SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management

SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management

Prof. Rajib Shaw, Keio University, Japan

Ms. Ambika Dabral

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Date: 21-09-21

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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management

Outline of the Module


Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this course do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part

of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Prevention & mitigation

Preparedness

01

02 04

03 05

Disaster management and

disaster risk management

Response

Disaster recovery

06

Evolution of roles of

NGOs in DRR

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Disaster management and disaster risk management

• Disaster management is the organization,

planning and application of measures

preparing for, responding to and recovering

from disasters (UNDRR, 2016)

• Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is the

application of DRR policies and strategies to

prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing

disaster risk and manage residual risk,

contributing to the strengthening of

resilience and reduction of disaster losses(UNDRR, 2016)

SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Management

Fig 1. Conceptualization of Disaster risk management cycle

(GIDM,2020)

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Key phases


Fig 2. Spiral phases of pandemic management (Fakhruddin et al.,

2020)

• Activities under them serve specific

purpose and should be well-

integrated

• In practice, it may not always be

possible to distinguish one phase

from another

• In practice, transition of one phase

to another may not always be cyclic

• Example, pandemic management

follows spiral transition, cascading

or simultaneous disasters

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Prevention


• Prevention aims at avoiding existing and new

disaster risks (UNDRR, 2016)

• Prevention measures and actions are targeted to

completely avoid potential adverse impacts of

hazardous events

• These can also be taken during or after a disaster to

prevent secondary hazards or their consequences

• These can include structural or non-structural

measures

Fig 3. Illustration of risk prevention (Investopedia)

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Mitigation


• Mitigation aims at lessening or

minimizing of the adverse impacts of a

hazardous event (UNDRR, 2016)

• Unlike prevention, here the focus is on

substantially reducing the scale and

severity of adverse impacts of an

hazardous event which could not be

prevented

• Mitigation measures can be both

structural or non-structural

Structural measures

• Physical construction

• Use engineering techniques

or technology

Non-structural measures

• No physical construction

• Use knowledge, research,

policies, agreements,

awareness

Fig 4. Structural and non-structural measures (UNDRR, 2016)

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Preparedness


• Preparedness aims at developing knowledge and capacities of governments, response and

recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to

and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters (UNDRR, 2016)

• It is not aimed at averting the occurrence of a disaster

Fig 5. Disaster preparedness session in Africa

(IFRC) Fig 6. Hands-on training of school children on fire

fighting in India (Focus Humanitarian)

Fig 7. Common signage for

emergency evacuation

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Preparing for effective response: Community based Organisations in Japan


Four types of CBOs:

• Suibo-dan (Flood Fighting)

• Syobo-dan (Fire Fighting): Over 900,000

active volunteer fire corps across Japan- six

times higher than career firefighters

• Jisyubo (Earthquake Disaster Management)

• Non-Governmental Organisations

• The indigenous knowledge is transferred from

generation to generation

• Their roles and responsibilities as part-time

government staff (including the compensation and

allowances)- clearly defined as per the Fire

Defense Organization Act.

Fig 8. Schematic understanding of different levels of help

Date: DD-MM-YY

(Font size- 20; Type- Times New Roman)

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Response


• Includes actions taken directly before,

during or immediately after a disaster

• Strives to save lives, reduce health

impacts, ensure public safety and meet

basic subsistence needs of the people

affected (UNDRR, 2016)

• Focuses on immediate and short-term

needs

• Undertaken by specialized agencies and

forces, called emergency services

• Community considered as first-responders

• Guided by rapid damage and needs

assessment

Transport

Early warning &

disseminationEvacuation

Fire fighting Search and rescue

Medical care Relief management

Public safety and law &

order

Restoration of servicesManagement of oil and

other hazardous material

Management of relief

camps

Dignified management

of the dead

Fig 9. Common Emergency Support Functions (ESFs)

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Response (contd.)


