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Space Weather on the Space Weather on the World Wide WebWorld Wide Web
Janet Kozyra, *Daniel Atkins, and **Joseph Hardin
* Director of the Alliance for Community Technology. PI of the UARC and SPARC projects, the NSF EXPRES project for collaborative multimedia authoring as well as U of M’s Digital Library Project
** Director of Systems Development and Operations at U of
Michigan’s School of Information, member of the UARC and SPARC development teams. Prior to 1997, headed up a group at NCSA that developed Mosaic, NCSA Telenet, Image and PolyView
Usability Present & Future New interfaces to enhance
usability Campaigns & Workshops -
New hybrids using web and face-to-face elements
Journals - Beginnings of online publication. The Internet vs. printed media. Multi-media still in the future
Summary - The Internet as a key element in the future of space weather research
Space Weather Research & the Internet
The Richness & Diversity of our Internet resources
Internet Tour Forecast Real-Time Data Data Archives Project Pages Information, EPO
Navigation Commercial search
engines put to the test
Space Weather Research & Space Weather Research & the Webthe Web
Key initiatives for the success of the National Space Weather Program [NRC report, The Atmospheric Sciences, Entering the 21st Century, 1998], include: Development and implementation of new tools that enhance
communications between research scientists engaged in, & those effected by, space weather
Development of a framework that enables the continuous testing, evaluation and verification of global space weather models
Development of a new suite of electronic tools that support space weather modeling and prediction , as well as education and public outreach.
The Internet can play a fundamental role A quick tour through a small sample of Space Weather sites on the
Internet demonstrates their variety & quality
11141364711
Total Sites Tracked493
Space Weather Directories -Space Weather Directories -SPDSSPDS
17612266
Total: 364 Total: 41 Total: 111
*SPDS established in 1993 to preserve, exchange & access scientific data
Directories - Rice Directories - Rice UniversityUniversity
Real-Time 50 Forecast 3 Educational 27 CDAW sites 8 Models 11 SPA Observatories
radars 11 riometers 1 lidars 5 Ionosondes 6 magnetometer 16 cosmic ray & 1 neutron monitor
solar data 19 optical 8 rocket facilities 2 satellites 66 tomography 1 GPS 3
Research Ctrs 51 Literature Index 3 Prof. Organizations 11 Amateur Organi- 1
zations Other Link Lists 10
Total: 352
Directories - UCLA IGPPDirectories - UCLA IGPP
Organizations 23 Agencies 25 Data Centers/Databases 37 Projects 85 Research Groups 150 Public Outreach/Education 25 Journals/Books/Newsletters/Bulletins 35 Budget/Congress/Public Affairs 2 Related Home Pages 7
Total: 389
Directories - AGU Space Directories - AGU Space Physics & AeronomyPhysics & Aeronomy
23213734153
Total: 268
156 124
83 85
86 13
9083
44
Total: 764
SwRISwRI
General Info 59Radio Propagation
13Link Collections 8Data 62Ground Effects 10Software 13Institutions 19Forecasts 19Models 30Spacecraft Effects
44
Total: 319
Directories - SPEEDirectories - SPEE
Spacecraft Project SiteSpacecraft Project Site
Web
Tour
Usable Interface for Web Data Usable Interface for Web Data AccessAccess
Web
Tour
New Satellite Program - New Satellite Program - Open Data AccessOpen Data Access
Web
Tour
New Satellite Program - New Satellite Program - Open Data AccessOpen Data Access
Web
Tour
High Usability Data SiteHigh Usability Data Site
Web
Tour
Gateway to Ionosonde Gateway to Ionosonde InformationInformation
Web
Tour
Gateway to Digisonde Gateway to Digisonde DataData
Web
Tour
Gateway to Gateway to Magnetometer DataMagnetometer Data
Web
Tour
Real-Time GPS Data Real-Time GPS Data ProductsProducts
Web
Tour
Lastest Solar ImagesLastest Solar Images
Web
Tour
Auroral Activity UpdatesAuroral Activity Updates
Web
Tour
Real-Time Solar Wind Real-Time Solar Wind InfoInfo
Web
Tour
Monitor of Auroral Monitor of Auroral PowerPower
Web
Tour
Real-Time Data Real-Time Data IngestionIngestion
Web
Tour
Commercial Space Commercial Space News/OutreachNews/Outreach
Web
Tour
Commercial Space Commercial Space News/OutreachNews/Outreach
Web
Tour
NAS/ Electronic PublicationsNAS/ Electronic Publications
Web
Tour
NASA News/OutreachNASA News/Outreach
Web
Tour
Expert Internet GuidesExpert Internet Guides
Web
Tour
Education / Public Education / Public OutreachOutreach
Web
Tour
Education / Public OutreachEducation / Public Outreach
Web
Tour
Education / Public OutreachEducation / Public Outreach
Web
Tour
ConclusionConclusion Space weather research is supported by a
rich collection of Internet-based resources Impressive & growing capability for real-
time data display and rapid data retrieval over the internet
Internet-based data retrieval of archived data
Some of these capabilities already being integrated into outreach & education sites
Presently > 800 sites ~ 10 space weather directories with many
but not all overlapping links
Challenge & Challenge & OpportunityOpportunity
To develop interfaces that support scientists, engineers & fore-casters in space weather research, prediction & outreach, which:
track and integrate growing web science resources provide analysis tools & data management services complement scientific processing needs support collaborative software for science analysis, workshops and
authoring results minimize the human costs of change and maximize the support of
science creativity by investing heavily in human-centered design efforts up front.
