1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

• Turner ThesisTurner Thesis• Frederick Frederick

Jackson Jackson TurnerTurner

Please Ameliorate the following Please Ameliorate the following sentence:sentence:

• in the late 1800s the United States obtained territories in the late 1800s the United States obtained territories oversea in the pacific ocean and the caribbean sea oversea in the pacific ocean and the caribbean sea hawaii guam puerto rico the philippines and a naval base hawaii guam puerto rico the philippines and a naval base at on cuba at guantanamo Bayat on cuba at guantanamo Bay

Corrected sentence Corrected sentence

• IIn the late 1800sn the late 1800s,, the United States obtained territories the United States obtained territories overseaoverseass in the in the PPacific acific OOcean and the cean and the CCaribbean aribbean SSeaea: : HHawaiiawaii, G, Guamuam, P, Puerto uerto RRicoico,, the the PPhilippineshilippines, , and a naval and a naval base on base on CCuba at uba at GGuantanamo Bay.uantanamo Bay.

The ‘western frontier’ The ‘western frontier’ is closed. is closed. Now what?Now what?

• Americans still had Americans still had the ‘Manifest the ‘Manifest Destiny’ mentality Destiny’ mentality

• The country had The country had pushed the U.S. pushed the U.S. border to the border to the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

• Now what? Where Now what? Where do we go now?do we go now?

European countries European countries were busy were busy

colonializing Asia colonializing Asia and Africaand Africa

What is What is imperialism?imperialism?

• ImperialismImperialism- the policy - the policy in which stronger in which stronger nations extend their nations extend their economic, political, or economic, political, or military control over military control over weaker territories.weaker territories.

Three major factors fueled Three major factors fueled American imperialism American imperialism

• Desire for military strengthDesire for military strength• Desire for new marketsDesire for new markets• Belief in cultural superiority Belief in cultural superiority

Desire for military Desire for military strength strength

• STRONG NAVY = STRONG COUNTRYSTRONG NAVY = STRONG COUNTRY• Alfred T. Mahan- Admiral that Alfred T. Mahan- Admiral that

advised that the US should build advised that the US should build up its own military strength up its own military strength – Wrote “The Influence of Sea Power Wrote “The Influence of Sea Power

upon History”upon History”– Argued that the US needed a strong Argued that the US needed a strong

navy in order to compete with other navy in order to compete with other powerful nationspowerful nations

– As a result, the US builds nine steel As a result, the US builds nine steel ships, becoming the world’s 3ships, becoming the world’s 3rdrd largest naval powerlargest naval power

Alfred T. Mahan

Desire for Desire for new marketsnew markets• Thanks to the Industrial Thanks to the Industrial

Revolution, the US was Revolution, the US was producing more products than producing more products than they could consumethey could consume

• This produced two needs: This produced two needs: – 1. needed raw materials for 1. needed raw materials for

its factoriesits factories– 2. needed new markets (aka 2. needed new markets (aka

new customers to sell to) for new customers to sell to) for its agricultural and its agricultural and manufactured goodsmanufactured goods

• Imperialists viewed foreign trade Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution for over-as the solution for over-production production

Belief in Belief in cultural cultural

superiority superiority • Americans believed Americans believed

that American culture that American culture was superior and was superior and should be shared should be shared

• Some Americans Some Americans argued that the US had argued that the US had a responsibility to a responsibility to spread Christianity and spread Christianity and “civilization” to the “civilization” to the world’s “inferior world’s “inferior people.”people.”

Compare these two Compare these two imagesimages

What different attitudes do these cartoons portray about American Imperialism

Three Major Expansionist Three Major Expansionist EventsEvents

• ““Opening” JapanOpening” Japan• Purchasing AlaskaPurchasing Alaska• Annexing HawaiiiAnnexing Hawaiii

Spanish American War Spanish American War 1898 1898

• USA vs. SPAIN in 1898 USA vs. SPAIN in 1898 • Where do they fight: Cuba and PhilippinesWhere do they fight: Cuba and Philippines• Causes: Causes: 1) Spanish misrule in Cuba1) Spanish misrule in Cuba

2) De Lome Letter2) De Lome Letter 3) Yellow Journalism 3) Yellow Journalism 4) USS Maine blown up4) USS Maine blown upEffects: Effects: 1) USA becomes world Power1) USA becomes world Power 2) USA gets Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico 2) USA gets Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler: Valeriano Weyler: Spanish GeneralSpanish Generalfighting the Cubans…used concentration campsfighting the Cubans…used concentration camps

Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment

• Resolution of the US Resolution of the US Congress, enacted on Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898April 20, 1898

• The US would not The US would not annex Cuba but leave annex Cuba but leave control of it to the control of it to the Cuban peopleCuban people

• (an effort to appease (an effort to appease anti-Imperialists)anti-Imperialists)

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

““Yellow Journalism”Yellow Journalism”

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak weak American Public American Public outraged by Yellow outraged by Yellow Journalists reportage Journalists reportage of this story of this story EFFECT: Americans EFFECT: Americans want to fight a war want to fight a war

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltAssistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Who were the Rough Riders?

•Teddy Roosevelt’s regiment of volunteer soldiers who fought bravely in Cuba. •They achieved great fame after winning several battles including the the Battle of San Juan Hill

Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers

African American regiment formed during the Indian Wars. They fought in Cuba and won five medals of honor

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The Treaty of Paris ends the war with Spain, but fighting continues in the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo: helps Emilio Aguinaldo: helps USA fight Spanish and USA fight Spanish and

then….then….

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

““Come inside you little rascal! I’m tired of chasing you around in the wet” –Uncle SamCome inside you little rascal! I’m tired of chasing you around in the wet” –Uncle SamIn this cartoon, America is portrayed by Uncle Sam. He is trying to persuade Filipino leader In this cartoon, America is portrayed by Uncle Sam. He is trying to persuade Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo to give up and to give up and

come inside the US colonial tent with Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Hawaii. come inside the US colonial tent with Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Hawaii.

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

Taft served as the US Governor of the Philippines.

War in the PhilippinesWar in the Philippines

War in the PhilippinesWar in the PhilippinesThis newspaper headline refers to orders given by US General Jacob H. Smith to “kill everyone over 10” in regards to who should be considered as combatants

Reports also emerged of water-boarding, rape, and mass killings

War in the PhilippinesWar in the Philippines• When rebel leader Aguinaldo turned to When rebel leader Aguinaldo turned to

guerrilla tactics, the US forced Filipinos guerrilla tactics, the US forced Filipinos into designated zonesinto designated zones– Poor sanitation Poor sanitation – StarvationStarvation– Disease Disease – (very same practices that Americans had (very same practices that Americans had

condemned Spain for using in Cuba)condemned Spain for using in Cuba)• Eventually, after three years, US puts Eventually, after three years, US puts

down rebellion down rebellion

This map shows the territories the US won at the end of the Spanish American War. The Spanish territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines came under US control. Cuba would become independent, but in 1901, the Platt Amendment was passed which replaced the earlier Teller Amendment. The Platt Amendment ensured that the US could intervene in Cuba if needed and give America a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with

foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act.. PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated

territory.”territory.” Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases.. Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not

automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act.. Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods

coming into the US.coming into the US. PRs elected theirPRs elected their

own legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the Washington to vote for PR in the House.House.

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown1850 1850 Clayton-Clayton-

BulwerBulwer Treaty Treaty..1901 1901 Hay-Hay-PauncefortePaunceforte Treaty Treaty. . Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..

Panama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”