feshbach, A Compendium of Soviet Health Statistics (1985).

U.S. Congress. Joint Economic Committee.

Allocation of Resources in the Soviet Union and China. [Y4.Ec7:So8/12/(year)] The Soviet Economy in a Time of Change (1979). ]Y4.Ec7:S08/16] USSR Measures of Economic Growth and De~~e~opment, 19~~-19~~ (1982).

[Y4.Ec7:Un3/5/950-801

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service.

Congressional Research Service Review. [LCl4.19:(nos.)] lssuc Briefs series. (not distributed to the public)

United States Information Agency

Problems of Communism. [IA1.8:(v.nos.&nos.)] Research ~emorundum. [LA1.24:(nos.)]

206 M.STUART

Research Reports. [IAl .24/3:(letters-nos.)] Shootdown of KAL 007. [IA1.2:K8413] Soviet Pr~pf~~~lnda Alert. (not available to the public)

Foreign Broadcast Information Service

Daily Report: Soviet Union. [PrEx7.10:FBIS-SOV-(nos.)] Trends in Communist Media. [PrEx7.I2:FB-TM (nos.)] (no longer available to the public) JPRS series USSR Reports (General).

USSR Report: Agriculture. [PrEx7.21:(nos.)] USSR Report: Economic Affairs. [PrEx7.21/2:(nos.)] USSR Report: Construction and Related Industries. [PrEx7.21/3-2:(nos.)] USSR Report: Military Afsirs. [PrEx7.21/4:(nos.)] USSR Report: Political and Sociological Affuirs. [PrEx7.21/5:(nos.)] USSR Report: Energy. [PrEx7.21/6:(nos.)] USSR Reporf: International ~can(~rnic Rel~~ti5ns. ~PrEx7.21/7:(nos.)] USSR Report: C~nsl~nler Goods and Domestic Trude. [PrEx7.2l/~:(nos.)l USSR Report: Human Resources. [PrEx7.21/9:(nos.)] USSR Report: Transportation. [PrEx7.2l/lO:(nos.)] USSR Report: Translations from Kommunist. IPrEx7.2111 I:(nos.)] CJSSR Report: Problems c$the Far East. [PrEx7.21/12:(nos.)] USSR Report: Sociological Studies. [PrEx7.21/13:(nos.)] USSR Report: USA, Economics, Politics, Ideology. [PrEx7.21/14:(nos.)] USSR Report: World Economy crnd International Relutions. [PrEx7.21/15:(nos.)]

Date post:	31-Aug-2016
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