Mi Libro de la Gramática

Emilia Stuchlik

Preterite

A Snapshot in Time

Uses :

-AR Endings

-ER / -IR Endings

Preterite IrregularsCucaracha Verbs

eron

Snakey Verbs

Only change in the 3rd person

E-I

Preferir, Repetir, Venir, Servir

O-U

Dormir, Morir

E-Y

Leer, Creer

I-Y

Oir

https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=iFUAWMMdE7c

Preterite Irregulars

Spock Verbs – 5 Odd Balls

Imperfect

Continuous Action

Uses :

-AR Endings-ER / -IR EndingsNotice the “yo” and “usted “ endings are the same

Irregulars in the Imperfect

SER IR

VER

Preterite and Imperfect Together

Interruption Background/ Ongoing Action

Yo

est

aba

en

mi c

asa

cua

nd

o J

ua

n m

e

llam

ó

Practice

Nadamos

tomamos

Regresamos

leí

.me dormí

Había

estaban

almorzaban

servía

llovía

Por USES :

Para

USES :

Por and Para Change the Meaning of a Sentence

Practice

https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=fd0dlBZEw18

Stressed Possessive Adjectives

Must agree in gender and number

Placed after nouns they modify

http

s://w

ww

.you

tube

.com

/wat

ch?

v=m

4qLU

HO

SN

Fs

Extra

Stressed Possessive Adjectives

Article + Noun + De + Pronoun/Noun

Preceded by article, indefinite article, or demonstrative adjective

“El” and “La” usually omitted with SER

Possessive Pronouns

MANDATAS FORMALES Ud. + Uds.

Ejemplos -1) Drop the final “o” in the yo form

2) AR VERBS Add –e or –en

3) ER/IR VERBS Add -a or –an

With pronouns

AFFIRMATIVE

Attach to

comm

and

Add accent om

third to last

syllable if you

add one syllable

and on the

fourth to last if

you add two

(one pronoun or

two) NEGATIVE

Place pronouns before

command

Do not add accents

CAR → QUE

GAR →GUE

ZAR → CE

MANDATOS FORMALES IRREGULARES

ir-(formal)to go (vaya(n))ser-(formal) to be (sea(n))saber-(formal)to know (sepa(n))estar-(formal) to be (esté(n))dar -(formal) to give (dé(n))jugar-(formal) to play (juegue(n))llegar-(formal) (llegue(n))buscar-(formal) (busque(n))tocar-(formal) to touch (toque(n))empezar -(formal) to start (empiece(n))

T V D I S H E S

TenerTenerTraerTraer

VenirVenir DarDarDecirDecir

IrIr SalirSalir HacerHacerHaberHaber

EstarEstar SerSer

TengaTraiga

Venga DeDije

Vaya Salga HagaHaya

Este Sea

EL SUBJUNTIVO

Used to express actions that are uncertain or hypothetical

1) Will and Influence 2)Emotion3)Doubt, disbelief, and denial 4) Indefiniteness and nonexistence

SAME CONJUGATION AS FORMAL COMMANDS BUT INCLUDES NOSOTROS/YO

TRIGGER...

EJEMPLO -

EL SUBJUNTIVO CONT.

Verbs of Will and Influence

Aconsejar -

To advise

Mandar - To order

Importar - To be

important ;to matter

Insistir (en) - To insist (on)

Rogar (o-ue) -To beg ; to plead

Recomendar

(e-ie) - To

recommend

Prohibir - To

prohibit

Sugerir (e-ie) -

To suggest

Subjunctive w/Verbs of Emotion

Subjunctive w/ Verbs of Doubt, Disbelief and Denial

Used when there is a change in subject

(And the main clause implies negation or uncertainty)

When to use just the INDICATIVE?

There is no doubt/uncertainty

que indicative

No negamos que hay demasiados carros. (We DON”T DENY = affirmative)

Affirmative SentenceCreer → IndicativeNegative Sentence No Creer → Subjunctive

Que significaPERHAPS = DOUBT

Subjunctive w/Conjunctions

Use the infinitive after the prepositions ANTES DE, PARA, and SIN when there is no change in subject

Te llamamos el viernes antes de salir de la casa

Te llamamos manana antes de que salgas

Use the subjunctive in the subordinate clause if the main clause expresses a future action or command

Use the indicative if the verb in the main clause expresses an action that habitually happens or happened in the past

Conjunctions → SubjunctiveAntes de quePara queSin que Prepositions → Infinitive (noAntes de change in subject)Parasin

P.S. -ger > ja

EXTRA SUBJUNCTIVE

Keanu se alegra de QUE la profe sea su novia.

