1

SouthSudaneseartandmaterialcultureinEuropeanandRussianMuseumsAworkinginventoryVersion3,January2019PreparedbyZoeCormack

2

TableofContents1. ABOUTTHISDOCUMENT........................................................................................................4

2. COLLECTIONSBYMUSEUMANDCOLLECTOR..........................................................................5

AUSTRIA.........................................................................................................................................5WELTMUSEUM,VIENNA..........................................................................................................................5

Butcha,Richard..............................................................................................................................5Knoblecher,IgnaziousandMaxRyllo............................................................................................5Junker,Wilhelm.............................................................................................................................6Natterer,Joseph............................................................................................................................6Hansal,Martin...............................................................................................................................7EminPasha(EduardSchnitzer)......................................................................................................7Marno,Ernst..................................................................................................................................8Miani,Giovanni.............................................................................................................................9Reitz,Konstantin............................................................................................................................9

FRANCE..........................................................................................................................................9QUAL-BRANLY,PARIS.............................................................................................................................9

Delaporte,PacifiqueHenri.............................................................................................................9JosephPonsD’Arnaud.................................................................................................................10

GERMANY....................................................................................................................................11ETHNOLOGICALMUSEUM,BERLIN..........................................................................................................11

Junker,Wilhelm...........................................................................................................................11Piaggia,Carlo...............................................................................................................................11Schweinfurth,Georg....................................................................................................................12Werne,Ferdinand........................................................................................................................12

LINDENMUSEUM,STUTTGART...............................................................................................................13VonHeuglin.................................................................................................................................13

ITALY............................................................................................................................................13PIGORINI,ROME..................................................................................................................................13

RomoloGessi...............................................................................................................................13GiovanniMiani............................................................................................................................14Others..........................................................................................................................................15

MUSEUMOFNATURALHISTORY,FERRERA...............................................................................................15Castelbolognesi,Angelo...............................................................................................................15

ETHNOGRAPHICMUSEUM,FLORENCE......................................................................................................17Piaggia,Carlo...............................................................................................................................17

NATIONALARCHAEOLOGICALMUSEUMOFUMBRIA,PERUGIA.....................................................................17Antinori,Orazio............................................................................................................................18Piaggia,Carlo...............................................................................................................................19

ARMORYMUSEUM,TURIN....................................................................................................................19Brun-Rollet,Antoine....................................................................................................................19

MUSEUMOFNATURALHISTORY,VENICE.................................................................................................20Miani,Giovanni...........................................................................................................................20

AFRICAMUSEUM,VERONA....................................................................................................................21

NETHERLANDS..............................................................................................................................22LEIDEN...............................................................................................................................................22

3

Schuver,JuanMaria....................................................................................................................22

ROMANIA.....................................................................................................................................23FRANZBINDERMUSEUMOFUNIVERSITYETHNOGRAPHY,SIBIU...................................................................23

Binder,Franz................................................................................................................................23

RUSSIA.........................................................................................................................................24KUNSTKAMERA,STPETERSBURG.............................................................................................................24

Junker,Wilhelm...........................................................................................................................24

SLOVENIA.....................................................................................................................................24SLOVENEETHNOGRAPHICMUSEUM,LJUBLJANA........................................................................................24

Knoblecher,Ignaz........................................................................................................................24UNITEDKINGDOM........................................................................................................................25

THEBRITISHMUSEUM..........................................................................................................................25Crispin,E.A..................................................................................................................................25Evans-Pritchard,E.E......................................................................................................................25Isma’ilPasha,ViceroyofEgypt....................................................................................................26BritishInstituteinEasternAfrica.................................................................................................27Petherick,John.............................................................................................................................27Powell-Cotton,PercyandHannah...............................................................................................28Franks,AugustusWollastonandLuptonBey...............................................................................28WellcomeInstitutefortheHistoryofMedicine...........................................................................29Selectsmallercollections.............................................................................................................29

PITTRIVERSMUSEUM,OXFORD.............................................................................................................31Evans-Pritchard,E.E......................................................................................................................31Petherick,John.............................................................................................................................32BritishInstituteinEasternAfrica.................................................................................................32

THEPOWELL-COTTONMUSEUM,BIRCHINGTON-ON-SEA,KENT...................................................................33PercyandHannahPowell-Cotton................................................................................................33

THESUDANARCHIVE,DURHAM..............................................................................................................34THEWORLDMUSEUM,LIVERPOOL.........................................................................................................35

Tinne,Alexandrine.......................................................................................................................35Melly,George..............................................................................................................................35OtherSouthSudaneseobjects.....................................................................................................35

3. TABLEOFCOLLECTIONSBYDATE..........................................................................................37

BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................................40

4

1. AboutthisDocumentThisdocumentassemblesinformationaboutcollectionsofmaterialculturefromSouthSudaninEuropeanandRussianmuseums.Itisanevolvingdocument,intendedasanentrypointforresearchers,curators,theartssectorandanyonewhowishestolocatethehistoricartsandmaterialculturalheritageofSouthSudaninEuropeorRussia.ThefindingsarebasedondeskresearchandmuseumvisitssupportedbytheBritishInstituteinEasternAfrica(2015-2016)andsubsequentresearchattheBritishSchoolatRome(2016-2017)andOxfordUniversity(2017-present)supportedbytheLeverhulmeTrust.Thematerialhasbeenorganizedbycollectorandinstitution.Thisdecisionwasmadetoreflectthearrangementofthematerialinmuseums,inventoriesandtheorganizationofsupportingprimaryandsecondarydocumentaryresources.ThisapproachdoesprivilegetheEuropeanorganizationofthematerial.Itwouldbepossibletoorganizethematerialdifferently–forexamplebyregionofSouthSudanorbyethnicgroup.However,thiswasbeyondthescopeofthestudyatthisstage.Unlessindicated,biographicaldetailshavebeenassembledfromRichardHill’sBiographicalDictionaryofSudan.Otherdocumentarysourcesusedarelistedinthebibliography.Atableatthebackpresentsthecollectionsbydate,tohelpmakechronologicalcomparisons.In some cases, where known, the approximate number of objects has been given. Thisinformationisprovidedtogiveasenseofthevolumeofmaterial.Collectionsrangeinsizefromafewobjectstoovertwothousand.Thisdocumentisaworkinprogress.Onlylargeorhistoricallyimportantcollectionshavebeenincludedatthisstage.NotablecollectionsinSudan,EgyptandNorthAmericaarenotcovered.Anycomments, correctionsor suggestionsarewelcomed (both in termsof improving thecontentandusability).PleasecontactZoeCormackzoe.cormack@africa.ox.ac.uk

5

2. CollectionsbyMuseumandCollector

AustriaWeltmuseum,ViennaButcha,RichardBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanRichard Buchta (1845-1894) settled in Cairo in 1870 and opened a photographic studio.RomoloGessiengagedhimin1877toaccompanyhimtoSudanandsouthernSudanandtakephotographs.HealsoaccompaniedEminPashaonseveralexpeditions.ThecollectionBuchtadonatedaround200photographsandethnographicobjectstotheEthnographydepartmentinVienna.1Thesephotographswerethefirsttobecataloguedinthemuseum’scollection.KeyprimaryandsecondarysourcesKnoblecher,IgnaziousandMaxRylloBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanMaxRyllowasaPolishJesuitwhoarrivedinKhartouminFeb1848aspro-Vicar.HediedfourmonthslaterandwassucceededbyKnoblecher.2RyllodidnotparticipateincollectingobjectsbecausehediedshortlyafterarrivinginSudan,buthisnamehasbeenretainedintherecords.FrelihsuggeststhismaybebecauseofaconnectiontotheDobruckyfamily(whosupportedthe SudanMission) and because awooden cross in the collectionmay have belonged toRyllo.3 Ignaz Knoblecher (1819-1858) was the pro-vicar apostolic of the Roman Catholicmission to Central Africa. He arrived in Khartoum in 1848 (with Ryllo). In 1848-1849KnoblechertravelleduptheWhiteNile.In1852,hefoundedamissioninGondokoro.In1854,he established the Holy CrossMission between Shambe and Bor. Both were abandonedshortlyafterwards.HeexploreduptoMountLogwek.ThecollectionThecollectionwasacquiredbytheMuseum1922.Itcontainsatotalofabout50objects.

1BarbaraPlankensteiner,“TheSudanCollectionsofTheMuseumFürVölkerkundeinVienna,”inSudanMission1848-1858:IgnacijKnoblehar,MissionaryExploreroftheWhiteNileandCollectorofAfricanObjects,ed.MarkoFrelih(Ljublijana:SlovenskiEtnografskiMuzej,2009),109.2RichardGray,AHistoryofTheSouthernSudan1839-1889(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1961),24.3MarkoFrelih,SudanMission1848-1858:IgnacijKnoblehar,MissionaryExploreroftheWhiteNileandCollectorofAfricanObjects(Ljublijana:SlovenskiEtnografskiMuzej,2009),77.

6

KeyprimaryandsecondarysourcesBarbaraPlankensteiner,“TheSudanCollectionsofTheMuseumFürVölkerkundeinVienna,” inSudanMission1848-1858: IgnacijKnoblehar,MissionaryExploreroftheWhiteNile and Collector of AfricanObjects, ed.Marko Frelih (Ljublijana: SlovenskiEtnografski Muzej, 2009), 109.Marko Frelih, Sudan Mission 1848-1858: IgnacijKnoblehar, Missionary Explorer of theWhite Nile and Collector of African Objects(Ljublijana:SlovenskiEtnografskiMuzej,2009).

Junker,WilhelmBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanJunker(1840-1892)wasaRussian-Germandoctorandtraveller.HeexploredtheSobatandwestern tributariesof theWhiteNile in1876-8. In1879,he returned toexplore theNile-Congowatershed.HespentfouryearsamongtheAzandeandMangbetupeople.HereturnedtoEuropein1887(viaUgandaandZanzibar).HediedinStPetersburg.TheCollectionThecollectionwasacquiredbythemuseumin1892.Itcontains437objectsfromhistravelstotheBahrelGhazalregionbetween1880and1886.ThemajorityofJunker’scollectionsareheldattheKunstkameraMuseuminStPetersburgandtheEthnologicalMuseuminBerlin.Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1875-1878,trans.A.HKeane,vol.1,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1890)WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1879-1883,trans.A.HKeane,vol.2,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1891)WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1882-1885,trans.A.HKeane,vol.3,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1892).

