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Page 1: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

1

Page 2: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, California

California Aerospace: JPL Perspective

A presentation to the

Members of the California State Legislature

August 7, 2012

Lt. Gen. Eugene Tattini (USAF, Ret.) Deputy DirectorNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

Page 3: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

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Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of Technology

Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of Technology

A perfect landing!

Sol 00002

Page 4: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To
Page 5: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Landing EllipseOblique Southward View of Gale Crater

1940s

1950s

Page 6: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

JPL History Mosaic

1936 1940s

19581950s

Today

Page 7: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

NASA’s Mission

• To understand and protect our home planet

• To explore the universe and search for life

• To inspire the next generation of explorers

Page 8: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Space Exploration Supported by U.S. Government

Science Human exploration Aeronautics35% 60% 5%

$18.7 billion in FY11

Page 9: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

NASA “firsts”

1940s

1950s

JPL’s Explorer 1: First US Spacecraft launched January 31, 1958

Dryden’s X-1: First supersonic flight at Dryden (formerly Muroc Army Airfield) December 9, 1946

Ames : World’s Largest Wind Tunnel (showing MSL parachute test)

Page 10: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To
Page 11: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

0

5

10

15

20

25

JPL GSFC MSFC Stennis

Relative Size of the Center Budget to their State’s Gross Product

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce for State Domestic Products

Page 12: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

State Support to NASA

1993 Roemer Amendment to kill the Space Station was defeated 216-215

Save Station Terminate Net % Alabama 7 0 7 100Texas 29 1 28 97 Florida 21 1 20 95 Mississippi 4 1 3 80Ohio 12 7 5 71California 33 18 15 65Virginia 7 4 3 64Maryland 5 3 2 63

Observation: Texas had only 30 votes yet they provided almost twice the support than that of California which had 51 votes

Notes:- In 1993, California got more funds for Space Station than Texas given contractor participation - It was not a question of political party since Texas had 13 Republicans and 17 Democrats while California had 25

Republicans and 27 Democrats in 1993.

Page 13: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

To serve the nation

by exploring space

in a quest for discoveries

that benefit humanity

JPL Vision

leaving the safe harbor to

explore the uncharted waters

Page 14: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Proud? Yes But……Will Not Rest On Our Laurels

First comet impact: Deep Impact

First tour of the gas giants: Voyager 2

First Sample Return Beyond Lunar Orbit: Genesis

First to orbit of two different solar bodies: Dawn

First twin “formation-flying” at the Moon: GRAIL

First planetary rover: Mars Pathfinder

First interstellar mission: Voyager

Page 15: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of Technology

24 Spacecraft and 10 InstrumentsAcross the Solar System and Beyond

GRACESpitzer

Two Voyagers

GALEX ACRIMSAT

Dawn

Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)

Kepler

Opportunity

Juno

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

Mars Odyssey Cassini

EPOXI-Deep Impact

Aquarius

CloudSat

Jason 1 and Jason 2

GRAIL

Mars Science LaboratoryNuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)

Page 16: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

MISR - aerosols

MLS – ozone layer

TES – trace gas

AIRS – atmospheric temperature

CLOUDSAT – water content

JASON – sea surface height

QUIKSCAT – wind

GRACE – gravity

Multiple ways to look at a changing Earth

Aquarius - sea surface salinity

Page 17: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

daVinci robot surgery system, Intuitive

Surgical, Inc.©2011 Intuitive Surgical, Inc.

Tele-robotics technology for surgery

licensed to Intuitive Surgical, Inc.