Take advantage of predicted enhancements in web capabilities (though only 20% of predictions of technological advances by experts have been accurate [Schnaars, 1989]). Nevertheless can’t have a plan without predictions.
Navigation - How to find what you Navigation - How to find what you need?need?Projected Internet Growth [Jacob
Nielsen, Designing Web Usability, 2000]
“Oooh, look! It says in the manual they have online help!”
Sites: 10 million in 1999 --> 200 million by 2005
Pages: 1 billion in 1999 --> 50 billion by 2005 (Doesn’t include dark matter or dynamic pages. Only 16% of pages accessible to search engines)
Users (sharing the same computer system!!): 200 million in 2000 --> 500 million by 2005 --> 1 billion by 2010
Test of Commercial Search Test of Commercial Search EnginesEngines
Space Weather (Only 11 found by > 1 engine)*Google 12,300 Alta Vista 18LookSmart 10 Excite 48WebCrawler 24 Yahoo 18LookSmart 10 Total 106Space Physics (Only 22 found by > 1 engine)*Google 18,800 Alta Vista 20LookSmart 9 Excite 46WebCrawler 25 Yahoo 20InfoSeek 47 Total 143
Magnetosphere (Only 17 found by > 1 engine)*Google 17,000 Alta Vista 19Excite 41 InfoSeek 43WebCrawler 25 Yahoo 19AllTheWeb 23 Total 154
* Google not included in totals.
Ionosphere (Only 17 found by > 1 engine)*Google 21,600 Alta Vista 18Excite 42 InfoSeek 46WebCrawler 24 Yahoo 18AllThe Web 22 Total 154
Aeronomy (Only 13 found by > 1 engine)*Google 6,720 Alta Vista 20LookSmart 1 Excite 31WebCrawler 24 Yahoo 19AllTheWeb 23 Total 97
Test of Commercial Search Test of Commercial Search EnginesEngines
* Google not included in totals.
Usability - How To Efficiently Usability - How To Efficiently Anticipate &Adapt to Anticipate &Adapt to Increasing Capabilities?Increasing Capabilities? 50% faster Internet bandwidth every
year In 5 years: high-end users will have
sub-second response times in downloading pages
In 10 years: all users will have good bandwidth. It will be possible to stream good
quality video across the Internet. The Web will be 57 times [Jacob
Nielsen, 2000] to orders of magnitude faster [SPARC team,2000] --
(Bell Labs has already demonstrated the capability to shoot a terabit/sec down an optical fiber )
How new technology boosts productivity.
Will faster speeds mean you just get lost faster in cyberspace?
A Developing Space Weather A Developing Space Weather InterfaceInterface GEDAS Concept:
• Integration of data sets
• Connect ground-based & space-based observations
• Provide local and global view through models
• Provide link between models & data
• Real-time data streams for researchers
• Link classrooms to real-time data & vivid materials
A n Evolving Space Weather A n Evolving Space Weather CollaboratoryCollaboratory
SPARC Partner SPARC Partner InstitutionsInstitutions Aerocibo Observatory
EISCAT (Svalbard Obs) EISCAT (Tromso Obs) Jicamarca Radio Obs Millstone Hill Obs MIT/Haystack NASA/ACE POLAR/UVI (G. Parks) POLAR/VIS (L. Frank) NASA/ESA SOHO SuperDARN Sondrestrom Aurora Obs (Univ of Tromso) Communications Res Lab, Japan Royal Meteor. Inst of Belgium Herman Ohlathaver Inst for Aeronomy Solar Radio Monitoring Program, Canada
Southwest Research Institute IPS Radio & Space Services Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophys Lab NOAO & NSO Canadian Space Agency INTERMAGNET (Japan) ISTP Program Rice University SPRL NASA
Solar Synoptic Analysis (Poland) Ionospheric USA TEC Map (Pi) Global TEC Map (Pi) Global GPS Phase Fluctuation (Pi) SOHO EIT (Gurman) Yohkoh Soft Xrays (Gurman) Photospheric Magnetogram
(Gurman) Solar Terrestrial Dispatch
AGUAGUSPASPAShowcaseShowcaseofofReal-TimeReal-TimeWebWebInforma-Informa-tion - >tion - >underunderdevelop-develop-mentment
AGU SPA Section / SPARC Real-Time Screens AGU SPA Section / SPARC Real-Time Screens
SPARC Interactive Page SPARC Interactive Page DevelopmentDevelopment
SPARC Interactive Page SPARC Interactive Page DevelopmentDevelopment
Radio buttons to customize a table layout for display of data streams
SPARC SPARC Interactive Interactive Page Page DevelopmentDevelopment•Screen to choose data set and time interval for each table cell.
