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Space Frames

Date post: 12-Dec-2015
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Introduction, definition, members, advantages and applications.
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Page 1: Space Frames
Page 2: Space Frames

DEFINITION O In architecture and structural engineering, a space

frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight

rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in

a geometric pattern.

O Space frames can be used to span large areas with

few interior supports.

O Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of

the inherent rigidity of the triangle;

flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted

as tension and compression loads along the length

of each strut.

O It was developed by Alexander Graham Bell and

Buckminster Fuller's, whose focus

was architectural structures.

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INTRODUCTION O Space frames are essentially three dimensional trusses

able to span in two directions.

O Space frames are a common feature in modern building construction; they are often found in large roof spans in modernist commercial and industrial buildings.

O Single Span from 20m up to 50m (multispan over 50m)

O They may be flat for use as roofs, walls or inclined walls, or may be curved to form continuous barrel type roof geometries.

O Space frames allow for easy service distribution within their depth and can provide light elegant structural solutions.

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OVERVIEW

o The simplest form of space frame is

a horizontal slab of

interlocking square

pyramids and tetrahedra built

from aluminium or tubular

steel struts.

o A stronger form is composed of

interlocking tetrahedral in which all

the struts have unit length.

o More complex variations change the

lengths of the struts to curve the

overall structure or may incorporate

other geometrical shapes.

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MEMBERS

O Tubes

1. Circular hollow sections

2. Rectangular hollow sections

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O Connectors 1. Tuball Node Connector

• A hollow sphere made of spheroidal graphite.

• The end of the hollow section member to be connected is fitted at its ends by welding.

• Connection from inside the cup is using bolt and nut.

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2. Nodus Connector

O It can accept both rectangular and circular hollow sections and that the cladding can be fixed directly to the chords.

O Chord connectors have to be welded to the ends of the hollow members on site.

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3. Triodetic Connector

O It consists of a

hub, usually an

aluminium

extrusion, that

has slots or key

ways, which the

ends of members

are pressed or

coined to

matching

crimped ends.

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4. Hemispherical Dome Connector

O Usually used for double layered domes.

O Has a span more than 40m.

O More economical for long span.

O The joint is connected by slitting the end of

the tube or rod with the joint fin.

O There are two types of joints, pentagonal

joint and hexagonal joint.

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CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION O Barrel vaults. This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing.

O Spherical domes Spherical domes and other compound curves usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin.

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CLASSIFICATION IN TERMS OF ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS

O Single layer grid.

All elements are located on the surface to be approximated.

O Double layer grid.

The elements are organized in two parallel layers with each other at a certain distance apart. Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other. The diagonal bars connect the nodes of both layers in different directions in space.

O Triple layer grid.

Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals. They are almost always flat.

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APPLICATIONS O Aircraft hangers.

O Factories, Hospitals.

O Cinema halls, Convention Centers.

O Malls, Exhibition halls,

O Airports, Hotels.

O Canopies.

O Transport Terminals. Schools, Pools, Arenas,

Entertainment, Corporate & Commercial Buildings.

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ADVANTAGES OF SPACE-FRAMES

O Large spans with cantilevers can be achieved.

O Light i.e., minimum structure weight.

O Carry load by three dimensional action.

O Concentrated loads are evenly distributed on the entire structure.

O High inherent stiffness.

O Pre-finished to avoid site painting & inspection and also easy to construct.

O Pleasing decorative appearance.

O Pre-assembly allows project acceleration in turn, saves construction time and cost.

O Fast installation at site due to pre-fabricated components. Allows simple modification or dis-assembly for re-use.

O Very good acoustical properties.

O All service lines can run through frame.

O Space Frame can be a feature without ceiling.

O Suit irregular support or plan geometry.

O Variable depth for roof drainage is built-in.

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BILBAO EXHIBITION CENTRE, SPAIN

ECOSPHERE MUSEUM, ISRAEL

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STANSTED AIRPORT, BY FOSTER AND PARTNERS, LONDON

Jacob K. Javits

Convention Center, New

York City, New York

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Louvre Pyramid and Bank of China Tower by I. M. Pei

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Eden Project in Cornwall, England

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Globen, Sweden - Dome with diameter of 110 m, (1989)

•Biosphere 2 by John P Allen Phil

Hawes Peter Jon Pearce in Oracle,

Arizona

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