Natterer,JosephBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanJosephNatterer(1820-62)wasthenephewofafamousnaturalistJohannNatterer,wholedledtheAustrianmissiontoBrazalandwasanopponentoftheslavetrade.In1855,hebegantravellinginSudan.In1858,hereturnedwithacollectionofanimalsandbirdsfromSudanfortheSchönbrunnmenagerie.HewasAustro-Hungarianvice-consulinKhartoumfrom1860.ThecollectionThecollectionwasdonatedtotheimperialNaturalHistoryCabinetin1865.4Itcomprises521objects(includedseverallargebundlesofarrows,eachbeingattributedtheirowninventorynumbers). Similar to his predecessor, Konstantin Reitz, his collection mostly consists ofweapons.MostofthecollectionisfromSudan/UpperNile(213inventorynumbers),butitincludesobjectsfromAbyssinia(Ethiopia)andSomalia.Itincludedobjectsareattributedto

4BarbaraPlankensteiner,“AfricanArtattheMuseumFürVölkerkundeinVienna,”AfricanArts38,no.2(2005):14.

7

Shilluk,Nuer,Kitsch(CiecDinka),Bari,Djur(Luo),Bongo,NiamNiam(Azande).Hansal,MartinBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanMartinLudwigHansel(1823-1885),bornintoday’sCzechRepublic,wasanAustriantraderandconsul.HelivedinKhartoumfrom1853to1885.Originallyateacher,hefirsttravelledtoSudanin1853whereheactedasaclerktotheCatholicmissionofKnoblecherandstayedoninvariousdifferentcapacities(teacher,merchant).In1862,hewasappointedthelastAustro-Hungarianconsul(1862-1871)withspecialresponsibilityfortheCatholicmission.HewasthemostpermanentEuropeandiplomaticrepresentative inSudan.HedidnotappeartohavetraveledtoSouthernSudanhimself.WithhisdeathduringtheMahdistsiegeofKhartoum,theAustriandiplomaticmissioninSudancametoanend.ThecollectionThreeseparatecollectionsweregiftedin1877,1880and1882,containingabout250objects.The 1877 collection was “found” at the Royal Geological department and subsequentlyhandedovertothethenanthropological-ethnographicdepartmentatthethencalled“CourtMuseum”.Thethreecollectionshavetheirworthindicatedintheinventorybooks.Theyweregifts to themuseum,but it subsequentlybecamenecessary to indicateavalue.The1877collection contains 27 objects. As well as itemed listed as from ‘Chatum’ (Khartoum), Itincluded items attributed to Nuer, Dinka, Shilluk, Bari. The 1880 collection contained 60objects.ItincludeditemsattributedtoBor(BorDinka),Schier(?),Nuer,Shilluk,Dinka,Kitsch(CiecDinka),Bari,Bongo,Mundu,Azande,MangbetuandUganda.ItalsoincludedaskullfromDarfurwhichdidnotreceiveaninventorynumber.The1882collectioncontained169objects.It included items attributed to Darfur, Chartum (Khartoum), Wadelai, Bongo, Dar Fertit,Gurgur (Mangbetu),Makaraka (Adio Azande), Abukaja,Moru,Madi, NiamNiam (Azande),Monbuttu(Mangbetu),Bari,Lango,Turkanj(Turkana?),Magungo,Lur,(Alur),Abyssinian.The1880 and 1882 collectionswere gifted byHansel. He had learnt taxidermy fromTheodorHeuglinandalsosentzoologicalspecimensbacktoVienna.EminPasha(EduardSchnitzer)BiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanEminPasha(EduardSchnitzer)wasbornin1849inPrussia.HebecamegovernorofEquatoriain 1878until 1888-9whenhewasevacuated to ZanzibarbyHenryMorton Stanley. EminPashaisknownforhisinterestinnaturalhistoryandheleftcollectionstotheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon.TheCollectionGiftedtotheMuseumin1880,1881,1882and1884togetherwithcollectionsfromMarnoandHansal.1881collectioncontained318objectsattributed toSudan (20ofwhichweregivenbyHansal,4byMarno). It included itemsattributedtoShilluk (2objects),Bari (32),Kitsch(CiecDinka)(2),Djur(JurChol)(12),Makaraka(AdioAzande)(11),NiamNiam(Azande)(5),Monbuttu(Mangbetu)(11),Akka(pygmy)(89),Latuka(4),Madi(24),Schuli(Acholi)(44),

8

Frenga?(1),Thegeographicalcoordinatesofwheretheobjectswereobtainedareincludedintheinventory.EminPashacompiledthe1882collectionof90objectsforHanselwhothenforwarded it to the Museum. The museum used Buchta’s publication as a reference todescribe several objects. In included items attributed to Idio [Azande] (36, Madi (10),Monbuttu [Mangbetu] (3), NiamNiam [Azande] (10), Shuli [Acholi] (6), Lango (3), Latuka[Lotuko] (6), Turkanj (Turkana?/Turk) (1), Lobbohr [Labwor] (4), Irenga [Murle] (1),Nyoro[Bunyoro](3).The1884collectionscontainlargepartsfromDRCandUgandaandareattributedtoDinka(3), Bari (5), Lango (3), Acholi (4), Lotuko (4), Nyoro, Logo, Babukar, Abaka (2), Alur (2),Mangbetu(23),Azande,Banga,Madje,Barambo,Babwa,Aka,Mamvu.Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

EminPasha,EminPashainCentralAfrica:BeingaCollectinofHisLettersandJournals,ed.GeorgSchweinfurthetal.(London:GPhilipandSon,1888)GaetanoCasati,TenYears inEquatoriaandReturnwithEminPasha, vol.1,2vols.(London:FrederickWarneandCo.,1891)GaetanoCasati,TenYears inEquatoriaandReturnwithEminPasha, vol.2,3vols.(London:FrederickWarneandCo.,1891)PhillipRAckery,“EminPasha’sButterflies-aCaseforCasati?,”ArchivesofNaturalHistory29,no.3(2002):347–57.

Marno,ErnstBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanErnstMarno(1844-1883)wasanAustrianexplorerandadministrator.Hetravelledonbehalfof the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the Sudanese-Ethiopian borderlands, Kordofan andsouthern Sudan (between 1872-1876). Hewas based in Fashoda asGovernor ofGallabatbetween1878-80,duringthispostingheoversawthefleetofsteamersclearingobstructionsalong the Bahr-el-Jebel. He also rescued Romolo Gessiwhowas stranded in the Bahr-el-Ghazal.HewasappointedGovernorofFazogliin1881.HemarriedaDinkacatholicconvertcalled Caterina Zeinab.5 Marno received funds form the Austro-Hungarian ImperialGeographicalSociety.HeknewMartinL.Hansalandusedhishouseasabaseforhisrecoveryfromboutsoffever.HediedofpneumoniainKhartoumin1883.ThecollectionTherearethreecollectionsattributedtoMarno,acquiredin1876,1877,1882andcomprisingofover800objectsintotal.6Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

ErnstMarno,ReiseninGebieteDesBlauenUndWeissenNil,ImEgyptischenSudanUndDenAngrenzendenNegerländern,inDenJahren1869Bis1869(Vienna:CGerold,1874);

5BiographicaldetailsfromWendyJames,GerdBaumann,andDouglasHJohnson,eds.,JuanMariaSchuver’sTravelsinNorthEastAfrica1880-1883(London:TheHakluytSociety,1996),xcix.6Plankensteiner,“TheSudanCollectionsofTheMuseumFürVölkerkundeinVienna,”109.

9

ErnstMarno,ReiseinDerEgyptischenAequatorial-PrivinzUninKordofaninDenJahren1874-1876(Vienna:AHölder,1879).

Miani,GiovanniBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanGiovanniMiani(1810-1872)wasanItalianexplorerformRovigo(nearVenice).HetookpartinthedefenseoftheRomanRepublicin1848andemigratedasanexiletoEgyptin1849.In1859-1860 (with the support of the Egyptian Government and the French GeographicalSociety)heexploredtheUpperWhiteNileasfarastheAswaRiver.In1871heembarkedonajourneythroughsouthernSudantoMangbetucountry.Hediedonthisjourney,neartheBomokandiRiver(presentdayDRC)in1872TheCollectionThecollectioncontains57objectsassociatedwithMiani’sfirstexplorationoftheUpperNile(1859-1860).7 The Natural History museum in Venice holds the majority of the objectscollectedbyMiani.Reitz,KonstantinBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanKonstantinReitz(1819-1853)wasAustrianconsulinKhartoum,1851-1853.HewasagentforacompanyformedtointroducesmallsteamersforcommercialpurposesontheWhiteNile.Hediedonhis return to a journey toAbyssiniawith vonHeuglin (who succeededhimasconsul).TheCollectionIt was donated to the technology office of the University of Technology in 1953 andtransferred to the Ethnographic Department of the Natural HistoryMuseum in 1880.8 Itcontains 160 objects. It ismainly weaponry (lances, spears and bows, clubs, shield, etc).Objects are attributed asBari, Aliab [Dinka],Makaraka [Adio Zande],Niam-Niam [Zande],Kitsch[CiecDinka]

FranceQual-Branly,Paris

Delaporte,PacifiqueHenri

7Plankensteiner,108.8Plankensteiner,108.

10

BiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanPacifiqueHenriDelaporte(1815-1877)wastheFrenchconsulinCairo(1848-1854).ThecollectionHis collection included ethnographic objects (among botanical, ornithological and naturalhistoryspecimens).ThecollectionenteredtheLouvre in1854,andwastransferredtotheMuseeNaval,theMuseedel’hommeandisnowattheQuaiBranly.HedidnottraveltoSudan,butobtainedhiscollectionthroughcontactsinCairo.Hewrote:

"MyrelationswithArabmerchantstradinginSudanhavegivenmetheopportunitytoformacollectionofweapons,clothing,ornaments,fetishes,musicalinstruments,utensilsofvariouskindsinusebyNegropeopleswhoarescatteredonbothbanksoftheWhiteNile..."9

The Austrian Consul in Alexandria, General Lavrin also collected objects from Sudan inAlexandria (and maybe Cairo) in the 1840s. He sent a small collection to the ProvincialMuseumofCarnioloinSlovenia1843.10Castelli’sstudyoftheobjectsshowsthatDelaporte’sownnotesmaybeincorrect,andthatsomeoftheobjectsaremarkedwiththename‘Lejean’–whichsuggeststhatLejeanmayhavebeenthesourceofsomeobjects.HisintentionwastodonatetheobjectstotheLouvretofacilitatetheexpansionoftheethnographicsectionKeyprimaryandsecondarysources

Enrico Castelli, “Origine Des Collections Ethnographiques Soudanaises Dans LesMuséesFrancais(1880-1878),”JournalDesAfricanistes54,no.1(1984):97–114.

