Spanish Experience on wind energy integration into the grid
Dirección técnica
Alberto Ceña [email protected]
Rio de Janeiro, October 1st, 2013
Spanish Experience on wind energy integration into the grid
1. Wind energy integration in Spain
2. Spanish success in solving issues in wind energy integration
3. Wind energy in the technical/economical system operation
4. R&D cooperation between Latam and EU Countries
5. Conclusions
2
Spanish Experience on wind energy integration into the grid
1. Wind energy integration in Spain
2. Spanish success in solving issues in wind energy integration
3. Wind energy in the technical/economical system operation.
4. R&D cooperation between Latam and EU Countries
5. Conclusions
3
22.785 MW wind energy installed (21% of the total) demand coverage in 2012: 17,4% (48 GWh)
2.3393.495
5.0006.160
8.440
9.991
11.569
15.071
16.682
19.137
20.62421.674
22.785
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
TOTAL ANUAL (MW)
TOTAL ACUMULADA (MW)
MW
4
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
EÓLICA 15.744 20.520 22.684 27.169 31.136 37.889 43.355 42.116 48.156
Cobertura de la demanda (%) 6,2% 7,8% 8,4% 9,7% 10,9% 13,9% 15,5% 15,5% 17,4%
TASA DE VARIACIÓN ANUAL (%) 34,34% 30,33% 10,55% 19,77% 14,60% 21,69% 14,43% -2,86% 14,34%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
GW
h
Fuente: REE
Fuen
te:
REE
Installed capacity in Brasil
0,002,004,006,008,00
10,0012,0014,00 13,20 13,12
2,44 2,34 1,90 1,27 1,12 1,08 0,94 0,92
6,38
8º Colocado
Fonte: GWEC 5
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
3600
4200
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013
Cu
mu
lati
ve M
W
MW
Installed capacity in Brazil
Installed MW Forecast Cumulative Cumul. forecast
Cumulative end 2012: 2,921MW
Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant Consulting - March 2013
Capacidade Instalada em 2012
Wind energy records
Source: REE
Record Value Date
Instant production: 17.014 MW 50,6% of the demand coverage 75% of the power installed
06/02/2013 15:50h
Daily Production 345.011 MWh 40% of the demand coverage
16/01/2013
Monthy Production 6332 GWh 28,5% of the demand coverage
01/2013
Instant demand coverage: 64,25% 13.333 MW
24/09/2012 03:03h
Daily demand coverage 43,81% 302.506 MWh
01/11/2012
Monthly demand coverage 28,5% 6.332 GWh
01/2013
6
Record of wind energy instant production 24/09/2012 – 03:03
64.25 %
Demand coverage – 24/09/2012
Hidro
Nuclear
CC Gas Wind
Others EERR
Coal
Fuente: REE
7
Atendimento à Demanda
Brasil: 1% da Demanda é atendida pela fonte Eólica
Fonte: U.S. Dep. Of Energy – 2011 Report Wind Technologies 8
Brasil: 1% da Demanda é atendida pela fonte Eólica
Fator de Capacidade (%)
48%
59%
71% 70%
56%
46%
57% 52% 52%
43% 39%
44% 43%
27%
35%
42% 44% 43%
34% 38%
34% 36%
31%
24% 25% 26%
22%
28%
33% 36% 37%
29% 31% 27%
29% 24%
16% 15% 17%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2º Fase Total 1º Fase
1ª Fase: Geração PROINFA
Fonte: ABEEólica 9
Brazil tenders 2011-2013
The false myth of cost Cost competitiveness – Effect of long term remuneration
Natural gas: 2011, 2012 Coal: 2013 A-5 only
Fonte: ENEL GP
Spanish Experience on wind energy integration into the grid
1. Wind energy integration in Spain
2. Spanish success in solving issues in wind energy integration
3. Wind energy in the technical/economical system operation.
4. R&D cooperation between Latam and EU Countries
5. Conclusions
11
The electric sector as a whole should be adapted to the new scenario
Traditional concepts:
– Centralized supply by large power plants.