SPARC Overview Front SPARC Overview Front PagePage
SPARC Overview Front SPARC Overview Front PagePage
Virtual Science Analysis Virtual Science Analysis WorkshopsWorkshops
Scientific Interactions & the Creative Process So much of what we define as the creative science
process is grounded in people interacting with people. Any electronic interaction must not supress or unduly
mechanize human interactions Human dynamics unfold differently online,
affecting the bias-level in discusssions the influence of minority opinion holders and the development of trust essential to scientific
collaborations It would alter the scientific process in ways we do
not fully understand to carry out collaborations solely by electronic medium at this point
Clearly there are many advantages to electronic workshop interactions in science analysis Savings in time and resources (over ever increasing
number of face-to-face meetings) Thoughtfully-designed computer interfaces that provide
seamless access to disparate data sets, common analysis tools, and collaborative software tools may drive a true paradigm shift in science analysis, resulting in:
more frequent and comprehensive integration of data sets in addressing global science issues
more seamless support of data/theory & data/model closure higher productivity and enhanced creative energy focused
on the global & multidisciplinary issues
The optimum strategy is to maintain a balance between virtual & face-to-face interactions
Virtual Science Analysis Virtual Science Analysis WorkshopsWorkshops
Sun-to-Earth CampaignsSun-to-Earth Campaigns
Site serves as clearing-house for campaign information & links
Interna-tional,multi-disciplinary participation
Campaign interactions would benefit from a more powerful interface
Sun-to-EarthInternationalCampaign planned as hybrid of virtual and face-to-faceworkshops incooperationwith SPARC
SPARC workshop interface under development
On-Line JournalsOn-Line Journals Paper is expected to be obsolete in the next several
decades with the perfection of high-resolution portable light screens [Odlyzko, 1997].
The long-term competition will not be between printed journals and computer screens but between printing out on-line journals and reading them on the screen
Many established print journals are moving their traditional journals online (i.e., AGU, Elsevier) and predictions are that they will be phasing printed versions out in a few years
Number of new electronic-only journals is growing The Internet is poised to drive profound changes in
the peer-reviewed, archival reporting of scientific results based on dynamic presentations and multimedia forms.
On-Line JournalsOn-Line Journals
Elsevier is a leader in the transition to electronic access to traditional journals.
It is now offering to archive multi-media supplements to articles
Summary -- The Internet & Summary -- The Internet & Space Weather ResearchSpace Weather Research
There is a diverse and growing collection of space weather sites on the Internet
Provide vital resources for the gradual development and continuous testing of global space weather models against distributed data sources
Internet provides a natural global network for enhancing communications between researchers,
forecasters and users of space weather information supporting multidisciplinary electronic analysis efforts coordinating face-to-face workshops providing a medium for dynamic multimedia
dissemination of scientific findings providing a direct conduit to classrooms and the
public
The Internet as a medium is undergoing dramatic changes, increasing in bandwidth and size usability is improving navigation is becoming increasingly difficult
Navigation on the present web is enhanced by a handful of space weather resource lists (the largest one tracks > 700 sites). Different emphasis - slightly different collections of sites.
Most commercial search engines identify < 50 sites in any search -- when many search engines are run simultaneously they overlap only slightly in their identification of sites
Need a more efficient way of accessing and using this valuable information resource.
Summary -- The Internet & Summary -- The Internet & Space Weather ResearchSpace Weather Research
Summary -- The Internet & Summary -- The Internet & Space Weather ResearchSpace Weather Research
Space Weather gateways are needed to provide seamless access to on-line space weather data sources and web resources. If these gateways are combined with broader workstation tools, interactive analysis tools and collaborative authoring tools, then a powerful interface can be created for space weather research
One advantage to being early-adopters of electronic workshop software applied to science analysis is that we are able to have a major influence on the final form this technology will take; to drive it to a human-centered interface design and make sure it meets the needs of the science community.
With foresight and planning now we can make sure that the uses made of the Internet aid and clarify space weather research rather than confuse or interfere with it.