JosephPonsD’ArnaudBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanD’ArnaudwasaFrenchengineeredemployedbytheEgyptianGovernmentasthescientificleaderof thesecond (1840-41)andthird (1842)voyagesup theNilewithSalimQapedan,undertheaegisofMohamedAliPasha,therulerofEgypt.TheCollectionThe collectionwasmade on both the Blue andWhite Niles and included natural historyspecimens. In 1842, a shipment sent from Khartoum, via Cairo, to Paris and with theassistanceoftheFrenchconsulDelaporte.Someofthenaturalhistoryspecimenswerelostontheway.Theethnographicpartofthed’ArnaudcollectionwasmixedupwiththeDeleportcollectionaftertheywereexhibitedtogetherattheLouvre.11Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

Josephd’Arnaud,DocumentsetObservationsSurLeCoursDuBahrElAbaid,OuDuFleuveBlancetSurQuelquesAutresPointsDiGeographie;AccompagnesdeLaCarte

9Personalfile,DelaporteM.AA.E.,reference348-382of5.12.83.citedinEnricoCastelli,“OrigineDesCollectionsEthnographiquesSoudanaisesDansLesMuséesFrancais(1880-1878),”JournalDesAfricanistes54,no.1(1984):99.10Frelih,SudanMission1848-1858:IgnacijKnoblehar,MissionaryExploreroftheWhiteNileandCollectorofAfricanObjects,75.11Castelli,“OrigineDesCollectionsEthnographiquesSoudanaisesDansLesMuséesFrancais(1880-1878),”104.

11

DuBahrElAbiadParM.d’Arnaud(Paris:BourgogneetMartinet,1843).Castelli, “Origine Des Collections Ethnographiques Soudanaises Dans Les MuséesFrancais(1880-1878).”

GermanyEthnologicalMuseum,BerlinJunker,WilhelmBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanJunker(1840-1892)wasaRussian-Germandoctorandtraveler.HeexploredtheSobatandwesterntributariesoftheWhiteNilein1876-8.In1879hereturnedtoexploretheNile-Congowatershed.Hespent fouryearsamongtheAzandeandMangbetupeople.HereturnedtoEuropein1887(viaUgandaandZanzibar).TheCollectionTheobjectswereacquiredbytheMuseumin1879,fromJunker’sfirstexpeditiontoSudan.Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1875-1878,trans.A.HKeane,vol.1,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1890)WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1879-1883,trans.A.HKeane,vol.2,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1891)WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1882-1885,trans.A.HKeane,vol.3,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1892).

Piaggia,CarloBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanPiaggia(1827-1882)wasahunter,traderandexplorer.BornnearLucca(Tuscany)hewenttoSudantoworkasacaravanleadertotradersinsouthernSudan(BahrelGhazal).InDecember1856,hetravelleduptheWhiteNilefromKhartoumasfarasGondokoro.Heremainedthereuntil July 1857, travelling to the Bahr-el-Zerab and possibly the Sobat.12 He returned toKhatouminOctober1857andtravelledtheWhiteNilesouthagain,thistimetodeMalzac’szariba at ShambeandRumbek.He remained thereon anelephanthunting contract untilAugust1858,whenhereturnedtoKhartoumandItaly(viaCairo).13PiaggiareturnedtoSudaninOctober1860.HemetOrazioAntinori and they travelled toBahr-el-Ghazal together in1860-1861. In1863-5heexploredthecountryoftheAzandeand livedatthecourtofthe

12EzioBassani,“CarloPiaggia:AnItalianExplorerinAfrica,”inCarloPiaggiaEL’Africa,ed.MariaPaciniFazzi(Lucca,Italy:InstitutoStoricoLucchese,1979),16.13Bassani,18.

12

ZandeprinceTombo.In1876hetravelledtotheregionofLakeKiogaandtheVictoriaNile.HediedatKarkojontheBlueNileonjourneytoexploretheSobatin1882ThecollectionAcquiredbytheMuseumin1877.In1876PiaggiawrotefromUgandainaletterpublishedintheSGIBolletinothatthedragomenofMtesahelpedhimacquireobjectsthathesoldtotheImperialMuseuminBerlin.14Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

EzioBassani,“CarloPiaggia:AnItalianExplorerinAfrica,”inCarloPiaggiaEL’Africa,ed.MariaPaciniFazzi(Lucca,Italy:InstitutoStoricoLucchese,1979)EmanuelaRossi,CarloPiaggia:UnAntropologoPrimaDell’antropologia(Rome,Italy:Arcane,2008)CarloPiaggia,“SestoViaggioDiCarloPiaggiaSulFiumeBiancoNel1876,”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,October1877,380–91Carlo Piaggia, “Carlo Piaggia El Il Suo Lago Equatoriale,” Bollettino Della SocietàGeograficaItaliana,January1883,69–71.

Schweinfurth,GeorgBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanGeorgSchweinfurth(1836-1925)wasaGermanbotanistandexplorer.In1864hecametoEgyptandtravelledacrosstheRedSeacoasttoMassawa.In1868hereturnedtoSudanandascendedtheWhiteNileandBahr-el-Ghazal,reachingasfarastheUelein1870-1.HewasthefirstPresidentoftheKhedivalGeographicalSociety,foundedin1875andthedirectoroftheCairoMuseum1880-89.ThecollectionAcquiredbythemuseumin1872,1874Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

GeorgSchweinfurth,TheHeartofAfrica:ThreeYears’TravelsandAdventuresintheUnexploredRegionsofCentralAfrica.From1868to1871,Vols1and2 (NewYork:Harper,1874)GeorgSchweinfurth,ArtesAfricanae:IllustrationsandDescriptionsofProductionsoftheIndustrialArtsofCentralAfricanTribes(Leipzig:F.A.Brockhaus,1875).Schweinfurth’sdrawingsfromSudanandDRChavebeendigitizedbytheFrobeniusInstitute.Searchablehttp://bildarchiv.frobenius-katalog.de/start.fau?prj=isbild_en

Werne,FerdinandBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanFerdinandWernewasaGermanservingintheSudanGovernment.HecametoSudanin1839.HetookpartinSalimQapadan’ssecondvoyageofdiscoveryuptheWhiteNile(1840-1841),whichreachedGondokoro

14BolletinodellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,Oct1877,p386‘SestoViaggio’

13

TheCollectionThecollectionwasmadeduringthe1840voyagetoGondokoro.Itconsistsof126objects.ImagesofitarepublishedasaninserttoExpeditiontoDiscovertheSourceoftheWhiteNile.ItwasacquiredbytheRoyalMuseuminBerlin1844(nowintheEthnographicMusuem).ItisoneoftheearliestdocumentedmuseumcollectionofmaterialculturemadeinSouthSudan.Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

FerdinandWerne,ExpeditiontoDiscovertheSourcesoftheWhiteNile intheYears1840,1841,trans.CharlesWilliamO’Reilly,vol.1,2vols.(London:RichardBentley,1849)FerdinandWerne,ExpeditiontoDiscovertheSourcesoftheWhiteNile intheYears1840,1841,trans.CharlesWilliamO’Reilly,vol.2,2vols.(London:RichardBentley,1849).

LindenMuseum,Stuttgart

VonHeuglinBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanTheodor von Heuglin (1824-1876) was a German explorer and ornithologist. He wasappointedsecretaryoftheAustrianconsulateinKhartoumin1852andsucceededConstantinReitzasconsulin1853.HeexploredtheareabetweenGedarefandGallabatandaroundLakeTanainthe1850s.HeexploredtheWhiteNilewithAlexandrineTinnéin1863.ThecollectionObjectscollectedduringanexpeditionoftheBahrelGhazal(Jan1863-December1864).AselectionoftheHeuglin’scollectionispublishedbyWillink.Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

RobertJoostWillink,TheFatefulJourney:TheExpeditionofAlexineTinneandTheodorvon Heuglin in the Sudan (1863-1964) (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press,2011).

ItalyPigorini,RomeRomoloGessiBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanRomoloGessi(1831-1881)wasthesonofanItaliandiplomatborninConstantinople.HewasappointedbyGeneralGordonas the Turco-EgyptianGovernorof Bahr-el-Ghazal between1874and1881.DuringhisGovernorshiphemadeseveralgeographicalexpeditions,toLake

14

Albert.HediedinSuezin1881.ThecollectionGessi made two collections. The first, consisting of around 100 objects. It was acquired(purchased?)bytheItalianGeographicalSocietyin1877(andlatertransferredtothePigoriniMuseum).Thesecondlagercollection(ofaround600objects)wasmadebetween1878and1881.ItwasmadeinthecontextofGessi’scampaignagainstthetraderSuleimanIdrisandhis subsequent attempts to reassert Government authority in Bahr el Ghazal. It waspurchasedbythePigorinifromGessi’swidow.BothcollectionscontainmaterialobtainedatgovernmentstationsinsouthernSudanandUganda.Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

EzioBassani,“GliOggettiFiguratiDellaCollezioneGessi,”Africa:RivistaTrimestraleDiStudiEDocumentazionedell’IstitutoItalianoperl’AfricaEl’Oriente32,no.1(1977):29–46.EzioBassani,“19th-CenturyAirportArt,”AfricanArts12,no.2(1979):34–35+90.RomoloGessi,SevenYearsintheSoudan:BeingaRecordofExplorations,AdventuresandCampaignsagainsttheArabSlaveHunters(London:SampsonLow,Marsten&Co,1892).“NotaDegliOggettiDonatidaRGessiAllaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,February1877,60–61.

GiovanniMianiBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanGiovanniMiani(1810-1872)wasanItalianexplorerformRovigo(nearVenice).HetookpartinthedefenceoftheRomanRepublicin1848andemigratedasanexiletoEgyptin1849.In1859-1860 (with the support of the Egyptian Government and the French GeographicalSociety)heexploredtheUpperWhiteNileasfarastheAswaRiver.In1871heembarkedonajourneythroughsouthernSudantoMangbetucountry.Hediedonthisjourney,neartheBomokandiRiver(presentdayDRC)in1872ThecollectionMiani’s firstcollection (made in1859-1860)wasdeposited inVenice.21objects fromthiscollectionweredonatedbythemunicipalityofVenicetothePigoriniMuseumin1876.15A small collection from his trip toMangbetu, was donated (posthumously) to the ItalianGeographical Society in 1875. Theseobjectswere subsequentlydeposited in thePigoriniMuseum in 1886. A list of this collection was published in the Bulletin of the ItalianGeographicalSocietyin1875:16

15Theseobjectsarelistedonpp.530-531ofRobertoAlmagià,IlViaggiatoreGiovanniMianiELeSueRaccolteEtnografiche(Venice,1929).16“OggettiDiMonbuttu:RaccoltaDaGiovanniMianiEPervenutiinDonoAlleSocietàGeografica,”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,July1875,232–33.Mytranslation.

15

“TwospecimensinabadstateofTroglodytySchweinfurthii[aspeciesofchimpanzee]Oneshieldofsycamorewood,inellipticalshape,coveredoneachsidewithpalmfilaments.Thelargeshield,beautifullycraftedandwithelegant'umbone'wasprobablygiventoMianibytheKingofBakangoiwithotherweaponswhichformedakindoftrophy.Anothershiedinzebraskin,inabizarreshape,paintedwithredandwhitestripestomimicthoseoftheanimal.TwosandalsmadeofhippopotamusskinTwospearsoftheBongoTworods/sticksofauthority,inwhitewood,finelyworkedandveryelegantThreecylindricalnecklaces,theinsidesmadewiththevegetablematterandwithgreatart,coatedontheoutsidewithVenetianbeadsofdifferentcolors,dividedintosymmetricalringsAbraceletofcopperandbrasscomposedofmanypieces,which,alternatingingeniouslyfittogetherwitheachotherAscarletrednecklacemadeoftheseedsarbusproecatoriusA cylinder, or amulet worn around the neck, white, red and light blue 'margarita' beads,arrangedsymmetricallyinsmalltrianglesTwohemisphericalbasketswovenwithpalmleaves,designednotonlytocontaingrainsandflour,butalsoliquidsRedclothtowelssewntogether,imitatingafabric,madeofthebarkbyalargetree,probablybelongingtothegenusFicus.”

Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

RobertoAlmagià,IlViaggiatoreGiovanniMianiELeSueRaccolteEtnografiche(Venice,1929).Anon. “OggettiDiMonbuttu:RaccoltaDaGiovanniMiani EPervenuti inDonoAlleSocietàGeografica,”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,July1875,232–33.GiovanniMiani,“MianiAlMonbuttu,”BolletinodellaSocietàGeograficaItalianaJuly1875,236–76.GiovanniMiani,DiariECarteggiDiGiovanniMiani(1958-1872),ed.GRossi-Osmida(Milan:Longanesi,1973).

OthersThe Pigorini houses other collections with objects from South Sudan. These include thecollectionsofG.Beltrame,E.H.Gigliolo,L.Santoni,L.Spada,O.Mezzetti.Notably,theyhaveat leastoneobject (fornellodipipa,bowlofapipe) fromtheMuseoKircherianowhich iscataloguedasfromSouthSudan(it.SudanMeridionale).TheKircherianowasformedbytheJesuitnaturalistandcollectorAthanasiusKircher(1602-1680).MuseumofNaturalHistory,FerreraCastelbolognesi,AngeloBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanCastelbolognesi (1836-75) was an Italian trader and explore born in Ferrara. He was anemployeeofPetherickandthenanivorybuyingagentforaCairocompany.Inthiscapacity,

16

hevisitedtheBahrelGhazal,includingtherivers‘Rek,AjakandJur’in1854-7.HetravelledfromKhartoum toGallabatwithA.Antognoli andF.LMagrini in1857-8.HeaccompaniedAntinori to Sennar in 1859-60. He returned to Egypt in 1860 and committed suicide inAlexandriain1875.ThecollectionCastelbolognesi began corresponding with the museum about acquiring his collection in1867.However,thetransferwascompletedandannouncedbyCastelbologesi’sdeathbyhisbrotherin1891.17ThecatalogueofthemuseumshowsobjectsattributedtoCastelbolognesi:‘crocodiles, lizards, different reptiles, shells and corals from the Red Sea, molluscs, andethnographicmaterial frombracelets, axes, bows, crossbows, quivers, arrowsandarrowsleads,balls, shields,daggers, lances, variousarms,bowls, drums,daggers, belts,women'sornaments-atotalof1800pieces.’18However,asubstantialpartofthecollectionwasgiventoafascist-colonialexhibitioncalledMostrad’Oltremare inNaplesin1940.Theseobjectsweresubsequentlylost.

ReproducedinCastelbolognesi,‘ViaggioalFiumeDelleGazzelle1856-57’,Saviolo(ed)p.74.Keyprimaryandsecondarysources 17AngeloCastelbolognesi,ViaggioAlFiumeDelleGazzelle(NiloBianco),1856-1857(Ferrara:LibertyHouse,1988),22–28.EditedbyGiacomoSaviolo18Castelbolognesi,21.

17

Angelo Castelbolognesi, Viaggio Al Fiume Delle Gazzelle (Nilo Bianco), 1856-1857(Ferrara:LibertyHouse,1988),22–28.EditedbyGiacomoSavioloPartofthecollectionwasillustratedinLejean’saccountofhisjourneytotheBahrelGhazal.Lejean,G–‘LeBahrelGhazal’inNouvellesAnnalesdesVoyages,1862,sixiemeserie,vol1pp257-286

EthnographicMuseum,FlorencePiaggia,CarloBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanPiaggia(1827-1882)wasahunter,traderandexplorer.BornnearLucca(Tuscany)hecametoSudantoworksasacaravanleadertotradersintheBahrelGhazal.InDecember1856,hetravelleduptheWhiteNilefromKhartoumasfarasGondokoro.HeremainedthereuntilJuly1857, travelling to the Bahr el Zerab and possibly the Sobat. He returned to Khatoum inOctober1857andtravelledtheWhiteNilesouthagain,thistimetodeMalzac’szara’ibatShambeandRumbek.HeremainedthereonanelephanthuntingcontractuntilAugust1858,whenhereturnedtoKhartoumandItaly(viaCairo).PiaggiareturnedtoSudan inOctober1860.HemetOrazioAntinoriandtheytravelledtoBahr-el-Ghazaltogetherin1860-1861.In1863-5heexploredthecountryoftheAzande. In1867,hetravelledtotheregionofLakeKiogaandtheVictoriaNile.HediedatKarkojontheBlueNileonjourneytoexploretheSobat.ThecollectionA collection of objects from his first trip to Sudan in 1856-58 is housed in the FlorenceEthnographic Museum. Piaggia described it as consisting of ‘arms and utensils collectedamongthesavagetribesIhaveexplored’.19ItwasacquiredbytheMuseumofNaturalHistoryinFlorence, later transferredtotheMuseumofAnthropology.Anoriginal inventoryof87entries (comprising 202 objects) is held by the Ethnographic museum, which appears tocontaininformationsuppliedbyPiaggiahimself.Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

EzioBassani,“CarloPiaggia:AnItalianExplorerinAfrica,”inCarloPiaggiaEL’Africa,ed.MariaPaciniFazzi(Lucca,Italy:InstitutoStoricoLucchese,1979)EmanuelaRossi,CarloPiaggia:UnAntropologoPrimaDell’antropologia(Rome,Italy:Arcane,2008).MonicaZavattaro,“CollezionePiaggia,”inIlMuseoDiStoriaNaturaledell’UniversitàDegli Studi di Firenze. Volume V. Le Collezioni Antropologiche Ed Etnologiche, ed.JacopoMoggiCecchiandRoscoeStanyon(Florence:FirenzeUniversityPress,2014),65–68.

NationalArchaeologicalMuseumofUmbria,Perugia

19EmanuelaRossi,CarloPiaggia,43.

18

Antinori,OrazioBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanOrazioAntinoriwasoneofthefoundersoftheItalianGeographicalSocietyThecollectionThecollectionwasassembledbyAntinorionavisittoSudanandtheBahr-el-Ghazalin1860-1861.Antinori’s original inventory and a photographic catalogue of part of the collection arereproducedinEnricoCastelliOfspecialinterestinthiscollectionare3objectsassociatedwiththeShilluthRethKwathKer:his spear, his ‘throne’ and an elephant spear belonging to this brother which has beenpuncturedwithabullet.

The ‘throne’ of Kwathker Akot (Divine king of the Shilluk). Archaeologicalmuseumof Perugia in 2017(photographbyZoeCormack).Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

Orazio Antinori, “Viaggi Di O. Antinori E C. PiaggiaNell’Africa Centrale,”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana1(August1868):91–155AngeloBarili, SergioGentili, andBrunoRomano,eds.,UnNaturalistaPeruginoNelCornod’Africa.AttiDellaGiornataDiStudiDiOrazioAntinori(1811-1882)Perugia24Maggio2002(Perugia:CentrodiAteneoperiMuseiScientificiUniversitàdegliStudidiPerugia,2007)Enrico Castelli, ed., Orazio Antinori in Africa Centrale 1859-1861. Materiali EDocumentiInediti(Perugia:MinisteroBeniCulturalieAmbientali,1984).

19

Piaggia,CarloBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanCarloPiaggia(1827-1882)wasahunter,traderandexplorer.BornnearLucca(Tuscany)hecametoSudantoworkasacaravanleadertotradersintheBahrelGhazal.InDecember1856,hetravelleduptheWhiteNilefromKhartoumasfarasGondokoro.HeremainedthereuntilJuly1857,travellingtotheBahrelZerabandpossiblytheSobat.HereturnedtoKhatouminOctober1857andtravelledtheWhiteNilesouthagain,thistimetodeMalzac’szara’ibatShambeandRumbek.HeremainedthereonanelephanthuntingcontractuntilAugust1858,whenhereturnedtoKhartoumandItaly(viaCairo).PiaggiareturnedtoSudan inOctober1860.HemetOrazioAntinoriandtheytravelledtoBahr-el-Ghazaltogetherin1860-1861.In1863-5heexploredthecountryoftheAzande.In1867hetravelledtotheregionofLakeKiogaandtheVictoriaNile.HediedatKarkojontheBlueNileonjourneytoexploretheSobat.ThecollectionThecollectioninPerugiawasmadebetween1860-1865,duringtheperiodofhisextendedstaywiththeZandekingTombointheSueRivervalley.Thereare48objectsinthemuseuminventory,including19objectsattributedas‘Zande’.PiaggiawrotethatwasleavingsouthernSudanin1865,theshipcontaininghisethnographicandornithologicalcollectionssankattheportofMeshraer-Rek.However, itappearsthatnotallhiscollectionwasaboardtheshipwhenitsunk,becausehelaterrecordedthathearrivedinItalyin1866with‘alargecollectionofweaponsandtoolswhichhadbelongedtotheCentralAfricanpeoples,unknowneveninthoseregions.’HesoldthesethroughOrazioAntinoritotheMuseumofNaturalHistoryinPerugiafor200Francs.20Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

EzioBassani,“CarloPiaggia:AnItalianExplorerinAfrica,”inCarloPiaggiaEL’Africa,ed.MariaPaciniFazzi(Lucca,Italy:InstitutoStoricoLucchese,1979)EmanuelaRossi,CarloPiaggia:UnAntropologoPrimaDell’antropologia(Rome,Italy:Arcane,2008)Enrico Castelli, ed., Orazio Antinori in Africa Centrale 1859-1861. Materiali EDocumentiInediti(Perugia:MinisteroBeniCulturalieAmbientali,1984)Orazio Antinori, “Viaggi Di O. Antinori E C. PiaggiaNell’Africa Centrale,”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana1(August1868):91–155.

ArmoryMuseum,TurinBrun-Rollet,AntoineBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanAntoineBrun-Rollet (1810-1858)wasaSavoyardtraderandexplorer.HewenttoEgypt in1831 and then Sudan as an employee of Vaissière. He made money as a trader. HeaccompaniedtheGovernor-GeneralAhmedPashatoTakain1840.In1844heascendedthe

20Bassani,“CarloPiaggia:AnItalianExplorerinAfrica,”26.