– Power flow from high to low voltage levels.
Future scenarios:
– Increasing distributed power generation.
– Progressive substitution of conventional power plants.
– Bi-directional power flows.
Upgrading and reinforcement of the electrical grid: generation away of the consumption.
REs should be involved in regulation and ancillary services.
Technical requirements should take into consideration the technical characteristics of the equipments and the installations.
110 kV
380/220 kV
20/10 kV
0,4 kV
Netzebene
CHP
H2O
V2G
Druck
€, kWh
It is important to have standards and no
retroactive GRID CODES.
Source: FHG/AEE 12
Critical elements of the integration of wind power into the electric grid, system and market operations
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO CONNECT WIND FARMS TO PUBLIC MAINS: -Power quality: flicker, harmonics, …
- Safety. - Minimum requirements for later technical operations: permanent voltage
control, f/P, LVRT, …
TECHNICAL SYSTEM OPERATION: - Local voltage control.
- Contribution to grid stability. - Regulation and balancing power costs as low as possible.
13
WHOLESALE ELECTRIC MARKET: - Wind power increases market liquidity.
- Day-ahead offers are based on weather forecasting. - Deviations can be compensated in the intra-day markets.
Linhas de Transmissão
1. Superação constante:
– LER 2013 (mudança de metodologia)
– Inclusão de eólicas no A-5 dez/2013 (mudança de metodologia e
risco do consumidor)
– Estudo de Planejamento da Transmissão – EPE – Rio Grande do Sul e
Nordeste
14 Fonte: ABEEólica
Transmission and system operators need to incorporate power from RES
Problems of the system operator: are they real?
Frequency stability Voltage regulation Dynamic stability
• Lacking involvement of RES in balancing power regulation
• Substitution of conventional power plants with voltage control availability
• Risk of voltage unstability in case of sudden low voltage
Increasing penetration of RES
NEW GRID CODES/ Postulation of system services is mandatory
Source: FGH /AEE
15
Figura 8.3.2.1b. Potencia reactiva unitaria en función del desvío unitario de la tensión.
Q/Pan
V/Vbase
Banda muerta
Vconsigna
base
an
vVV
PQKPendiente
/
/
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Cu
rren
t [A
]
Order
Harmonics
Current grid code requirements for wind power
Grid Code requirements:
Active Power
Reactive Power
System perturbation
Protection Concepts
Fault Ride Through
(FRT)
Source: Langstädtler | FGH – Certification
16
Only 5% of the wind power installed in Spain is not adapted to the LVRT grid code
17
GEAR
BOX GRID
900-1900 rpm 50 Hz 15 – 30 rpm
AC DC
DC AC
• Wind farms cannot trip off the grid in case of sudden voltage dips (Grid Code O.P. 12.3)
• WTG and Wind Farms have integrated power electronics to fulfil those requirements.
•Certification and test procurement were jointly developed by AEE and the TSO.
• All the TSOs are concerned by sudden voltage drops and the subsequent risks of instability.
• ¿What is REE worried about? disconnection due to voltage dips and their spread
• P.O.12.3 requirements in grid connection point
• PVVC almost all manufacturers certified with the particular procedure (test), verifying P.O.12.3 on central bars
• Consequences LVRT capability in most PP.EE > P.O.12.3
Fuente :REE
• Localization of the fault voltage dip extension
• Localization of the generation sensitivity to the dip
• R.D. 661/2007 Pinstalled<5%Scc
- RES in RdT
More sensible to the voltage dip
Wind production limited
18
Lost of wind generation 1.150 MW
Voltage dip
Testing wind turbine generators
Barlovento Recursos Naturales has tested more than 100 models of wind turbine generators. Tests of FRT, energy quality, power curve, etc.