JPL achievements include 15

micron positioning accuracy,

magnified force feedback,

and shared human/computer

control

Page 18: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Education & Public Outreach Activities

STATISTICS22,000 Teachers

138,000 Students 1.9 million members of the general public

OPEN HOUSE & JPL TOURS40,000 visitors to Open House20,000 students and adults toured JPL

JPL SUPPORTED EDUCATION COMPETITIONS1,500 high school students involved in FIRST Robotics,Ocean Science Bowl, Science Bowl & JPL Invention Challenge

INTERNSHIPS AT JPL200 college students interned throughout the year300 additional college students interned during the summer

MEDIA RELATIONS35,000,000 visits to JPL web sites65,000,000 potential impressions via Social Media for MSL launch5,000 print & television stories618,000,000 potential impressions via print publications332,000,000 potential impressions via television

Figures are cumulative for calendar year 2011

Page 19: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

End-to-end capabilities needed to implement missions

Project Formulation - Team X Mission Design

Spacecraft DevelopmentReal Time Operations Integration and TestEnvironmentalTest

Mars Rovers

Large Structures -

SRTM

Ion Engines

Scientific Research

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Page 21: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

(Study Released in September 2010)

Space Industry’s Impact on the California Economy

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Civil

Military

Commercial (Satellite Services)

The global space industry is estimated at $174B driven by both supply and demand

Supply Side Demand Side

Launch VehicleManufacturing

SatelliteManufacturing

GroundEquipment

Manufacturing

Primes

Subs/Tier-1Suppliers

Tier-2/NSuppliers

Govern

ment

Custo

mer

1 2 3

5A

6

5B

Satellite Services

7

4

Engineering Services(1) (SE&I, SETA, Software, Testing & Verification and On-going Operational Support)

Space Systems Suppliers Space Systems Customers

Note: (1) Engineering services include directly awarded SE&I, SETA, Software, Testing & Verification & On-going Operational Support contractors; it is exclusive of and in addition to potential similar services that may be covered and bundled in prime contracts

Source: A.T. Kearney analysis

$174 Billion Global Space Industry

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Key Changes

The Space Industry globally grew by over $25B (8% annually) since 2008, driven primarily by $19B growth in the satellite manufacturing and services businesses

California outgrew the global market with annual growth of 11% ($7B) since 2008, driven by the satellite manufacturing business

Total Global Space Market

California space industry has a 22% share of the global space market, with a 39% share in satellite manufacturing

$6.7B

Revenues by Sector

Rest of US

$44B

(25%)

Rest of World

$92B

(53%)

California represents $38B or 22%

of the $174B global space market$21.5B $45.0B $17.0B $83.9

California Rest of US Rest of World

3.78.7

30.746.3

4.5

12.8

8.9

8.35.3 22.3

2.7

Launch Satellite Mfg Ground

Equip

Engineering

Services

Satellite

Services

Source: DoD and NASA FY10 figures from FY11 budget requests, Satellite Industry Association, Federal Aviation Administration, Air Force Magazine, Space News, SEC Filings, Company and industry interviews; A.T. Kearney analysis

Launch

Satellite

Mfg

Ground

Equip

Engineer-

ing Svcs

Satellite

Svcs

California ▬ ▲5% ▼1% ▼1% ▲1%

Rest of US ▲2% ▼1% ▲2% ▲1% ▼4%

Rest of World ▼2% ▼4% ▼1% ▬ ▲3%

Change in Share Points by Sector since 2008

(40%)

(55%)

(39%)

(21%)

(40%)

(68%)

2.8(17%)

(55%)

(52%)

(28%)15.3(18%)

(31%) (27%)

1.5(3%)

0.3(5%)

Page 24: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

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$93B

Manufacturing

Information

Retail tradeProf / tech services

Wholesale TradeHealth care

Other

Total Economic

Impact (Direct,

Indirect & Induced)(1)

$11

$4$4

$6

$26

$34

Real Estate

Finance & Insurance

8.3

5.3

22.3

$3$3$3

$37.8B

Total California

Revenue

1.5 Ground

0.3 Launch

Engineering

Services

Sat

Services

The California space industry creates $93B in total economic impact from revenues of $38B

Note: (1) Indirect and induced employment based on U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis employment multipliers. 2009 data

(2) Source: CA Agriculture Statistics Review

(3) Source: Los Angeles County Economic Development Corp.