20

WhiteNileandestablishedatradingpostatBilinyaninaBariarea.HewasthefirstEuropeantoexploretheBahr-el-GhazalasfarasMeshrael-Rekin1856-57.HewasSardinianvice-consulinKhartoum1856-7ThecollectionAcollectionofSouthSudanesematerialwasre-discoveredintheTurinArmorymuseumin1981.EnricoCastelliidentifieditasthecollectionofAntoineBrun-Rollet.Itwasacquiredbythe museum at some point between 1840 and 1856 (but the original documentationpertainingtoitsacquisitionhasbeenlost).PartofthecollectionisinthePigoriniMuseuminRome.IllustrationofsomeobjectsfromthecollectioninCastellip.128

Keyprimaryandsecondarysources

Enrico Castelli and Guida Joseph, “Antoine Brun Rollet in Africa: Una CollezioneEtnografica Ritrovata,” Africa: Rivista Trimestrale Di Studi E Documentazionedell’IstitutoItalianoperl’AfricaEl’Oriente42,no.1(1987):107–49.

MuseumofNaturalHistory,Venice

Miani,Giovanni

I117–Woodenstick,usedtocatchbirdsandsmallmammalsinNubiaQ17–Woodenheadrestwithgeometricdesigns.Nubia48031–Aseatmadefromasinglepieceofwood.AttributedasBari48034–Atrumpetmadefromthreepiecedofoxhorn,connectedwithleather.AttributedasBari.48035–Woodenstickwithananthropomorphichead.Itiswithoutprovenance.AttributedasBari.ThereisasimilarobjectinJunker’scollectioninStPetersburg(cataloguenumber5225-19)I117–Woodenstick,usedtocatchbirdsandsmallmammalsinNubiaQ17–Woodenheadrestwithgeometricdesigns.Nubia48031–Aseatmadefromasinglepieceofwood.AttributedasBari48034–Atrumpetmadefromthreepiecedofoxhorn,connectedwithleather.AttributedasBari.48035 – Wooden stick with ananthropomorphic head. It is withoutprovenance. Attributed as Bari. There is asimilar object in Junker’s collection in StPetersburg(cataloguenumber5225-19)

21

BiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanGiovanniMiani(1810-1872)wasanItalianexplorerformRovigo(nearVenice).HetookpartinthedefenseoftheRomanRepublicin1848andemigratedasanexiletoEgyptin1849.In1859-1860 (with the support of the Egyptian Government and the French GeographicalSociety)heexploredtheUpperWhiteNileasfarastheAswaRiver.In1871,heembarkedonajourneythroughsouthernSudantoMangbetucountry.Hediedonthisjourney,neartheBomokandiRiver(presentdayDRC)in1872.TheCollectionThecollectionfromhisfirstexpeditioninsouthernSudan(1859-1860)wasdonatedtothecityofVenicein1862,thentransferredtotheMuseoCorrerin1866.PartofitwasalsogiventotheEthnographicmuseuminVienna.ThecollectionisverylargeandKeyPrimaryandSecondarySourcesGiovanniMiani,LeSpedizioniAlleOriginiDelNile (Venice:Co’TipidiGaetanoLongoImpr.,1865).Miani,DiariECarteggiDiGiovanniMiani(1958-1872).

AfricaMuseum,Verona

BiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanVeronaorComboniFathersareamissionaryorderfoundedbyDanielComboni.TheyhaveanextensivepresenceinSudanandSouthSudan.ThecollectionVariousobjectsdonatedbyComboniFathers.

22

BraceletsfromSouthSudanintheVeronaAfricaMuseum(photographbyZoeCormack,2015)

NetherlandsLeidenSchuver,JuanMariaBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanJuanMariaSchuver(18??-1883)wasaDutchtravelwriterandreporter,turnedscientificexplorer.HetravelledinEgypt,SudanandEthiopiain1880-1883.HetookasteameruptheWhiteNileinmid1883.HewasmurderedinDinkacountry.ThecollectionThe collection consists of c100 objects. As Willink points out, many of the items in hiscollectionarefromZanderegions,whichhenevervisited,sotheywerepresumablybrought

23

inthemarketinKhartoum.21ThisisnotedinJamesetal’sintroductiontohispapers:ReturningtoKhartoumbyDecember1882,SchuverwasobligedbythepoliticalsituationandcontroversieshefoundhimselfintospendJanuarytoJuly1883there.Aftersendingoffhismainmanuscripts, he kept himself busywriting up his remaining notes, sending letter toEurope(includingreportsonthedevelopingpoliticalsituationintheSudan),assemblinganethnographiccollectionofobjects,makinganumberofmappingsurveystothenorthwestofthecityandbypreparinghisnextexpedition…22

KeyPrimaryandsecondarysources

James,Wendy,GerdBaumann, andDouglasH Johnson, eds. JuanMaria Schuver’sTravelsinNorthEastAfrica1880-1883.London:TheHakluytSociety,1996

RomaniaFranzBinderMuseumofUniversityEthnography,SibiuBinder,FranzBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanBinderwasborn inMülbach (nowSobes) in Transylvania (nowRomania).He trainedas apharmacistinSibiu.HewastoEgyptlookingforhisbrotherin1850.HefoundworkinthemerchanthouseofLandauer&Co,tradingbetweenSudanandEgypt.HebegantradinginSudanandbecameoneoftherichestEuropean.HetookpossessionofthezeribaofdeMalzacatRumbekin1860.ThecollectionThecollectionwasmadeduringhisvisit todeMalzac’szariba in1860.ThecollectionwasdonatedtotheTransylvanianSocietyofNaturalHistory in1862. It isnowdisplayedinthe“FranzBinderMuseumofUniversityEthnography”inSibiu.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysources

Enrico Castelli and Georgeta Stoica, “Destini Paralleli: Le Collezioni EtnograficheAfricana‘Binder’aSibiuE‘Antinori’aPerugia,”inUnNaturalistaPeruginoNelCornod’Africa:AttiDellaGiornataDiStudiSuOrazioAntinori(1811-1882)Perugia24Maggio2002,ed.AngeloBarili,SergioGentili,andBrunoRomano(Perugia:CentrodiAteneoperiMuseiScientificiUniversitàdegliStudidiPerugia,2007)EndreStiansen,“FranzBinder:AEuropeanArabintheSudan,1852-1863,”inWhiteNileBlackBlood:War,LeadershipandEthnicityfromKhartoumtoKampala,ed.JaySpauldingandStephanieBeswick(Asmara,Eritrea:RedSeaPress,2000).

21RobertJoostWillink,TheFatefulJourney:TheExpeditionofAlexineTinneandTheodorvonHeuglinintheSudan(1863-1964)(Amsterdam:AmsterdamUniversityPress,2011),326.22James,Baumann,andJohnson,JuanMariaSchuver’sTravelsinNorthEastAfrica1880-1883,xxvii.

24

RussiaKunstkamera,StPetersburg

Junker,WilhelmBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanJunker(1840-1892)wasaRussian-Germandoctorandtraveler.HeexploredtheSobatandwestern tributariesof theWhiteNile in1876-8. In1879,he returned toexplore theNile-Congowatershed.HespentfouryearsamongtheAzandeandMangbetupeople.HereturnedtoEuropein1887(viaUgandaandZanzibar).TheCollectionJunkermadealargecollectionofobjectsattributedtoDinka,Shilluk,Anuak,Bari,Nyangbara,Madi,Avukaya,Keliko,Mittu,Baka,Bongo,Zande,MangbettuandAkkapeople.JunkergaveasignificantproportionofhiscollectiontotheRussianAcademyofScienceinStPetersburg.ItisnowdisplayedintheKunstkameraMuseum.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysources

WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1875-1878,trans.A.HKeane,vol.1,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1890)WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1879-1883,trans.A.HKeane,vol.2,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1891)WilhelmJunker,TravelsinAfricaintheYears1882-1885,trans.A.HKeane,vol.3,3vols.(London:ChapmanandHall,1892).Zoya Pugach,KulʹturaNarodov VerkhovʹevNila : PoMaterialamPuteshestviĭ V.V. IUnkera(TheCultureofthePeoplesoftheUpperNile:FromMaterialsoftheTravelsofW.Junker)(Moscow,1985)Zoya Pugach, “On the Purpose of Bari Figurines,” St Petersburg Journal of AfricanStudies2(1993).

SloveniaSloveneEthnographicMuseum,Ljubljana.

Knoblecher,IgnazBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanIgnazKnoblecher(1819-1858)wasthepro-vicarapostolicoftheRomanCatholicmissiontoCentralAfrica.HearrivedinKhartoumin1848.In1848-1849hetravelleduptheWhiteNile.In1852hefoundedamissioninGondokoro.In1854,heestablishedtheHolyCrossMissionbetween Shambe and Bor. Both were abandoned shortly afterwards. He explored up toMountLogwek.

25

ThecollectionThecollectioncurrentlycontains232ethnographicandnaturalhistoryexhibits.Someobjectshavebeenlost,othershavebeentransferredtoothermuseums(includingtheWarMuseuminBelgrade, theWeltmuseum inVienna, part of itmayhavebeen left inKhartoum). Thepredominant view is that he acquired these objects during his first journey up the Nile(1849/50)buthecertainlyobtainedsomeoftheobjectsinthemarketinKhartoum.23KeyPrimaryandsecondarysources

Frelih,SudanMission1848-1858:IgnacijKnoblehar,MissionaryExploreroftheWhiteNileandCollectorofAfricanObjects.IgnazKnoblecher,“OfficialJourneyoftheMissionaryExpeditionin1849-1850,”inTheOpeningof theNileBasin:WritingsbyMembersof theCatholicMission toCentralAfricaontheGeographyandEthnographyoftheSudan1842-1881,ed.RichardHillandEliasToniolo(London:Hurst&Company,1974),47–55.JohannMitterrutzner,Dr IgnazKnoblecher,Aposolishcer Provicar deKath.Miss. InCentralAfrica(Brixen,1869)

UnitedKingdomTheBritishMuseumCollectionscontainingSouthSudanesematerialattheBM.Crispin,E.A.BiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudan?PossiblyE.S.Crispin,whoworkedasamedicalofficerinSudanbetween1904and1919(papersintheSudanArchive,Durham)Thecollection74itemsfromSouthSudan.AvarietyofpersonalornamentsandweaponsattributedtoDinka,Nuer,Shilluk,Bari,AzandepeopleEvans-Pritchard,E.EBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanEdwardEvanEvans-Pritchard(1902-1973)wasaBritishsocialanthropologistwhoconductedresearchinSouthSudan.HeisbestknownforhisworkonZandeandNuerpeople.HestudiedatLSEunderC.G.SeligmanandBronislawMalinowski.From1946,hewasaprofessoratOxfordUniversity,untilhisretirementin1970. 23Frelih,SudanMission1848-1858:IgnacijKnoblehar,MissionaryExploreroftheWhiteNileandCollectorofAfricanObjects,76–77.