19
Testing wind turbine generators
20
The coordinated operation of the system is crucial
21
CECRETSO: Centro de Control centralizado
del Régimen Especial
…
Parque
R.E. 1
Parque
R.E. 2
Parque
R.E. n
CC1 CC2CCn
Solución provisional
• CECRE: REE Control Center of the Renewable Energy
• CC: Control Center of generation.
All wind farms over 10 MW of capacity are controlled by the TSO
22
... WIND FARM
Remot
e
control
VSAT
... WIND FARM
... WIND FARM
HUB
CECRE Point by
Point
Control
Center ADSL
Dedicated line CECRE
REASONS FOR CURTAILMENTS • Overload risks in transmission and distribution grids. • Risks of lost of power by transient instability (LVRT). • Limited short circuit capacity of the installed wind farms which could restrict the operation of
neighbourhood protections. • Excess of generation which cannot be consumed by the demand (limited exchange capacity with
France).
23
• Nov 9th, 2010. Spain. The TSO orders reduce wind energy production
Demand coverage reached in the night
Order to reduce production
Limitation of wind energy production
Spanish Experience on wind energy integration into the grid
1. Wind energy integration in Spain
2. Spanish success in solving issues in wind energy integration
3. Wind energy in the technical/economic system operation.
4. R&D cooperation between Latam and EU Countries
5. Conclusions
24
Ancillary services programmes managed by REE
25
Daily Market
Intra-day Market:
Sessions 1 to 6
Market Operator System Operator
Previous information DM
Reception of nominations
Resolution of technical
constraints
Secondary Regulation
Resolution of technical
constraints
Resolution of technical
constraints
Deviation management
Tertiary Regulation
Day ahead electric market
26
Modification of programmes for complex offers
Production offers not matched in Spain
How did wind power influence day ahead market price in 2011
27
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
PM
D €
/MW
h
HORA
EVOLUCION DE LOS PRECIOS HORARIOS CON LA MAYOR INTEGRACION EOLICA 2011
<1000
1000-2000
2000-3000
3000-4000
4000-5000
5000-6000
6000-7000
7000-8000
8000-9000
9000-10000
>10000
28
GLOBAL
METEOROLOGICAL
DATA
FORECASTERS
WIND FARM
PRODUCTION
FORECASTS
Offer
Unit 1
Offer
Unit 2
Offer 1
Deviation 20% DAY
AHEAD
MARKET<10.00 A.M
Offer 2
Deviation 17% DAY
AHEAD
MARKET<10.00 A.M
REDISPATCHING
INTRA-DAY MARKETS
DEVIATION: 13%
REDISPATCHING
INTRA-DAY MARKETS
DEVIATION: 15%
Wind Farm
Deviation
30 %
Wind Farm
Deviation
30 %
Wind Farm
Deviation
30 %
Wind farms forecast their production for the day market to optimize the balancing power
Desviación PE individual:
30%
Agrupación de ofertas
Desviación grupo de
PPEE: 13%
Source: AEE
LOOP P/f
OPTIMISATION
OF SECONDARY
AND TERTIARY
REGULATION
SERVICES
Minutes/3 hours
FREQUENCY
CONTROL
OPTIMISATION
OF PRIMARY
REGULATION
SERVICES
Seconds
MACHINES AND
INSTALLATIONS
ADAPTED FOR
TRANSITORY
STABILITY
DIP
VOLTAGES
Milise-
conds
PLANT AVAILABILITY
PRODUCTION FORECAST
TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS BEFORE
DAILY MARKET
NON-APPLICABLE*
Variable
generation
OPTIMUM PRODUCTION PROGRAMME
DAILY
INTRA-DAY RODUCTION ADJUSTMENS
INTRA-DAY
OPTIMISATION OF SPINNING RESERVES
Days
ON LINE TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS
DEVIATION MANAGEMENT
BEFRORE CLOSING MARKETS
Wind energy forecasts help the ancillary services
29
Average deviation of wind farms offers is between -13% and +11%
30
-5000
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000RE Eolico medida-programa
RE Eolico medida-programa
Fuente: ESIOS
Deviations of the load are still much more important than wind power differences
31
In absolute terms, the deviation of the demand is
much more important than the wind generation one,
which, moreover, tends to decrease.