Satellite Mfg

Space Industry Economic Contribution to

the California Economy

As large or larger than

other prominent CA

industries

Agriculture—$38B(2)

Motion Picture/

Entertainment—$30B(3)

Page 25: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

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The California space industry employs 87,000 people directly and creates 450,000 jobs across all industries

450K Jobs

Total Jobs

(Direct, Indirect

& Induced)(1)

(1) Indirect and induced employment based on U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis employment multipliers

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, (2009 data) A.T. Kearney analysis

117

21

26

30

35

37

64

121

Manufacturing

Information

Retail trade

Prof / tech services

Entertainment

Accommodation / foodHealth care

Other$5.3

$1.5

$1.3

$0.9

$5.3

$7.9

$23B Wages

$0.6

$0.6

Total Annual Wages

(Direct, Indirect &

Induced)(1)

Space Industry Employment and Wage Contribution

to California Economy

74K Jobs

Direct

Employment(1)

Commercial

Civil

Military

60

20

7

87K Jobs

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California Rest of US Rest of World

$6.7B

3.7

8.7

30.7

2.8

46.3

2.7

4.5

12.8

8.9

15.3

8.35.3 22.3

1.50.3

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Launch Satellite Mfg Ground Equip Engineering

Services

Satellite

Services

Mark

et S

hare

$21.5B $45.0B $17.1B $83.9B

(55%)

(17%)

(68%)

(40%)

(55%)

(40%)

(21%)

(28%)

(52%)

(18%)

(27%)(31%)

(3%)

(39%)

(5%)

The California Space Enterprise represents 22% of the global space market

2010 Global Space Market

Page 27: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

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California gets the majority share of the Department of Defense spend

2.0

6.4

3.7

7.0

Launch Satellite Mfg Ground

Equip

Engineering

Services

Rest of US California

Wideband

MILSATCOM

SSA Systems

Polar

MILSATCOM

MILSATCOM

Terminals

GPS III (Control)

NPOESS

GPS III (Space)

SBIRS

EELV

AEHF

$19.1B DoD Space External Spend(Includes estimated classified spend)(1)

Top 10 DoD Space Projects (FY10 Budget)(2,3)

$10.6B$8.5B

Note: (1) Includes estimate of classified spend. Engineering services include SE&I, Software, Testing & Verification, On-going Operational Support.(2) Includes Research, Development, Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) and procurement. California shading based on the location of the prime and tiered suppliers. (3) GPS IIF work is underway but does not have any dollars associated with it in the USAF FY10 budget

Source: DoD FY10 figures from FY11 Budget Request, Air Force Magazine Space Almanac, A.T. Kearney analysis

CaliforniaRest of US(55%)

(45%)

$2.3B

$1.1B

$1.0B

$0.4B

$0.4B

$0.3B

$0.3B

$0.3B

$0.2B

$0.1B

California Share of DoD Spend

Page 28: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

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NASA centers continue to allocate significant budget to be spent in California, but the share has declined slightly

Note: (1) The 50% of JPL’s obligated spend to pay in-house staff is excluded

Source: NASA NAIS database, NASA FY09 Budget Request, A.T. Kearney analysis

California Research Centers

account for $2.2B or 12% of the

total $18.7B FY10 NASA Budget1,272615 272

6,270

2,785 2,6222,001

1,370648 632

199

JPLAm

es

Dryden

Johnson

Marshall

Goddard

NASA H

Q

Kennedy

Langley

Glenn

Stennis

FY 2009 Budget by Research Centers(1)

-Million $-

California Rest of U.S.