26

ThecollectionEvans-Pritchardsold136objectstotheBritishMuseum,mostofthesefromSouthSudan.ObjectsattributedtoAzande,Nuer,Belanda,Moru,Bari,Amadi,Avukayapeople(andIngessana) KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesIsma’ilPasha,ViceroyofEgyptBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanViceroyofOttomanEgyptbetween1863-1879.Duringthisperiod,SudanwasruledbyEgypt.Thecollection69itemsfromSudanandSouthSudan.Likelyaround20fromSouthSudan.DonatedtotheBritishMuseumbetween1866and1878.SomeobjectswereassociatedwiththeParisExhibitionof1878

BronzeZandefigureringintheIsma’ilPashacollection.MuseumnumberAf.4457

27

BritishInstituteinEasternAfricaBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanTheBritishInstituteinEasternAfricahasbeenactivesince1960andhasitsheadquartersinNairobi,Kenya.TheInstituteexiststopromoteresearchinallthedisciplinesinthehumanitiesand social scienceswithin thewider region of eastern Africa. It has a strong tradition ofresearch in anthropology, archaeology, history and linguistics, and recent projects haveembracedpolitical,environmentalanddevelopmentstudies,geography,publichealth,andartandperformance.ThecollectionTheBIEAsupportedanarchaeologicalandethnographicresearchprojectinSouthernSudan,from1979to1981.TheaimofthisprojectwastoexpandarchaeologicalworkinSouthernSudantoexploreandcollectcontemporarymaterialculture.LedbyNicholasDavid,theteamconsistedofJohnMack,PattiLangton,PaulHarvey,JillGoudiandAlexOpira-Odongo.OnehopewasthattheresultingcollectionswouldformthebasisforamuseuminJuba,anideasupportedbytheministryofcultureandparticularlybySeverinoMatti.Thereweretwomainresearchtrips.Thegroupthatwentin1980workedinthesouth-westernpartofSouthernSudan,fromtheMoruareatoWau,WunrokandthenbacktoZandeareas.JohnMackledthesecondresearchtriptoprimarilyToposaareasaroundKapoetainEasternEquatoriaandtheIlemiTriangle.ItwasthetimeoftheKaramojongdrought.Toreducepressuresonthehostcommunities,theteamsplitup.ThearchaeologistswenttoYei;MackmovedtotheImatongMountains,andcollectedsomeobjectsinLotuhoareas.PermissiontoexporttheobjectswasgrantedfromKhartoumandthenfromtheMinistryofCultureinJuba.AnagreementwasmadetodepositaduplicateofobjectsacquiredinJuba;theothersweretakentomuseumsintheUnitedKingdom.In2014,someoftheobjectsdepositedinJubawerebeingstoredattheMinistryofInformationinJuba.327objectsfromtheBIEAexpeditionarehousedintheBritishMuseum(recordedasthecollectionofDrBJohnMack)KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesJohn Mack and Peter Robertshaw, eds., Culture History in Southern Sudan: Archeology,LinguisticsandEthnohistory.(Naiorbi:BritishInstituteinEasternAfrica,1982).Petherick,JohnBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanJohnPetherick(1813-1882)wasaWelshminingengineerandatraderontheWhiteNilefrom1853.1853-1858hewas inAzandeterritory. In1862,heascendedtheWhiteNile.He leftSudanin1865.Thecollection

28

240itemscollectedbyPetherickenteredtheBritishMuseumthroughHenryChristybetween1860and1869.ObjectsattributedtoDinka,Nuer,Bongo,Bari,Azande,Mundu,Murle,LuopeopleKeyPrimaryandsecondarysources

JohnPetherick,“OntheArmsoftheArabandNegroTribesofCentralAfrica,BorderingontheWhiteNile,”JournaloftheRoyalUnitedServiceInstitutionIV,no.13(1860):170–77.JohnPetherick,Egypt,theSoudanandCentralAfricawithExplorationsfromKhartoumontheWhiteNiletotheRegionsoftheEquatorBeingSketchesfromSixteenYears’Travel(EdinburghandLondon:WilliamBlackwoodandSons,1861)JohnPetherickandKatherinePetherick,TravelsinCentralAfricaandExplorationsoftheWesternNileTributaries.Volume1(London:TinsleyBrothers,1869)JohnPetherickandKatherinePetherick,TravelsinCentralAfricaandExplorationsoftheWesternNileTributaries.Volume2(London:TinsleyBrothers,1869).

Powell-Cotton,PercyandHannahBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanPercyPowell-Cotton(1866-1940)wasaBritishexplorer,hunterandcollector.HetravelledacrossAfricaandAsiabetween1887and1939.HemarriedHannahBraytonSlaterinNaiorbiin1905.TheSudancollectionsareamongthelargestethnographiccollectionsmadebythePowell-CottonsThecollection313itemsfromSouthSudan,someofthesearephotographs.AcquiredbytheBritishMuseumin1934Franks,AugustusWollastonandLuptonBeyBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanAugustusWollastonFranks(1826-1897)wasamuseumadministratorwhopurchasedover20,000objectsfortheBritishMuseum.AsignificantproportionoftheobjectsassociatedwithSouthSudan(whichwereacquiredbyFranks)comefromthecollectionofFrankLuptonBey.LuptonwasaBritishmarine,senttoEquatoriaontheEminPashareliefexpeditionin1879.In1880,hewasappointedGovernorofBahrelGhazal(succeedingRomoloGessi)andservedinthepostuntil1884(whentheEgyptiangovernmentwasoverthrown)Thecollection327itemsassociatedwithFrankscomefrom‘Sudan’,ofwhichalargenumbercomefromSouthSudan.TheLuptonBeycollectioncontains244objects;fromSouthSudan,UgandaandDemocraticRepublicofCongo.ItenteredtheBritishMuseumin1882,throughJ.PHearne.Itconsists

29

mainlyofarms,personalornaments,musicalinstruments.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesEMacro,“FrankMillerLupton,”SudanNotesandRecords28(1947):50–61.

‘Barirainmaker’swand’fromtheLuptonBeycollection.MuseumnumberAf,+.8297WellcomeInstitutefortheHistoryofMedicineBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanHenryWellcome(1853-1936)firstvisitedSudanin1900toestablishtheWellcomeTropicalResearchLaboratoriesinKhartoum.Between1910and1914hecarriedoutaseriesofarchaeologicalexcavationsandtookaerialphotographsatJebelMoya(Gezeriaplain).Thecollection600objectsassociatedwithSudanenteredtheBritishMuseumfromtheWellcomeInstitutecollectionsin1954.ManyoriginatefromtheRepublicofSudanandasignificantnumberarearchaeologicalfindsfromJebelMoya.FurtherresearchisnecessarytoidentifythenumberofSouthSudaneseobjects.ThereareasignificantnumberofobjectsattributedtoSouthSudanesepeoplewithinthecollection.SelectsmallercollectionsChurchMissionarySociety10itemsMuseumnumberAf1952,07.322cattlebellMuseumnumberAf1952,07.316winnowingdishMuseumnumberAf1952,07.318bracelet(Dinka)MuseumnumberAf1952,07.317potcarrier(Dinka)

30

MuseumnumberAf1952,07.315fanformosquitosMuseumnumberAf1952,07.314palmleafbasket(Dinka?)MuseumnumberAf1952,07.313palmleafbasket(Dinka?)MuseumnumberAf1953,24.17headrestMuseumnumberAf1953,24.18headrestMuseumnumberAf1979,01.4572veryelaboratemortarwithleatherthongs.From??Sudan/SouthSudanDuponcheelIitemMuseumnumberAf1973,35.1bongofunerarystatueJeanLane1itemMuseumnumberAf1998,06.1NecklacefromMalakalOckelford-Oldman2itemsZandefiguresfromYambioMuseumnumberAf1949,46.522MuseumnumberAf1949,46.523ColGSRenny2itemsMuseumnumberAf1968,09.1.bLatukaheadploomSeligman,BrendaandCharles11itemsMuseumnumberAf1921,-.1Latukaheadornament(1921)MuseumnumberAf1954,11.8.a-bbeadMuseumnumberAf1940,04.3.bShillukspadefordiggingwellsMuseumnumberAf1940,04.3.aShillukgiraffescapulaspadeMuseumnumberAf1940,04.1-2ShillukgiraffescapulaspadesMuseumnumberAf1930,1107.1engravedivoryMuseumnumberAf1928,0307.6gourdbowlMuseumnumberAf1928,0307.5gourdbowlMuseumnumberAf1928,0307.1.awoodenbowlMuseumnumberAf1923,0612.5fishinglinefromBorMuseumnumberAf1923,0612.1-2spearstraightenerLatukaF.Spire

31

MuseumnumberAf1905,-.172latukaheaddressCaptJ.E.Voysey3items(1931)MuseumnumberAf1931,0411.3AzandevesselwithhumanheadMuseumnumberAf1931,0411.1MalefiguremadeofpotteryMuseumnumberAf1931,0411.2AzandevesselwithhumanheadMajorRWhitbread4itemsMuseumnumberAf1938,1206.1andAf1938,1206.2AzandefiguresMuseumnumberAf1938,1206.4shield(Nuer?)MuseumnumberAf1938,1206.3knife(Yambio)PittRiversMuseum,OxfordAround100peopleareassociated(asfieldcollectors,vendors,donors)withthePittRiversMuseumSouthSudancollection,includingSouthSudanese,anthropologists,membersoftheSudanPoliticalServiceandmissionaries.TheMuseum’sholdingscompriseover1300objectsand5000photographs.Evans-Pritchard,E.EBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanEdwardEvanEvans-Pritchard(1902-1973)wasaBritishsocialanthropologistswhoconductedresearchinSouthSudan.HeisbestknownforhisworkonZandeandNuerpeople.HestudiedatLSEunderC.G.SeligmanandBronislawMalinowski.From1946hewasaprofessoratOxfordUniversity,untilhisretirementin1970.ThecollectionTheobjectandphotographcollectionsatthePittRiversMuseumweremadeinthecontextofEvans-Pritchard’santhropologicalresearchinSudanbetween1926and1936.Evans-PritcharddonatedhisfirstobjectinNovember1929,andthePittRiversMuseumwasbotharecipientofgiftsandapurchaserofartefactsfromEvans-Pritchardintheyearsthatfollowed.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesE.EEvans-Pritchard,“TheBongo,”SudanNotesandRecords12,no.1(1929):1–61.E.E.Evans-Pritchard,TheNuer:ADescriptionoftheModesofLivelihoodandPoliticalInstitutionsofaNiloticPeople(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1969).