2.9353.937
2.959
1.096
1.0411.564
2.269
5.1047.269
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
2008 2009 2010
GW
h
Net demand deviation
Wind Energy deviation helping the System
Wind Energy deviation against the System
4.031 4.978 4.523
13,3%12,4%
11,0% 10,7%
0,8%
1,9%2,6% 3,7%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
2008 2009 2010 2011
% Wind Energy Deviation
% Demand Deviation
De
via
tio
n (
%)
Spanish Experience on wind energy integration into the grid
1. Wind energy integration in Spain
2. Spanish success in solving issues in wind energy integration
3. Wind energy in the technical/economical system operation.
4. R&D cooperation between Latam and EU Countries
5. Conclusions
32
1. Advanced control systems for wind farms
2. Monitoring and prediction of voltage dips. Applications of voltage control systems.
3. Studies of the impact and operation of a system with high wind penetration.
4. Improvement of the use of the energy production forecasting for system operation.
5. Specific analysis of electric systems in islands.
6. Load management strategies: electric vehicles, demand side, …
R&D Priorities in Grid Integration
MAIN OBJECTIVE: LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION OF WIND POWER
High penetration (>
20%)
System reliability
Low integration
costs
Concerns: - Wind farms. - Wind farm clusters. - Large scale integration into power systems (regional to international level)
Compulsory: the R&D process must involve systems operators.
SMALL-SCALE INTEGRATION. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION WITH
WIND POWER
Smart grid concept
It is better to count with the participation of distribution
system operators.
Concerns: - Domestic applications - Industrial applications
R&D cooperation between Latam and EU countries
Research topics Objectives Description
Wind power plant capabilities.
Enable wind farms to be operated, as far as possible, like conventional power plants.
Elaboration of adequate and harmonized grid codes requirements (voltage dips, ramp rate control, voltage control and frequency response)
Grid planning and operation.
- Ensure acceptable connection condition for wind farms: timeframe, curtailment. - Evaluate the impact of wind power on other energy sources.
- Identify needs in grid infrastructure. - Operation and interoperability (operational tools
for data acquisition) - Models / simulation tools. - (Transmission for offshore wind power)
Energy & power management.
Develop technical and market mechanism to improve electric systems flexibility
- Management tools (based on IT) - Study of options for ancillary services and power
balancing. - Impact of high wind penetration on electric
system. - Scenarios for a 100% renewables
Distributed wind-power, Smart-Grid concept.
Enable small and mid-size wind power penetration.
- Evaluation the adaptability of existing infrastructure to the smart grid requisites.
- Development of communication tools and protocols.
- Enhance demand side management.
Wind energy integration: Research topics proposal
Spanish Experience on wind energy integration into the grid
1. Wind energy integration in Spain
2. Spanish success in solving issues in wind energy integration
3. Wind energy in the technical/economical system operation.
4. R&D cooperation between Latam and EU Countries
5. Conclusions
36
Conclusions
Integration of wind power into the grid is a clear opportunity for
collaboration taking into consideration the experiences on both Atlantic
sides.
Collaboration among technical centers, electrical companies and the wind
sector is essential to increase and facilitate the integration of wind
electricity into the grid.
Besides technical collaboration, standardization and certification open
opportunities of joint projects with the involvement of third LATAM
countries.
Cost reduction, hybrid projects and simplification and extensive use of
power electronics will allow a better involvement of wind energy in voltage
control and ancillary services.
Active participation in the electricity market, use of weather forecasting
and evaluation of technical and economic exchanges with neighbor
systems (at short term with Uruguay) are also areas of clear interest.
37
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