South Africa Position Paper on South Africa Position Paper on
Rural Development Rural Development A Model for the Comprehensive Rural Development A Model for the Comprehensive Rural Development
ProgrammeProgramme
Mr. TT GwanyaDirector General : Department of Rural
Development and Land Reform
Presentation outline
� Objective� Background� Initiatives introduced by government since 1994� Strategies focusing on rural development: 1994 and 2001� Sector specific strategies & International conventions� Towards comprehensive rural development� The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme� Our model� Decent Employment through Inclusive & Diversified
Economic Growth� Lessons learnt� Improving Government Performance and enforcement
mechanisms
`Objective
This presentation seeks to share:
�Policy framework, the medium and long term strategic vision
guiding the process of rural transformation
� Strategic political vision on rural development in South Africa,
� How the country is working to address major rural
development challenges
� The model for the Comprehensive Rural Development
Programme
� Lessons learnt and key questions
Historical Dynamics
Geographic differentiation “apartheid system” defined three kinds of spaces
in South Africa, each with its own political, social and economic systems:
� the major urban areas;
�the commercial farming regions and the associated small towns; and
� the so-called Homelands.
� By the end of Apartheid, South Africa's economy was facing a variety of
serious structural problems and damaging to the economic climate:
� stagnant economic growth ,declining per capita income and a spiraling
debt problem and increasing unemployment
�Aspiration of majority South African’s for equitable and prosperous
rural dispensation goes back to the days of dispossession & colonialism
Inherent challenges facing rural areas
� poor or lack of access to socio-economic infrastructure
and services, public amenities and government services
(e.g. industrial parks lying idle especially in the former homeland areas)
� Lack of access to water or lack of water sources for both
household and agricultural development
� Low literacy, skills levels and migratory labour practices
� Under utilisation and/or unsustainable use of natural
resources
Inherent challenges facing rural areas
� decay of the social fabric (child-headed households, crime, family
disputes and lack of Ubuntu)
� death of cultural progress
� unresolved restitution and land tenure issues
� townships not formally established thus hindering service provision
and development
� dependence on social grants and other forms of social security
� unexploited opportunities in agriculture, tourism mining and
manufacturing
Initiatives introduced by government since 1994
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 (Act
108 of 1996)
� provides for a common South African citizenship, with all
citizens having equal access to the rights, privileges and
benefits.
� Entrenches democracy, eliminates all forms of
discrimination, and strives to attain socio-economic rights
for all.
Initiatives introduced by government since 1994
Reconstruction & Development Programme ,(RDP)1994-1 996 sought to
� Mobilize people and country’s resources towards final eradication of
apartheid and building a democratic, non-racial non-sexist future".
� attain socio-economic growth while addressing the legacy of injustice
� link growth, development, reconstruction, redistrib ution and
reconciliation into a 'unified program', joined by a broad infrastructural
programme that creates and enhances existing services address poverty and
inequality
� put emphasis on programmes to meet basic needs, enhance human
resource development and
� ‘people-centred, integrated ,sustainable, and participatory development’
Initiatives introduced by government since 1994
Shortcomings of the RDP
� Looked more like a ‘wish list’ than a strategy document focusing onopportunities and constraints.
� Did not set priorities; or assign responsibility for the implementation of each programme component
� lacked mechanisms for inter-departmental coordination � local government, which has been assigned constitutional responsibility
for promoting socio-economic development, did not have adequate planning and implementation capacity
� By 1995 the economy was not growing at envisaged rates - investors and international financial institutions demanded clarity on national economic policy
� Contributed to the birth of GEAR and the hosting of the Growth and Development Summit that resulted in agreements between various stakeholders
Strategies focusing on rural development: 1994 and 2001
The Rural Development Strategy of the Government of National Unity,
1995
� Set out the mechanisms by which rural people and their elected
representatives at rural District and Local Councils could take charge of
the development process in their own areas
� Highlighted that rural people and rural women in particular, bear the
largest burden of poverty and
� Suggested and that rural people must be at the heart of this strategy
� Highlighted a need to build local government in rural areas as first step
� The document ended as a discussion document
Strategies focusing on rural development: 1994 and 2001
The Rural Development Framework of 1997 attempts to answer how to
� involve rural people in local government and decisions affecting their lives
� increase employment and economic growth in rural areas;
� provide affordable infrastructure and improve services in rural areas
� resolve the problems posed by the remote, low-potential areas into
which people were crowded during the apartheid era;
� how to ensure social sustainability in rural areas and
� how to increase rural local government capacity to plan, implement and
assemble essential information for planning, monitoring and evaluating
both the process and progress of development
Strategies focusing on rural development: 1994 and 2001
The Rural Development Framework of 1997
The most notable value was its attempt to define rural areas as
� “the sparsely populated areas in which people farm or depend on
natural resources, including the villages and small towns that are
dispersed through these areas. In addition, they include the large
settlements in the former homelands, created by the apartheid removals,
which depend for their survival on migratory labour and remittances.”