California companies received

$2.8B or 18% of the total $15.4B

NASA Obligated Spend in FY09

compared to $2.9B or 21% of the

total $14.0B in FY08

FY 2009 Obligated Spend in California(1)

-Million $-

2,757

1,281

1,476

Spend by CA

Centers in CA

Spend by Non-

CA Centers In CA

Total Spend in

CA

California companies are able to

attract $1.5MM in spend from

NASA centers outside the state

Page 29: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

29

California’s space industry faces opportunities and challenges

Military

Civil

Commercial (Satellite Services)

Supply Side Demand Side

Launch VehicleManufacturing

SatelliteManufacturing

GroundEquipment

Manufacturing

Low Cost Launch

Vehicles

Environmental

Regulations

Disaggregation/

Smaller

Satellites

Emerging

Applications

Budget Competition

with Other States

Global

Competition

Cost of Doing

Business

Potential DOD

Budget CutsConsumer

Driven Growth

COTS & Open

Source Adoption

Engineering Services & Testing & Software

Satellite Services

Closing Innovation

Gap

Aging Workforce

& Competition for

Talent

Privately Funded

New Entrants

Source: A.T. Kearney analysis

Ability to

Attract &

Retain Talent

Page 30: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

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California’s strong space ecosystem enables the space enterprise to thrive, but challenges exist

Source: A.T. Kearney interviews and analysis

Cost

Competitiveness

Academic /

R&D Infrastructure

Workforce

Manufacturer/

Supplier Base

Customer

Base

1

3

4

2

5

Ease of

Doing Business

6

Space Industry

Competitiveness

Commercial

Climate

Intellectual & Political

Climate

Ecosystem

Capabilities

Cost of

Doing

Business

Industry Competitiveness Framework

Supply and demand

base (manufacturing

and customer base)

remains strong, but

competition from

outside the state puts

growth from new

entrants and

incremental investment

at risk

Cost competitiveness

remains a challenge

with high cost of living

and high taxes and is

exacerbated by State’s

fiscal crisis (e.g.,

pressure to raise taxes

and find additional

sources of revenue)

Academic and R&D

infrastructure are

threatened by the State’s

fiscal crisis (e.g., cut

backs in school funding)

Ease of doing business

is a challenge. While

other states actively seek

incremental space

investment dollars, CA

remains passive—both in

terms of financial and

regulatory burdens on the

space industry

Workforce continues to

thrive, however the

industry faces challenges

in attracting and retaining

new talent

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Perceived lack of support from California government is seen as a challenge in attracting and retaining businesses

“Space is the furthest thing out of their mind…they

want to attract the service industry”

“(We) moved our manufacturing out of CA

to NM…they gave us land, facilities…it was a

great opportunity” $0

$5

$10

$15

$20

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

NASA Budget by Research Center Location(1)

California

Research

Centers

Rest of

U.S.

Total

Forecasted NASA

Budget Request

$17.3B

$15.1B

$2.2B

13% 11% 9%

($B)

15%

California

Share of

BudgetX%X%

“Unlike other states, California is not as

engaged as a delegation in support of the NASA

program”

“Our government can’t spell aerospace…they focus on

farming and entertainment and ignore aerospace which pays

taxes and keeps jobs in California”

Select Interviewee Quotes

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With the future direction of U.S. space in ―flux‖, other states are taking an aggressive approach to carve out their space industry share

State

Policies to

Attract the

Space

Industry

• Space Technology Research and Diversification Initiative: develop

multi-university space research and technology programs

• Space Infrastructure Enhancement Fund: make a number of space

infrastructure improvements

• Governor-sponsored Incentive Package: $32 million tax incentive

package to lure private companies to Florida

• Space and Aerospace Catalyst and Enhancement Act: provide $15

million to 'refurbish a launch complex at Kennedy Space Center'

• Marketing Programs: increase visibility (booths at major tradeshows)

Case Example: Florida’s Recent Legislative & Business

Development Efforts

Source: Florida Senate Web Site, Interviews, California Research Bureau, A.T. Kearney analysis

States Focused

on Attracting

New Businesses

to the Space

Industry

New Mexico

#26

Arizona

#22Louisiana

#33

Alabama

#21

Florida

#5

Texas

#7

= Most Impacted by Cancellation of

Constellation

Level of Aggressiveness

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Regulatory compliance leads to lost business, particularly in the launch and propulsion segments

Environmental Regulations:

