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South Asia and the Middle EastBy Rachael Klein and Claire Howlett

Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)

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Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• To 600 BCE

• Adaptation• Population growth• Bronze Age• River valleys• Indian geography• Aryan migrations

• 600 BCE – 600 CE• Middle East

• Camel nomads• India

• Regionalism

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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)

Development and Interaction of Cultures• To 600 BCE

• Tigris-Euphrates• Cuneiform• Polytheistic religion

• Vedic, Epic Ages• Sanskrit

• 600 BCE – 600 CE• Bedouin culture

• Oral poetry• Animistic religion• Honor codes

• Islam• Monotheistic• Umma• Ethical system• Five pillars

• India• Hinduism• Buddhism• Math, science• Islam came

Cuneiform

Sanskrit

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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)

State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• To 600 BCE

• Tigris-Euphrates• 600 BCE – 600 CE

• Classical India• Maurya, Gupta• Political diversity• Hun invasion

• Middle East• Bedouins

• Clans, tribes• Shakhs

• Muhammad's life• Revelations• Mecca, Medina• Death

Maurya Dynasty325-200 B.C.E.

Gupta Dynastyc. 300-500 C.E.

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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)

Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• To 600 BCE

• Neolithic Revolution• River valleys

• 600 BCE – 600 CE• Middle East

• Trading cities• Mecca• Medina

• Classical India• Advanced trade

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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)

Development and Transformation of Social Structures• To 600 BCE

• Caste system• 600 BCE – 600 CE

• Bedouin culture• Kinship ties• Interclan rivalries• Women’s role

• Classical India• Caste system• Women’s role

Early caste system

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Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• Crusades• Regional conflicts• Environmental damage• India

• Nomadic invasion• Islamic incursions• Arab colonies• Migrants

Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)

Christian crusades

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Development and Interaction of Cultures• Middle East

• Sunni-Shi’a split• Art, learning• Crusades• Persian language• Religious trends• Indian influence

• India• Islam introduced• Arab colonies• Islam spread• Mosques, schools• Conversion• Islamic assimilation• Devotional cults

Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)

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Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)

State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• Umayyad Empire

• Ridda Wars• Conquest

• Motivation• Converts

• Luxury = decline• Abbasid Empire

• Alliance• Ideals changed

• Corruption• Wazir

• Buyids• Seljuk Turks• Mongol invasions

• India• Sind conquered• Turkish invasions• Military states

Umayyad Empire

Abbasid Empire

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Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)

Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• Abbasids

• Urban expansion• Merchant classes• Artisans• Afro-Eurasian trading• Slave role• Decline = poor economy

• Umayyads• Silk Road• Sea trade• Agricultural production• Banks

• India• Agricultural developments• Sea commerce• Spice trade• Industrialization

Silk Road trade routes

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Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)

Development and Transformation of Social Structures• Middle East

• Islam = unity• Mawali• Dhimmi• Women under Muhammad• Abbasid conversion• Ayan• Women’s decline

• Harem, veil• India

• Islamic tolerance• Early conversion• Later conversion

• High-caste domination

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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)

Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• Urban growth• Farming technology• Irrigation• Environmental knowledge• Printing• Gunpowder• Demographic swings

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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)

Development and Interaction of Cultures• Religion v. art• Rational scholarship• Ottoman Empire

• Constantinople restored• Turkish language

• Safavid Empire• Shi’ism• Persian culture• Religious society

• Mughal Empire• Patron rulers• Architecture

Hagia Sophia

Taj Mahal

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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• Ottoman Empire

• Conquest-focused• Captured Constantinople• Naval domination• Regional control• Growing bureaucracy• Succession disputes• Ottoman decline

• Size• Corruption• Weak rulers• Technological disadvantage

• Safavid Empire• Conquered Persia• Battle of Chaldiran• Slave youths• Afghani invasion

• Mughal Empire• Turkic invaders• Captured plains• Babur’s death• Akbar• Mughal decline

• Hindu persecution• Warfare• Regional power

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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)

Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• Western dominance

• Serfdom• Worsened agriculture

• Tax revenue• Merchants

• Fell behind Europeans• Indian Ocean

• Indian spices• Ottoman Empire

• Constantinople = commerce• Government regulation• Artisan guilds• Bullion inflation• Portuguese navy

• Safavid Empire• Trade center

• Mughal Empire• Cotton textiles

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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)

Development and Transformation of Social Structures• Ottoman Empire

• Warrior aristocracy• Janissaries• Merchants, artisans• “Peoples of the book”

• Safavid Empire• Turkic warriors• Slaves’ role

• Mughal Empire• Hindu advancement• Warrior aristocracy• Women’s advancement• Eventual decline

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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)

Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• Public construction• Suez Canal• Communication advancements

• Newspapers• Industrialization• Opium growth

Suez Canal

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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)

Development and Interaction of Cultures• Ottoman Empire

• Westernization• Reformers v. conservatives• Educational reforms• Turkish culture

• Colonial India• British assimilation• Women’s arrival• Evangelism• Utilitarian philosophy

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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)

State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• Ottoman Empire

• Continuous decline• Lost territory• British support• Reform blocked• Destroyed Janissaries• Tanzimat reforms

• First Constitution• Western ideals• Absolutism, briefly• Young Turks• Weaknesses remained

• Colonial India• Mughal collapse• British East India Company• Sepoys• Presidencies• Company agents• Corrupt officials• Reform efforts

Reduction of Ottoman territory

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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)

Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• Ottoman decline• Artisans struggled• Colonial India

• Ports• Raw materials

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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)

Development and Transformation of Social Structures• Ottoman Empire

• Tanzimat reforms• Religious equality• Women oppressed• Secondary schools

• Colonial India• Maintained hierarchy• New class• Ended sati

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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)

Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• Urban migration• Population growth• Pakistan formed• Palestinian-Arab Flee• Jewish migration• Partition• Green Revolution

Formation of Israel

Formation of Pakistan

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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)

Development and Interaction of Cultures• India

• Indian identity• Muslims vs. Hindus• Gandhi• Railway network

• Middle East• Zionism• Islamic societies

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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)

State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• World War I

• Ottoman-German alliance• Indian participation• Treaty of Versailles

• Promises forgotten• Territory divided

• Indian independence• Congress party• Nationalist leaders• Post-WWII movements• Independence granted• Pakistan formed

• Middle Eastern Nationalism• Balfour Declaration• Establishment of Israel

• US involvement• Modern India

• Civilian rule• Socialist measures

• Iran• Authoritarian rule• Revolution of 1979• Iran-Iraq war

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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)

Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• Great Depression• Foreign investment• Neocolonial economy• Free trade• Middle East

• Oil• Modern India

• Railroads• Private initiative

World Oil Production

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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)

Development and Transformation of Social Structures• Female subordination

• Cultural inferiority• Health, sanitation• Increased literacy

• Post-WWI India• British racism• Nationalist groups• Caste system

• Modern India• Middle class• Poor majority• Social tension

• Green revolution