� Though not adopted as an official definition most government
departments use this definition as a working definition
� definition is closely related to conditions that affected rural communities
prior to 1994 i.e. former homelands and farming communities .
Strategies focusing on rural development: 1994 and 2001
The Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy
(ISRDS) ,2001 – later evolved into a programme
� Objective was to intensify a sustained attack on poverty &
underdevelopment
� Would seek to ‘transform rural South Africa into socially cohesive and
stable communities with viable institutions, sustainable economies and
universal access to social amenities.’
� Would address the failure to coordinate projects and activities that
would yield integrated service delivery, the eradication of poverty and
the promotion of sustainable development and
� would serve as a mechanism for the integration of govt. devt. projects
Strategies focusing on rural development: 1994 and 2001
The Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strate gy (ISRDS) 2001Value � Mainly targeted former homeland areas and attempted to introduce the
spatial focus to deal with poverty and underdevelopment� defined approach to integration – basket of services, anchor projects,
linkages and multiple spin-offs and financing protocolWeaknesses� Unit of intervention was at District Municipality level failing to consciously
target local municipality, wards and/or village needs� No enforcement mechanisms for integrated planning and
implementation, � Faced challenges related to misaligned planning cycles between local
government and other spheres of government� Minimal involvement of communities and targeting vulnerable groups at
planning stage - considering them as beneficiaries mostly at reporting
Sector specific strategies &International conventions
� Sector specific strategies include rural sanitation, rural transport, rural
housing, rural safety, rural education strategies etc.
� Programmes that focus on the entire country, e.g. Comprehensive Social
Security Programme, free basic services; no fee paying schools etc.
� The expanded Public Works Programme - equip participants with skills
and work experience , and provide income relief through employed
International conventions and programmes include
� Copenhagen Declaration which emerged from the United Nations World
Summit on Social Development
� Millennium Development Goals to halve poverty and unemployment by
2015; The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) etc.
Towards comprehensive rural development
The 2007 ruling party’s National Policy Conference identified rural development, land reform and agrarian change as critical pillars of SouthAfrica’s programme of economic transformation� suggested that rural development , land reform and agrarian change
be integrated into a clear strategy that seeks to empower the poor, particularly those who already derive all or part of their livelihood from the exploitation of productive land
� The overall priority is to develop and implement a comprehensivestrategy of rural development that is aimed at � improving the quality of life of rural households,� enhance food security through a broader base of agricultural
production, � exploit the economic potential that each region enjoys.
Towards comprehensive rural development
Should Include:
� Aggressive implementation of land reform policies
� Stimulation of agricultural production with a view to contributing to food
security including focusing on institutional support that creates
economies of scale and facilitates access to business services and
markets.
� Rural livelihoods and food security through an intensification of the
Ilima/Letsema (a community initiative where members of the community
support each other) campaign to enhance household food security
The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP)
Vision: “to create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities”
� seeks to address poverty and food insecurity through maximising the use and management of natural resources;
� rectify past injustices & improve the standard of living through rights-based interventions that address skewed patterns of distribution and ownership of wealth and assets and
� “facilitate integrated development and social cohesion through participatory approaches in partnership with all sectors of society”
will be achieved through a three-pronged strategy:
� a coordinated and integrated broad-based agrarian transformation; � rural development infrastructure, and � An improved land reform programme
The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP)
Agrarian transformation means
‘rapid and fundamental change in the relations (systems and patterns of
ownership and control) of land, livestock, cropping and community.’
It also focuses on, but is not limited to:
� the establishment of rural business initiatives, agro-industries, co-
operatives, cultural initiatives and vibrant local markets in rural settings
� the empowerment of rural people and communities (especially women
and youth).
The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme: Land ReformThe programme recognizes value of land as a catalyst for poverty alleviation, job
creation, food security and entrepreneurship
� Based on three-pronged land reform programme : tenure reform, restitution and
land redistribution, was launched in 1994 .
The revised land reform strategy will include
� Development and beneficiation of land reform beneficiaries including
categorization of beneficiaries through targeted allocation;
� protecting the land rights, and providing basic needs of farm dwellers,
� creating decent jobs on farms and establishing agri-villages for local economic
development
� Taking a developmental approach to the settlement of restitution claims
� recapitalization of distressed land reform projects implemented since 1994
The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme: Land
Reform/ Reformed Tenure Systems
� Major reforms in the land tenure system are necessary in addressing the
distorted power relations relative to productive land in South Africa and to
safeguard limited agricultural land.
