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South African Extension
Provincial consultative workshops on the development of national policy on extension for agriculture, forestry and fisheries – October 2012
Structure of presentation
The Context Attempts to re-orientate extension
and advisory services The status quo in agricultural
extension Land reform Forestry Fisheries
The context
The context
Predominantly viewed as being characterised by duality.
Well-established large-scale farmers who farm almost exclusively for the market.
Smaller-scale farmers who farm primarily for home consumption.
In reality there is a wide spectrum of producers along a contuum
The context
Prior to 1994 the perception of duality was reflected in parallel systems of extension.
By 1994 there were 14 different extension services in the country, together with a network of agricultural colleges and university agricultural faculties which mirrored the apartheid divide.
The context
The challenge for the new government is to build a extension service that engages the full range of producers.
Deregulation of SA agriculture changed the landscape of SA agriculture – subsidies, single channel marketing, +av farm size, fewer bigger players etc.
Attempts to reorient extension In 1998 the NDA highlighted five
problems impacting on extension provision to smallholders:
The low qualification of agricultural extension practitioners serving the homelands.
The difficulty of delivering service to these farmers, due partly to the wide diversity of systems, needs and contexts they presented.
Attempts to reorient extension
In 1998 the NDA highlighted five problems impacting on extension provision to smallholders:
Poor communication within the extension service.
Lack of accountability to farmers. Lack of vision and focus about the
purpose and client.
Attempts to reorient extension In 2005, the NDA drafted Norms and
Standards for Extension.demand-driven, responding to farmers’
needs;relevant to the resource constraints and
market environment;pluralistic, flexible and co-ordinated, involving
a wide range of extension service providers.Focus on small-scale disadvantaged farmers.Accompanied by the National Agricultural Education and Training Strategy
Attempts to reorient extension Extension recovery plan - half a billion
rand from Treasury during the 2008/9 to 2010/11 1. Ensure visibility and accountability of
extension. 2. Promote professionalism and improve the
image of extension. 3. Recruit extension personnel. 4. Reskill and re-orientate extension workers. 5. Provide ICT infrastructure and other
resources.
Attempts to reorient extension
Evaluation Universal agreement on the need for a
public extension and advisory service. Need for extension policy that covers
public, private and NGO sector extension and advisory services
Attempts to reorient extension
Post-Polokwane – renewed focus on small-holder agriculture.
In 2009, reorganisation responsibility for agriculture, forestry and fisheries at national government level
Status quo
Mounting evidence that extension has not had the impact intended• vast numbers of people requiring
assistance• relatively few and inadequately trained
and resourced extension workers• Misguided - commercialisation of so-
called ‘subsistence’ and ‘emerging’ farmers
Status quo
Numerous agencies that provide research, extension, information sharing and economic development support to their paying and other members
Commodity-bases organisations and private consulting companies,NGOs
Status quo
There is inconsistency of policy or activity regarding extension and the interventions are uncoordinated – thereby reducing the impact of these interventions
Reinforces need for broad-based policy on extension and advisory services
Land reform
Seeks to redistribute 30% of agricultural land through restitution, redistribution and tenure reform measures.
Disappointing results.
Land reform
SLAG, LRAD, and then LARP was launched in 2008 – but poor alignment with CASP and other so no implementation.
Misalignment of competencies – turning lever in different directions.
Forestry policy
Prior to 1994 focus of SA and TVBC governments was on direct management of State forests: Commercial plantations Woodlots Indigenous forests
Advisory services limited to annual arbor day, later arbor week, and “greening” of rural and urban areas
Forestry policy
Vision for forestry extension in the 1998 Forestry White Paper, followed by a National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP)
Government to move out of direct management and focus on Forestry Policy, Regulation, and Advisory Services (Development)
Forestry – since 1994
Progress made with establishing the forest policy and regulations functions, but forestry development function has remained weak
Forestry – since 1994
The transfer of State Forests incomplete, and the majority of the budget is still consumed by direct management Category B plantations and woodlots to
community rights holders Indigenous State Forests-to conservation
agencies
Forestry: Target groups and support needs
Commercial Forestry Existing small growers (20-30 000) New afforestation community projects DAFF plantations transferred to
community Restitution projects on forestry
plantations (40% of commercial plantations under claim)
Technical, financial and managerial support
Forestry: Target groups and support needs
Agroforestry, PFM, CBNRM Rural communities in and around
forests and woodlands Rural/ urban communities CBNRM, SMMEs, agroforestry,
woodlots
Fisheries
Marine sector – quota (expanding to smaller-scale fishers) and non-quota sub-sectors (artisanal and subsistence fishers)
Freshwater sector – early stages of development of aquaculture and broadening of the inclusion of communities?
Fisheries
Small scale fisheries policy was gazetted in 2012.
National Development Plan in direct contradiction with fisheries policy.
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Level of self-reliance
High
High
Priv
ate
sect
or
Public sector
Low
Low
Use b
y F
arm
er
Public-Private Sector Dynamics
27
Level of self-reliance
High
High
Priv
ate
sect
or
Public sector
Low
Low
Use b
y F
arm
er
Public-Private Sector Dynamics
28
Level of self-reliance
High
High
Priv
ate
sect
or
Public sector
Low
Low
Use b
y F
arm
er
Public-Private Sector Dynamics
29
Level of self-reliance
High
High
Priv
ate
sect
or
Public sector
Low
Low
Use b
y F
arm
er
Public-Private Sector Dynamics