Irregulars

WE

IRD

OS

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers to a person, thing, or idea that either does not exist or whose existence is uncertain or indefinite

The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that is clearly known, certain, or definite

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

Subjunctive

Tú Commands Affirmative Negative

Same as usted/ella/el 3rd person form(Tu Form, just drop the s!)

If adding one syllable with attached pronouns place accent on 3rd to last syllable

If adding two syllables with attached pronouns place accent on 4th to last syllable

1) Place in yo form2) Drop final o 3) For -er verbs add -as For -ar add -es

*car → ques

*gar → gues

*zar → ces

Nosotros Commands *Used to give instructions to a group including yourself and other people (The equivalent of “let's...” in English)

Object pronouns are attached to affirmative nosotros commands with an added accent on the 3rd to last syllable.Object pronouns are placed before the verb in negative form

-monos verbs, not mosnos or mosse

Drop the

TVDISHES Tengamos VengamosDemos/DigamosVamos/No vayamosSeamosHayamos/Hagamos Estemos Sepamos

Pedírselo → Pidámoselo

Past Participles Used As Adjectives -ar-ar -ado-ado

-er/--er/-irir -ido-ido

Must agree in gender and number of the noun its modifying

Las puertas están abiertas.

Abrirabierto

Decirdicho

Resolverresuelto

Cubrircubierto

Ponerpuesto

Morirmuerto

Irido

Romperroto

Hacerhecho

Escribirescrito

Volvervuelto

Vervisto

IrregularesIrregulares

Commonly used with the verb ESTAR

Verbs with similar roots change to the irregular conjugations (describir – descrito/ descubrir- descubierto)

Present PerfectAuxilary Auxilary verb verb

(HABER)(HABER)

Past Past ParticipleParticiple(ar = ado(ar = adoer/ir = ido)er/ir = ido)

The present perfect tense is frequently used for past actions that continue int o the present, or continue to affect the person in the present

ConjugationsConjugations

hehe hemoshemos

hashas

haha hanhan

Always in the

masculine form

What someone HAS DONE

Haber and the past participle can NEVER be separated

Hay → ha habido (there has/have been)

Past Perfect used to talk about what someone had donehad done or what had occurredhad occurred before another past action

Imperfect Imperfect form ofform ofHABER HABER

Past Past Participle Participle

habíahabía habíamohabíamo

ss

habíashabías

habíahabía habíanhabían

Always Masculine/

Singular* often used with ANTES DE + noun/infinitivenoun/infinitive

Future Tense

Infinitive + éé emos emos

ááss áá ánán

4 Different Ways 4 Different Ways to Express the to Express the

Future Future ---------------------------------------------------

Present indicative(Voy al cine)

Ir + a +infinitive(Voy a ir)

Present subjunctive(Ojalá que vaya)

Future (Iré al cine)

Someone's willingness to Someone's willingness to do something : do something :

Querer + infinitiveQuieres llamarme, por favor? Will you please call me?

FUTURE OF PROBABILITYI wonder, might, may , must be,probably

Hay → HabráHay → Habrá

May follow in main clause after :

CuandoCuando

DespuDespués (de) queés (de) que

En cuanto En cuanto

Hasta que Hasta que

Tan pronto como Tan pronto como

Conditional Tense

- to make polite requests - to express the future in relation to a past action/state of being (what WOULD happen) - often used if the main verb is in one of the past tenses/habitual action - conditional of probability : I wondered if, probably, must have been

Future Conditional

WOULD WOULD COULD COULD SHOULDSHOULD

Me gustaría..I would like...

íaíaíasíasíaía íanían

íamosíamos

(same irregulars as future tense!!)

Past Subjunctive.ra .ramos.ra .ramos.ras.ras.ra .ran.ra .ran

1) Put in third person preterite2) Drop -ron 3) Add ra/ras/ra/ramos/ran

Nosotros/as always has an accent over the last letter before -ramos

Same endings for all verbs

IRREGULAR PRETERITES IRREGULAR PRETERITES = USE IRREGULAR = USE IRREGULAR STEMS + STEMS + ra/ras/ra/ramos/ranra/ras/ra/ramos/ran

Used in same context as present subjunctive, except usually talks about things in the past. Verb in main clause is usually PRETERITE OR IMPERFECT

Quisiera = to make polite requests