32

Petherick,JohnBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanJohnPetherick(1813-1882)wasaWelshminingengineerandatraderontheWhiteNilefrom1853.1853-1858hewas inAzandeterritory. In1862,heascendedtheWhiteNile.He leftSudanin1865.ThecollectionThePittRivershaveatleast100objectsfromPetherick,probablyobtainedaround1860fromtheRoyalUnitedServicesInstitute.24KeyPrimaryandsecondarysources

JohnPetherick,“OntheArmsoftheArabandNegroTribesofCentralAfrica,BorderingontheWhiteNile,”JournaloftheRoyalUnitedServiceInstitutionIV,no.13(1860):170–77.JohnPetherick,Egypt,theSoudanandCentralAfricawithExplorationsfromKhartoumontheWhiteNiletotheRegionsoftheEquatorBeingSketchesfromSixteenYears’Travel(EdinburghandLondon:WilliamBlackwoodandSons,1861)JohnPetherickandKatherinePetherick,TravelsinCentralAfricaandExplorationsoftheWesternNileTributaries.Volume1(London:TinsleyBrothers,1869)JohnPetherickandKatherinePetherick,TravelsinCentralAfricaandExplorationsoftheWesternNileTributaries.Volume2(London:TinsleyBrothers,1869).

BritishInstituteinEasternAfricaBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanTheBritishInstituteinEasternAfricahasbeenactivesince1960andhasitsheadquartersinNairobi,Kenya.TheInstituteexiststopromoteresearchinallthedisciplinesinthehumanitiesand social scienceswithin thewider region of eastern Africa. It has a strong tradition ofresearch in anthropology, archaeology, history and linguistics, and recent projects haveembracedpolitical,environmentalanddevelopmentstudies,geography,publichealth,andartandperformance.ThecollectionTheBIEAsupportedanarchaeologicalandethnographicresearchprojectinSouthernSudan,from1979to1981.TheaimofthisprojectwastoexpandarchaeologicalworkinSouthernSudantoexploreandcollectcontemporarymaterialculture.LedbyNicholasDavid,theteamconsistedofJohnMack,PattiLangton,PaulHarvey,JillGoudiandAlexOpira-Odongo.OnehopewasthattheresultingcollectionswouldformthebasisforamuseuminJuba,anideasupportedbytheministryofcultureandparticularlybySeverinoMatti.Thereweretwomainresearchtrips.Thegroupthatwentin1980workedinthesouth-westernpartofSouthernSudan,fromtheMoruareatoWau,WunrokandthenbacktoZandeareas.JohnMackledthesecondresearchtriptoprimarilyToposaareasaroundKapoetainEasternEquatoriaandtheIlemiTriangle.ItwasthetimeoftheKaramojongdrought.Toreduce 24http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/Kent/shieweap/shfldcol.html#anchor2739486

33

pressuresonthehostcommunities,theteamsplitup.ThearchaeologistswenttoYei;MackmovedtotheImatongMountains,andcollectedsomeobjectsinLotuhoareas.PermissiontoexporttheobjectswasgrantedfromKhartoumandthenfromtheMinistryofCultureinJuba.AnagreementwasmadetodepositaduplicateofobjectsacquiredinJuba;theothersweretakentomuseumsintheUnitedKingdom.In2014,someoftheobjectsdepositedinJubawerebeingstoredattheMinistryofInformationinJuba.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesJohn Mack and Peter Robertshaw, eds., Culture History in Southern Sudan: Archeology,LinguisticsandEthnohistory.(Naiorbi:BritishInstituteinEasternAfrica,1982).ThePowell-CottonMuseum,Birchington-on-Sea,KentPercyandHannahPowell-CottonBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanPercyPowell-Cotton(1866-1940)wasaBritishexplorer,hunterandcollector.HetravelledacrossAfricaandAsiabetween1887and1939.HemarriedHannahBraytonSlaterinNaiorbiin1905.TheSudancollectionsareamongthelargestethnographiccollectionsmadebythePowell-CottonsThecollectionPercyandHannahPowell-CottonswenttoSudan(includingSouthSudan)twice:in1932-33and1933-34.Theycollectedover2000objects.ThePowell-Cottonmuseumholdsextensivedocumentation about the collection, including itineraries, trip diaries, photographs andcinefilms.ManySouthSudaneseobjectsinthePittRiversMuseumandBritishMuseumwereoriginally collected by Powell-Cotton. The objects reflect the Powell-Cotton’s interest incontemporarylife,theyreflectthesourcesoffoodandincomeofruralpopulations,includingsubsistenceagricultureandpastoralism.Therearealsomany itemsrepresentingdaily life,such as tools, musical instruments, weapons and personal ornaments. The best-knownobjectsareaseriesofceramicsmadeby thepotterMbitim inLiRangu.HealsocollectednaturalhistoryspecimensinSouthSudanandtheseareheldatthePowell-CottonMuseum.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesPowell-CottonMuseumarchivesHannahPowell-Cotton,“VillageHandicraftsintheSudan,”Man34,no.112(1934):90–91.

34

ObjectsfromSouthSudanondisplayatthePowell-CottonMuseumin2014(photographbyZoeCormack)TheSudanArchive,DurhamBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanMostobjectsintheSudanArchivewerecollectedbyadministratorsfromtheSudanPoliticalService,missionaries, soldiers,businessmen,doctors,agriculturalists, teachersandotherswhohadservedorlivedintheSudanduringtheAnglo-EgyptianCondominium(1898-1955).TheSudanArchivewas founded in1957,andmostaccessionsofobjects to thecollectionoccurredbeforethe1990s.ThecollectionThecollectionnumbersabout750objects,donatedby80separateindividuals.Onlyaccrualstoexistingcollectionsarecurrentlyaccepted.Some itemswereoriginallycollectedbeforeandaftertheCondominiumperiod.TheearliestacquisitionrecordedisforaflagcapturedattheBattleofToskiin1889,andthelatestisasmallcollectionofsilverware,textiles,andarababaacquiredin2006.Someobjectsdatebacktothe18thor19thcenturies;thoseofSouthSudaneseoriginareprobablyofthe19thand20thcenturies.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesManyobjectdonorsalsopresentedtheirpaperstotheArchive.Consequently,manyobjectsaresupportedbyrelateddocumentation,whichthoughrarelydocumentingtheacquisitionand provenance of particular items do provide background information on where anindividualwasactive,theirprofessionaldutiesandtheirpersonalinterestsandnetworks.TheSudanArchive objects are listed in each individual’s collection catalogue, and a list of allobjectsacrossall collections isalsoavailable.TheArchivealsoholds tensof thousandsof

35

photographs, some of which document South Sudanese material culture from the early20thcenturytothepresentday.TheWorldMuseum,LiverpoolTinne,AlexandrineBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanAlexineTinnewasaDutchexplorer.ShetravelledtoSouthSudan(BahrelGhazal)in1863-4withtheTheodorvonHeuglin.ThecollectionAround100objects,someattributedtoSudan,EgyptandnorthAfrica.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesWillink,RobertJoost.TheFatefulJourney:TheExpeditionofAlexineTinneandTheodorvonHeuglinintheSudan(1863-1964).Amsterdam:AmsterdamUniversityPress,2011.Melly,GeorgeBiographyofthecollectorandtheirconnectiontoSudanandSouthSudanGeorgeMellywasaLiverpoolmerchantofSwissdecent.HetravelledtoKhartoumin1850Thecollection3Barifigures,agiftoftheLiverpoolRoyalInstitutionin1894.KeyPrimaryandsecondarysourcesGeorgeMelly,KhartoumandtheBlueandWhiteNiles,vol.1and2(London:ColburnandCo.,1851). OtherSouthSudaneseobjectsTheWorldMuseumcontainsabout40otherobjectsattributedtoSouthSudan.Thesecomefrom several donors (W. Crossfield, Major Bramble, The Wellcome Historical MedicalMuseum,Beasley,NorwichCastleMuseum,L.S.Loat).TheobjectsareattributedtoseveralSouthSudanesegroupsincludingDinka,Bari,Nuer,Shilluk,

36

ThreeBaristatues,donatedbyGeorgeMelly(acquiredinKhartoumin1850)

37

3. TableofCollectionsbydateCollector’sname

Museum Country Dateofcreation

Dateofacquisitionbymuseum

Approx.numberofobjects(ifknown)

Werne,Ferdinand

EthnographicMuseum,Berlin

Germany 1840-1841 1844 126

D’Arnaud,Joseph

QuaiBranly,Paris

France 1840-1841 1854(viaDelaporte)

?

Brun-Rollet,Antoine

ArmoryMuseum,Turin

Italy 1840-1856 1840-1856 ?

Delaporte,Henri

QuaiBranly,Paris

France 1848-1854 1854(Louvre)

?

Knoblecher,Ignaz

SloveneEthnographicMuseum,WeltmuseumVienna

Austria 1849-1850 1850(SloveneEthnographicMuseum)

50(Vienna),232(Slovenia)

Melly,George WorldMuseum,Liverpool

UK 1850 1894 3

Petherick,John PittRiversMuseumandBritishMuseum

UK 1853-1865 1860(PRM),1860-1869(BM)

100(PRM),240(BM)

Castelbolognesi,Angelo

MuseumofNaturalHistory,Ferrera

Italy 1854-1857 1891 1800

Piaggia,Carlo EthnographicMuseum,Florence

Italy 1856-58 202

Miani,Giovanni NaturalHistoryMuseum,VeniceWeltmuseum,Vienna

Italy 1859-1860 1862(tothecityofVenice)then1866totheMuseoCorrer

1800(Venice),21(Rome),

Antinori,Orazio ArchaeologicalMuseum,Perugia

Italy 1860-1861 120

Piaggia,Carlo ArchaeologicalMuseum,Perugia

Italy 1860-1865 1866 48

38

Natterer,Joseph

Weltmuseum,Vienna

Austria 1862 500

Binder,Franz FranzBinderMuseumofUniversalEthnography,Sibiu

Romania 1860 1862 ?

VonHeuglin Linden-Museum,Stuttgart

Germany 1863-1864 ?

Tinne,Alexine WorldMuseum,Liverpool

UK 1863-1864 1882 100

Isma’ilPasha BritishMuseum

UK 1866-1878 20

Schweinfurth,Georg

BerlinEthnographicMuseum

Germany 1872-1874 ?

Miani,Giovanni PigoriniMuseum,Rome

Italy 1872 1875(SGI) ?

Piaggia,Carlo BerlinEthnologicalMuseum

Germany 1876 1877 ?

Marno,Ernest Weltmuseum,Vienna

Austria 1875-1882 1876-1882 800

Hansel,Martin Weltmuseum,Vienna

Austria 1853- 1877-1882 250

EminPasha Weltmuseum,Vienna

Austria 1880-1881 400

JuanMariaSchuver

LeidenEthnographicMuseum

Holland 1882-1883 100

Gessi,Romolo PigoriniMuseum,Rome

Italy 1877,1878-1881

1877(SGI),1883

100,600

LuptonBey,Frank

BritishMuseum,London

UK 1879-1882 1882 244

Reitz,Konstantin

Weltmuseum,Vienna

Austria 1880 160

39

Junker,Wilhelm BerlinEthnologicalMuseum

Germany 1876-8 1879 ?

Junker,Wilhelm Kunstkamera Russia 1879-1887 2000Junker,Wilhelm Weltmuseum,

ViennaAustria 1879-1887 1892 437

Powell-Cotton,PercyandHannah

Powell-CottonMuseum,BM,PRM

UK 1932-34 2000(Powell-Cotton),300(BM)

Variousadministrators

SudanArchiveDurham

UK 1898-1955 ?