Fig 10. Search and rescue

operation in Jordan (JNRCS,

2016)

Fig 11. Monitoring and

verification of distributed

relief with the affected

communities post floods in

Yemen (IFRC, 2021)

Fig 12. Flood rescue in Saudi

Arabia (Arab News, 2019) Fig 13. Rescue operation during cyclone Mekunu in

Oman (The Watchers, 2018)

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Role of NGOs in emergency relief: Lessons from Japan

SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management (Source: Sakamoto, 2012 and Shaw,2014 )

Post Kobe Earthquake, 1995:

Significance of volunteer

coordinating systems

Creation of “disaster volunteer council”,

“Shakai Fukushi Kyougikai” = Council

of Social Welfare

Need for legislations to facilitate

activities of NGOs, volunteers

Law to Promote Specified Nonprofit Activities,

certifications of Non-Profit Organizations

(NPOs), Provision of tax benefits

Great East Japan Earthquake, 2011:

2011> Era of NGOs/NPOsNew Public Commons: NGOs/NPOs liaison sat in

Government on-site HQ in Miyagi Prefecture

coordinating with government, private agencies, and

other NGOs/NPOs

NGOs/NPOs helped in :

assessment, provision of relief

items, relief distribution, search

& rescue, supporting evacuation

centres, children support, etc.

Creation of logistics support system-

“Tono Magokoro Network”= Tono City

Disaster Relief Network

Mobilizing unaffected communities to

support the affected ones.

Use of community radios: Disaster warning,

evacuation advisories, information on relief-

support, exchange of residents' opinion,

supporting psycho-social and physical health

assistance

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Disaster recovery


• Recovery aims at restoring or improving

livelihoods and health, as well as economic,

physical, social, cultural and environmental

assets, systems and activities of a disaster-

affected community (UNDRR, 2016)

• Recovery is guided and informed by Post-

Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA)

• Recovery measures should be aligned with the

principles of sustainable development and

build back better and greener for preventing

or mitigating future disaster risk (*need for

integration of new risks)

• It includes rehabilitation and reconstruction

Fig 14. Sustainable approach to disaster recovery

(IFRC, 2011)

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Disaster recovery (contd.)


PDNA

• Mechanism for joint assessment

and recovery planning after a

disaster

• Analyses sectoral damages, loss, and

impacts of the disaster

• Identifies recovery needs across

identified sectors(GFDRR et al, 2017)

Build back better and greener

• Use of disaster recovery measures to

enhance the resilience of affected

community

• Integrating DRR measures into the

restoration of physical infrastructure

and societal systems, and into the

revitalization of livelihoods,

economies and the environment.(UNDRR, 2016)

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Rehabilitation and reconstruction


• Rehabilitation is the restoration of basic

services and facilities for the functioning of a

disaster-affected community (UNDRR, 2016)

• Reconstruction involves medium- and long-

term rebuilding and sustainable restoration

of resilient critical infrastructures, services,

housing, facilities and livelihoods required

for the full functioning of a disaster-affected

community (UNDRR, 2016)Fig 15. Community-based reconstruction post Typhoon

Haiyan in the Philippines (World Bank, 2015)

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Ishinomaki Disaster Recovery Assistant Council (IDRAC)


Fig 16.Ishinomaki City Disaster Recovery Council,

(Sakamoto 2012)

Great East Japan Earthquake, 2011

• Ishinomaki city-severely affected by Tsunami

and lost office building of its Social Welfare

Council

• A new coordination system (NPO) to

integrate NGOs and volunteers

• Registering and coordinating with volunteers

• Liaison with Municipal Government

• Issue oriented and large scale coordination

system

• NGOs divided the areas to work on

• Recruited human resources and equipment

for clearing debris

• Aided in early recovery

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Evolution of roles of NGOs in DRRNGOs emerge to use disasters as entry points for social and policy change where they first

enter for supporting humanitarian aid while gradually advocating the need of vulnerable

groups and for invest more in proactive DRR (Luna, 2001)

Fig 17. Evolution of NGOs from humanitarian aid to disaster risk reduction (Lassa, et al, 2018)


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Roles of NGOs in DRR (contd.)

Fig 18. Conceptual model of

understanding roles of NGOs and

coordination mechanism in DRR

(Adapted from Shaw, 2003)


Inter-agency Groups for sectoral

assessment, response and recovery

Supporting multi-

stakeholder coordination

and cooperation

Supporting and

promoting

community-based

initiatives

Connect with the last

mile

Acting as bridge and supporting localization

of risk-informed interventions

Enhancing the

understanding of local

risk and advocacy

Understanding local

needs and challenges

Thank you

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BSC-02 Global/regional frameworks

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