Grammar Book

Table of ContentsO ImperfectO PreteritO Por y ParaO Stressed Possessive Adjectives and PronounsO Ud. + Uds. CommandsO Present SubjunctiveO Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and InfluenceO Subjunctive w/Verbs of Emotion/Doubt,

Disbelief, and DenialO ConjunctionsO Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

Table of Contents Part 2

O Tu CommandsO Nosotros CommandsO Past Participles Used as AdjectivesO Present PerfectO Past PerfectO Future TenseO Conditional TenseO Past Subjunctive

Imperfect

Iba Ībamos

Ibas

Iba Iban

Era Ēramos

Eras

Era Eran

Veīa Veīamos

Veīas

Veīa Veīan

Trigger Words – Todos los días, a menudo, a veces, siempre, cada día, los lunes, generalmente, mientras, de vez en cuando, muchas veces, frecuentemente

AR - -aba, -abas, -aba, -ābamos, -abanER/IR - -īa, -īas, -īa, -īamos, -īan

Preterit

Ar Endings

-ē -amos

-aste -aron

-ō -aron

Er/ir Endings

-Ī -imos

-iste -ieron

-iō -ieronIr/Ser Conjugations

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste

Fue Fueron

Hacer

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste

Hizo Hicieron

Dar/Ver Conjugation

Di/Vi Dimos/Vimos

Diste/Viste

Dio/Vio Dieron/VieronCar

•Only in Yo form

•-quĕ

Gar

•-guĕ

Zar

•-cĕ

Andar Estar Poder Poner Querer Saber Tener Venir

Anduv- Estuv- Pud- Pus- Quis- Sup- Tuv- Vin-

Conducir

Producir

Traducir

Conduj- Produj- Traduj-

Decir Traer

Dij- Traj-

-e -imos

-iste-

ieron

-o

Leī Leimos

LeisteY

Changer Leer

Leyō Leyeron

Por y ParaPor Para

Motion or a general location

Destination

Duration of an action

Deadline or a specific time in the future

Object of a search

Purpose or goal

Means by which something is done

Purpose

Exchange or substitution

The recipient of something

Unit of measure Comparisons or opinions

Employment

Both mean forPor – Through Para – TowardsPara usually before infinitive

Por aqui

Por ejempl

o

Por eso Por fin

Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Mio Nuestro

TuyoLong Form

Singular

Suyo Suyo

Mios Nuestros

TuyosLong Form Plural

Suyos Suyos

Um amigo mio.

• A friend of mine.

Comemos con unos amigos nuestros• We are eating with

some friends of ours.

Use the long form of the possessive adjective

Add el, la, los, or las

according to the gender

and number of the noun it replaces

Sus viajes son a diferentes lugares• His trips are to different places

Y los tuyos, adonde son?• And yours, where are they to?

Mi (s)Nuestr (a/os/as

)

Tu (s) Short Form

Su (s) Su(s)

Attach the pronoun to a reflexive when using a reflexive in the infinitive form.

Ud. + Uds. CommandsDrop “O” from yo

form then add ending.

Put in Ud. or Uds. form w/

the opp endings.

Ar Verb

-e-

en

Er Verb

-a-

an

Ir Verb

-a-

an

Present SubjunctivePut verb into yo form

Take off O

Add opposite ending

Conocer Conozco

Decir Digo

Dormir Duermo

Hacer Hago

Oir Oigo

Pedir Pido

Perder Pierdo

Querer Quiero

Tener Tengo

Traer Traigo

Venir Vengo

Ver Veo

Car•-que

Gar•-gue

Zar•-ce

Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence

Triggers

Es necesario que

Es bueno que

Es importante

que

Es mal queEs urgente que

Es triste que

Es mejor que

Sugerir (e-ie)

Aconsejar

Importar

Insistir (en)

Mandar

Prohibir

Recomendar (e-ie)

Rogar (o-ue)

To sugge

st

To advise

To be importan

t; to matter

To insist (on)

To order

To prohibit

To recommen

d

To beg; to plead

Subjunctive w/Verbs of Emotion/Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial

Phrase Translation

(no) Creer (not) To believe

(no) Dudar (not) To doubt

(no) Estar seguro(a)

(not) To be sure

(no) Negar (not) To deny

Es impossible It’s impossible

Es improbable It’s improbable

Es obvio It’s obvious

No cabe duda de/No hay duda de

There is no doubt

Es (no) possible

It’s (not) possible

(no) Es probable

It’s not probable

(no) Es cierto/ (no) Es verdad

It’s (not) true

(no) Es seguro

It’s not certain

Conjunctions

Unless Before Provided that

After In case (that)

A menos que

Antes de Con tal que Despues de

En caso que

As soon as Until So that Without

En cuanto /Tan pronto como

Hasta que Para que Sin que

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

Subjunctive

• Refers to something that does not exist or whose existence is uncertain or indefinite

Indicative

• Refers to something that is clearly known, certain, or definite

Tip• Look for words such as

“el” or “este” that trigger the indicative

• Necesito el libro que tiene información sobre Venezuela

•¿Conoces a alquien que hable italiano?

•No conozco a nadie que hable italiano.

Subjunctive

•Conozco a alguien que habla italiano.

•Tengo un profesor que vive en Madrid.

Indicative

Tu CommandsAR

• Add –a to the stem

• Comprar = Compra

ER

• Add –e to the stem

• Aprender = Aprende

IR

• Add –e to the stem

• Escribir = Escribe

Affirmative

Decir

Hacer

Ir Poner

Salir Ser Tener Venir

Irregular Commands

Di Haz Ve Pon Sal Sé Ten Ven

Negative

• Add opposite vowel and –s to the verb

• Comprar = Compres

Nosotros CommandsAffirmative

• Opposite vowel + -mos

• Comer = comamos

• Ir = vamos

Negative

• Same as affirmative

• No nadar = No nademos

Pronouns

• Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos aquí.

• Hagamos + se + la = Hagámosela.

• Vamos + nos = ¡Vámonos!

Past Participles Used as Adjectives

abrir (to open) - abierto (open)cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)decir (to say) - dicho (said)escribir (to write) - escrito (written)hacer (to do) - hecho (done)morir (to die) - muerto (dead)poner (to put) - puesto (put)resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved)romper (to break) - roto (broken)ver (to see) - visto (seen)volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)Ir (To go) - Ido

componer - compuestodescribir - descritodevolver - devuelto

Changes with gender and number.Cerrar – Cerrado, Cerrados, Cerrada, cerradas

creer - creídooír - oído

To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).

Present PerfectHe Hemos

Has Habéis

Ha Han

I have studied.He has written a letter to María.We have been stranded for six days.

Form past participle of

verb

Choose appropriate

form of Haber

Make sure Haber form & verb stay together.

Past Participle doesn’t change form!

(yo) He comido.(tú) Has comido.(él) Ha comido.(nosotros) Hemos comido.(ellos) Han comido.

(yo) No he comido.(tú) No has comido.(él) No ha comido.(nosotros) No hemos comido.(ellos) No han comido.

Reflexive Example: (yo) sentirse = me he sentido

Past Perfect

Start with ya

Conjugated haber

Verb as past participle

Acabar De Infinitive

To say someone has

just done something

Future Tense

Venir Poder Querer Saber Haber

Vendr- Podr- Querr- Sabr- Habr-

Decir Hacer Poner Salir Tener

Dir- Har- Pondr- Saldr- Tendr-

-é -ás -á -emo

s

-án

Infinitive +

Conditional Tense

ía íamosíasía ían

Infinitive + EndingThe irregulars are the same as the

future tense. All ending are the same for the Ar, Er, and Ir verbs.

Past Subjunctive-ra -ramos

-ras

-ra -ran

All nosotros verb forms will carry a tilde on the vowel before the ending.

Find 3rd Person Plural

Preterit of Verb

Take Off -ron Add Specific Ending

The expression como si (as if) is always followed by the past subjunctive.

Extra HelpPresent, Future,

Command

Relative Pronoun

(Que, Como)

Present Subjunctive

Preterit, Imperfect, Conditional

Relative Pronoun

(Que, Como)

Imperfect Subjunctive