Key Findings from Interviews

Overall, California leads the nation in

environmental standards

Major environmental compliance

requirements related to the space

industry are often similar in other

states

Environmental permit/compliance

process in California is stated as more

burdensome and time consuming

than other states

Regulatory compliance often means

additional overhead and increases the

cost of doing business in California

SpaceX established its testing facility in Texas

as the State was able to move faster on the

permit process

Aerojet is migrating operations toward

Washington State due to burdensome

environmental permitting for propulsion

systems

Wyle Labs has been shifting its new facility

investments towards other states

L-3 Communications views regulations as an

impediment to upgrading manufacturing

processes due to high cost of environmental

process qualification (cleaning agents, etc)

Consequences

Source: Interviews, A.T. Kearney analysis

Page 34: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

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Overall Competitive

Position Rating

California

Virginia

Colorado

Florida

Texas

New Mexico

Alabama

California’s space intellectual base remains strong, yet the ability to attract and retain business poses challenges for the ecosystem

Source: A.T. Kearney analysis

CommercialClimate

Intellectual & PoliticalClimate

Ecosystem Capabilities

Cost of Doing

Business

California

Virginia

Colorado

Florida

Texas

New Mexico

Alabama

Customer Base

Manufacturer/Supplier Base

Academic/ R&D Assets Workforce

Cost Competitiveness

Ease of Doing Business

California

Virginia

Colorado

Florida

Texas

New Mexico

Alabama

California

Virginia

Colorado

Florida

Texas

New Mexico

Alabama

Space Industry Competitiveness Scorecard

Major

AdvantageThreatened

AdvantageDisadvantage

=Strong

=Weak

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Page 36: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Dream….

36

Page 37: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Spaceports Blossoming

37

Page 38: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Commercial Space Ports are Active….

38

Page 39: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

State Activity

• Virginia--- Annually $9.5 million for Maintaining Spaceport

Facilities

• Alaska--- $25 Million, $3 million initial with remaining upon LM

contract

Recently held a similar event at sponsored by the Alaska

State Senate in June

• New Mexico--- $209 million for Spaceport

• Florida--- $500 million for Space Infrastructure

• Hawaii– considering legislation to funding a spaceport and

research facility

• Texas--- XCOR moving from California and SpaceX looking at

new launch site in Brownsville 39

Page 40: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Aerospace Jobs in California

California National CA Percentage of Nat'l

2001 133067 660700 20.1

2002 126378 618400 20.4

2003 120092 587100 20.5

2004 120254 592000 20.3

2005 121455 611700 19.9

2006 121357 631800 19.2

2007 115079 646800 17.8

2008 116957 659800 17.7

2009 112903 644400 17.5

2010 109663 623700 17.6

2011 106417 624800 17.040

Page 41: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Top Nine States Impacted- AIA Report

41

79,459

60,497

54,512

225,464

159,473

78,454

70,101

207,571

114,795

114,795

Page 42: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

Sequestration--- AIA Report

Top Nine State and DC Employment Impacts of the Budget Control Act of 2011

Fiscal Years 2012 and 2013

State Job Losses* Job Losses* Total Job*

DOD Cuts Non-DOD Cuts Losses

California 135,209 90,255 225,464

Virginia 136,191 71,380 207,571

Texas 98,979 60,494 159,473

DC 15,169 112,238 127,407

Maryland 39,395 75,400 114,795

Florida 41,905 37,554 79,459

Pennsylvania 39,941 38,513 78,454

New York 28,809 41,201 70,010

Massachusetts 41,469 19,028 60,497

Georgia 27,609 26,903 54,512

42

Page 43: Space Administration Southward View of Gale Crater 1940s 1950s JPL History Mosaic 1936 1940s 1958 1950s Today NASA’s Mission • To understand and protect our home planet • To

DREAM BIG

AEROSPACE---It enlightens the imagination and

makes possible what before would never have

been possible.

A Rocket Launch, even if delayed, is never a

disappointment to the public.

43

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