� Currently developing a Green Paper on rural development, agrarian
transformation and land reform. Proposes a three-tier land tenure system
� State land under leasehold;
� Private land under freehold tenure but with limitations; and
� Foreign land ownership with precarious tenure linked to productivity and
partnership models with South African citizens.
The above system will be based on a categorization model informed by
land use needs at the household, small holder and commercial farming.
AGRARIAN
TRANSFORMATIO
N
COMMUNI T
YLAND
CROPPIN
GL I
V ES T
OC K
NB: POWER
RELATIONS
Democratization
Class, race, gender
Land Reform
•Land Tenure
•Land Redistribution
•Land Restitution
Rural Economic Infrastructure
Logistics
Rural Social
Infrastructure
• ICT
Infrastructure
• Amenities &
facilities
Social, technical, rural livelihoods and institutional
facilitation
LAND TENURE SYSTEMS REFORM
CRDP Implementation Model
Community Socio-economic profiling
� Focus sites are selected through socio-economic profiling, community participatory processes and intergovernmental co-operation. A community profile illustrates:� patterns of resource use illustrated by maps;� settlement patterns of the community;� major livelihood patterns and groups of households engaged in
those patterns, illustrated by maps, rankings;� The main formal and traditional institutions present in the
community;� The importance and accessibility of services in the community and� A historical profile of the community, different groups within the
community and resource use over time, illustrated by timelines.”Profiles aids in the developing a community engage ment strategy
CRDP Implementation Model cont.
Household profiling
� Households profiled in order to determine individual household needs,
strengths and potential, in line with the War on Poverty Campaign
approach introduced to attack poverty at household level
� Household needs are matched with the community needs in order to:
� determine needs that should be addressed through community
interventions at large and
� needs that should be directed to individual families or individuals in
a family
� profiles further inform placement in skills development initiatives and
employment opportunities in line with the job creation model
CRDP Implementation Model cont.Creating an enabling environment of the communities to participate in
development. includes
� construction of new and revitalisation of old infrastructure for socio-
economic development,
� facilitating access to Information and Communication Technology for
development and access to information,
� ensuring access to public amenities and facilities for access to
government information and participation in community activities like
sports, concerts and debates as a way of strengthening social cohesion
and national identity and
� revitilisation of small towns to be economic hubs
CRDP Implementation Model cont.Social mobilization of rural communities to take in itiatives. includes
� Auditing of community organizations, cooperatives etc. & their strengths � Establishing community structures where they do not exist; � Organizing communities to participate in cooperatives in line with local
opportunities;� Participation of NGOs and CBOs; � Mobilizing stakeholders to support community empowerment, and skills
development initiatives in line with identified needs and opportunities; � Empowering communities to be self-reliant & take charge of own destiny
through leadership training, social facilitation for socio-economic independence and
� Establishing savings clubs and cooperatives for economic development, wealth creation and productive use of assets
MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
COUNCIL OF STAKEHOLDERS(Organs of civil society, government, business, co-operatives, beneficiaries, workers, community development workers, traditional institutions, etc.)
OFFICE OF THE PREMIERCRDP Champion (MEC with rural development function)
MINISTER OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND LAND REFORMDEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND LAND REFORMProgramme Development, policy and legislation development and Coordination
Household Co-operatives & other enterprises (groups of 20)
Stakeholder
commitments
Conditionalities
, code of
conduct &
disciplinary
panel
Stakeholder
commitments
SOCIAL COHESION AND DEVELOPMENT
27
. The Job Creation Modelinvolves � Profiling households to determine needs, skills and
employability;� Identification of employment creation opportunities in
planned interventions & opportunities in neighboring areas;� Basic technical skills development for placement in jobs� Placing one member of the household on two-year
employment contract � Each employed member ploughs back 50% of income to
households � creating Para-development specialists at ward level to train
& mentor individuals & groups to access employment opportunities
JOB CREATION MODEL
30
The Job Creation Model
IMPACT: VIBRANT, EQUITABLE AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL COMMUNITIES
Phase 1Phase 2
Decent Employment through Inclusive & Diversified Economic Growth
Interventions include
� Supporting labour-absorbing sectors (agricultural value chain, tourism,
public sector etc.) geared to domestic and regional markets;
� Supporting dynamic industries and economic diversification including
knowledge intensive and green industries;
� Mobilisation of domestic resources for developmental aims,
� Implementing the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme
� Increasing investment in human capital particularly through education,
skills development and health care.