Wellcome,Henry

BritishMuseum,WorldMuseumLiverpool

UK 1954 ?

Seligman,CharlesandBrenda

PRM,BritishMuseum

UK 1909-1922 1921 ?

EvansPritchard PRM,BritishMuseum,Horniman

UK 1926-1936 1929- 130(BM)

BritishInstituteinEasternAfrica

PRM,BritishMuseum

UK 327(BM)

40

BibliographyAckery,PhillipR.“EminPasha’sButterflies-aCaseforCasati?”ArchivesofNaturalHistory

29,no.3(2002):347–57.Almagià,Roberto.IlViaggiatoreGiovanniMianiELeSueRaccolteEtnografiche.Venice,

1929.Antinori,Orazio.“ViaggiDiO.AntinoriEC.PiaggiaNell’AfricaCentrale.”BollettinoDella

SocietàGeograficaItaliana1(August1868):91–155.Arnaud,Josephd’.DocumentsetObservationsSurLeCoursDuBahrElAbaid,OuDuFleuve

BlancetSurQuelquesAutresPointsDiGeographie;AccompagnesdeLaCarteDuBahrElAbiadParM.d’Arnaud.Paris:BourgogneetMartinet,1843.

Barili,Angelo,SergioGentili,andBrunoRomano,eds.UnNaturalistaPeruginoNelCornod’Africa.AttiDellaGiornataDiStudiDiOrazioAntinori(1811-1882)Perugia24Maggio2002.Perugia:CentrodiAteneoperiMuseiScientificiUniversitàdegliStudidiPerugia,2007.

Bassani,Ezio.“19th-CenturyAirportArt.”AfricanArts12,no.2(1979):34–35+90.———.“CarloPiaggia:AnItalianExplorerinAfrica.”InCarloPiaggiaEL’Africa,editedby

MariaPaciniFazzi.Lucca,Italy:InstitutoStoricoLucchese,1979.———.“GliOggettiFiguratiDellaCollezioneGessi.”Africa:RivistaTrimestraleDiStudiE

Documentazionedell’IstitutoItalianoperl’AfricaEl’Oriente32,no.1(1977):29–46.Casati,Gaetano.TenYearsinEquatoriaandReturnwithEminPasha.Vol.1.2vols.London:

FrederickWarneandCo.,1891.———.TenYearsinEquatoriaandReturnwithEminPasha.Vol.2.2vols.London:Frederick

WarneandCo.,1891.Castelbolognesi,Angelo.ViaggioAlFiumeDelleGazzelle(NiloBianco),1856-1857.Ferrara:

LibertyHouse,1988.Castelli,Enrico,ed.OrazioAntinoriinAfricaCentrale1859-1861.MaterialiEDocumenti

Inediti.Perugia:MinisteroBeniCulturalieAmbientali,1984.———.“OrigineDesCollectionsEthnographiquesSoudanaisesDansLesMuséesFrancais

(1880-1878).”JournalDesAfricanistes54,no.1(1984):97–114.Castelli,Enrico,andGuidaJoseph.“AntoineBrunRolletinAfrica:UnaCollezioneEtnografica

Ritrovata.”Africa:RivistaTrimestraleDiStudiEDocumentazionedell’IstitutoItalianoperl’AfricaEl’Oriente42,no.1(1987):107–49.

Castelli,Enrico,andGeorgetaStoica.“DestiniParalleli:LeCollezioniEtnograficheAfricana‘Binder’aSibiue‘Antinori’aPerugia.”InUnNaturalistaPeruginoNelCornod’Africa:AttiDellaGiornataDiStudiSuOrazioAntinori(1811-1882)Perugia24Maggio2002,editedbyAngeloBarili,SergioGentili,andBrunoRomano.Perugia:CentrodiAteneoperiMuseiScientificiUniversitàdegliStudidiPerugia,2007.

Evans-Pritchard,EdwardEvans.TheNuer:ADescriptionoftheModesofLivelihoodandPoliticalInstitutionsofaNiloticPeople.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1969.

Evans-Pritchard,E.E.“TheBongo.”SudanNotesandRecords12,no.1(1929):1–61.Frelih,Marko.SudanMission1848-1858:IgnacijKnoblehar,MissionaryExplorerofthe

WhiteNileandCollectorofAfricanObjects.Ljublijana:SlovenskiEtnografskiMuzej,2009.

Gessi,Romolo.SevenYearsintheSoudan:BeingaRecordofExplorations,AdventuresandCampaignsagainsttheArabSlaveHunters.London:SampsonLow,Marsten&Co,1892.

41

Gray,Richard.AHistoryofTheSouthernSudan1839-1889.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1961.

James,Wendy,GerdBaumann,andDouglasHJohnson,eds.JuanMariaSchuver’sTravelsinNorthEastAfrica1880-1883.London:TheHakluytSociety,1996.

Junker,Wilhelm.TravelsinAfricaintheYears1875-1878.TranslatedbyA.HKeane.Vol.1.3vols.London:ChapmanandHall,1890.

———.TravelsinAfricaintheYears1879-1883.TranslatedbyA.HKeane.Vol.2.3vols.London:ChapmanandHall,1891.

———.TravelsinAfricaintheYears1882-1885.TranslatedbyA.HKeane.Vol.3.3vols.London:ChapmanandHall,1892.

Mack,John,andPeterRobertshaw,eds.CultureHistoryinSouthernSudan:Archeology,LinguisticsandEthnohistory.Naiorbi:BritishInstiuteinEasternAfrica,1982.

Macro,E.“FrankMillerLupton.”SudanNotesandRecords28(1947):50–61.Marno,Ernst.ReiseinDerEgyptischenAequatorial-PrivinzUninKordofaninDenJahren

1874-1876.Vienna:AHölder,1879.———.ReiseninGebieteDesBlauenUndWeissenNil,ImEgyptischenSudanUndDen

AngrenzendenNegerländern,inDenJahren1869Bis1869.Vienna:CGerold,1874.Melly,George.KhartoumandtheBlueandWhiteNiles.Vol.1and2.London:Colburnand

Co.,1851.Miani,Giovanni.DiariECarteggiDiGiovanniMiani(1958-1872).EditedbyGRossi-Osmida.

Milan:Longanesi,1973.———.LeSpedizioniAlleOriginiDelNile.Venice:Co’TipidiGaetanoLongoImpr.,1865.———.“MianiAlMonbuttu,”July1875,236–76.“NotaDegliOggettiDonatiDaRGessiAllaSocietàGeograficaItaliana.”BollettinoDella

SocietàGeograficaItaliana,February1877,60–61.“OggettiDiMonbuttu:RaccoltaDaGiovanniMianiEPervenutiinDonoAlleSocietà

Geografica.”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,July1875,232–33.Pasha,Emin.EminPashainCentralAfrica:BeingaCollectionofHisLettersandJournals.

EditedbyGeorgSchweinfurth,FRatzel,RWFelkin,andBHartlaub.London:GPhilipandSon,1888.

Petherick,John.Egypt,theSoudanandCentralAfricawithExplorationsfromKhartoumontheWhiteNiletotheRegionsoftheEquatorBeingSketchesfromSixteenYears’Travel.EdinburghandLondon:WilliamBlackwoodandSons,1861.

———.“OntheArmsoftheArabandNegroTribesofCentralAfrica,BorderingontheWhiteNile.”JournaloftheRoyalUnitedServiceInstitutionIV,no.13(1860):170–77.

Petherick,John,andKatherinePetherick.TravelsinCentralAfricaandExplorationsoftheWesternNileTributaries.Volume1.London:TinsleyBrothers,1869.

———.TravelsinCentralAfricaandExplorationsoftheWesternNileTributaries.Volume2.London:TinsleyBrothers,1869.

Piaggia,Carlo.“CarloPiaggiaElIlSuoLagoEquatoriale.”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,January1883,69–71.

———.“SestoViaggioDiCarloPiaggiaSulFiumeBiancoNel1876.”BollettinoDellaSocietàGeograficaItaliana,October1877,380–91.

Plankensteiner,Barbara.“AfricanArtattheMuseumFürVölkerkundeinVienna.”AfricanArts38,no.2(2005):12–37+92.

———.“TheSudanCollectionsofThaMuseumFürVölkerkundeinVienna.”InSudanMission1848-1858:IgnacijKnoblehar,MissionaryExploreroftheWhiteNileand

42

CollectorofAfricanObjects,editedbyMarkoFrelih.Ljublijana:SlovenskiEtnografskiMuzej,2009.

Powell-Cotton,Hannah.“VillageHandicraftsintheSudan.”Man34,no.112(1934):90–91.Pugach,Zoya.KulʹturaNarodovVerkhovʹevNila :PoMaterialamPuteshestviĭV.V.IUnkera

(TheCultureofthePeoplesoftheUpperNile:FromMaterialsoftheTravelsofW.Junker).Moscow,1985.

———.“OnthePurposeofBariFigurines.”StPetersburgJournalofAfricanStudies2(1993).Rossi,Emanuela.CarloPiaggia:UnAntropologoPrimaDell’antropologia.Rome,Italy:

Arcane,2008.Schweinfurth,Georg.ArtesAfricanae:IllustrationsandDescriptionsofProductionsofthe

IndustrialArtsofCentralAfricanTribes.Leipzig:F.A.Brockhaus,1875.———.TheHeartofAfrica:ThreeYears’TravelsandAdventuresintheUnexploredRegions

ofCentralAfrica.From1868to1871,Vols1and2.NewYork:Harper,1874.Stiansen,Endre.“FranzBinder:AEuropeanArabintheSudan,1852-1863.”InWhiteNile

BlackBlood:War,LeadershipandEthnicityfromKhartoumtoKampala,editedbyJaySpauldingandStephanieBeswick.Asmara,Eritrea:RedSeaPress,2000.

Werne,Ferdinand.ExpeditiontoDiscovertheSourcesoftheWhiteNileintheYears1840,1841.TranslatedbyCharlesWilliamO’Reilly.Vol.1.2vols.London:RichardBentley,1849.

———.ExpeditiontoDiscovertheSourcesoftheWhiteNileintheYears1840,1841.TranslatedbyCharlesWilliamO’Reilly.Vol.2.2vols.London:RichardBentley,1849.

Willink,RobertJoost.TheFatefulJourney:TheExpeditionofAlexineTinneandTheodorvonHeuglinintheSudan(1863-1964).Amsterdam:AmsterdamUniversityPress,2011.

Zavattaro,Monica.“CollezionePiaggia.”InIlMuseoDiStoriaNaturaledell’UniversitàDegliStudiDiFirenze.VolumeV.LeCollezioniAntropologicheEdEtnologiche,editedbyJacopoMoggiCecchiandRoscoeStanyon,65–68.Florence:FirenzeUniversityPress,2014.