Decent Employment through Inclusive & Diversified Economic Growth
Government approved the second Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP11)
� Expand production in value-added sectors with high employment and growth multipliers that compete in export markets and in domestic markets against imports
� Places emphasis on more labour absorbing production and servicessectors, the increased participation of historically disadvantaged people in the economy
� Will facilitate, in the medium term, South Africa’s contribution to industrial development in the African region.
� It is estimated that the IPAP 11 will result in the creation of 2 477 000 direct and indirect decent jobs over the next ten years.
� The establishment & maintenance of school & community gardens will create additional jobs & contribute to increasing food security initiatives
Improving Government Performance and enforcement mechanisms
� The M&E Ministry in the Presidency initiated the process of defining outcomes and measurable outputs
� Includes strengthening of internal government systems, enhanced citizen oversight and robust engagement with service delivery partners
� Serves as mechanism for guiding the direction of policy implementation,� places emphasis on accountability throughout the service delivery chain � serves to assess individual and collectives, evaluate an institution’s
effectiveness and assess the validity of a policy
Benefits
� Inter-sectoral and inter-sphere coordination and integration� All spheres play a defined role and work together in a coherent manner� Channelling resources and funding from all three spheres of government,
external stakeholders and agencies to identified rural sites� Enforcement from the highest level� integration does not end at planning but cascades to implementation
Improving Government Performance and enforcement mechanisms
12 outcomes, backed by measurable outputs and key activities to achieve outputs,were approved:
� Quality basic education
� A long and healthy life for all South Africans� All people in South Africa are and feel safe
� Decent employment through inclusive economic growth
� Skilled and capable workforce to support an inclusive growth path� An efficient, competitive and responsive economic infrastructure
� Vibrant equitable and sustainable rural communities and food security for all
� Sustainable human settlement and improved quality of household life� And efficient, effective and development oriented public service and an
empowered fair and inclusive citizenship
� Enhance and protect our environmental assets and natural resources� Responsive, accountable, effective and efficient Local Government system
Improving Government Performance and enforcement mechanisms
Rural development is a cross cutting - all other out comes contribute calling for coordination and of implementation plan s of all the Stakeholders� Responsibility for coordinating and managing translating outcomes into
delivery agreements is assigned to a Minister or a group of Ministers � Ministers constitute a Delivery Forum that negotiates terms of delivery
including timelines , establish funding agreements, report six monthly to the President and review agreements to assess if changes are required
� Following finalisation of delivery agreements a Cabinet Cluster is set up to manage coordination and implementation
� Government officials with direct responsibility to implement interventions constitute Official’s Implementation Clusters
� Official’s cluster is co chaired by the Presidency and the Lead departmentto operationalise the delivery agreements and allocate resources (both financial and technical)
Some lessons� Definitions of rural development and transformation must be flexible as
rural spaces, their characteristics, needs, required interventions and opportunities are not the same
� Guiding approaches and principles that can be adapted to suit the local needs and conditions should be considered
� A need to move away from defining rural development as dealing with land related challenges to seeing land as a catalyst
� Rural poverty should be attacked both spatially and at household level as focusing on the space tends to miss poverty at household level
� Solutions for rural economy challenges can be found both in the space that is being serviced and through opportunities and linkages with other spaces in the proximity, including urban spaces
� Institutions for public participation are not effective in rural areas due to vastness o, distances and cost of travelling to the central point
� Calls for village structures that feed into the formal structures
Some lessons� Intergovernmental relations and coordination processes must handled
carefully, to avoid neglecting the most important stakeholder, the community,as discussions on development take place in the boardroom.
� CRDP introduced the social, technical & institutional facilitation function� rural municipalities lack capacity and financial resources indicating a
need to be supported rather than partnering for rural development � Lessons from the Integrated Sustainable Rural Development
Programme caution against support in favour of partnering with municipalities due to the fact that: � There are specific departments that have a responsibility to support,
capacitate & coordinate the work of the municipalities and � Supporting municipalities distracts development specialists from the
key mandate i.e. improving rural spaces & quality of life and rural economies
� A strategy for moving away from this long established culture must be developed
Conclusion
“Rural development is everybody's business. This captures
the multi-sectoral nature of the enterprise and the notion that
rural development is the business of rural people, that they
should set the agenda, the priorities and methods to achieve
them. If structures that support rural people's initiatives are set
up, we will avoid perception that rural development is
nobody's business.” Rural Development Framework,
1997
Thank you!Thank you!
““Working together we can do more in improving Working together we can do more in improving the quality of life for all our people living in rural the quality of life for all our people living in rural areasareas””
