SPE DISTINGUISHEDis funded
through a gthrough a g
SPE FOUThe Society gratef
those companies thatby allowing the
to participate
And special thanks to The Americapand Petroleum Engineers (AIME) fo
D LECTURER SERIESprincipallygrant of thegrant of the
NDATIONfully acknowledgest support the programir professionalsas Lecturers.
an Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,g gor their contribution to the program.
Cementing PaA Local Solution to
SPSPInternat
David J. Mack, MaraDavid J. Mack, Mara
aradigm Shift: a Global Problem
EEtional
athon Oil Co., SPEathon Oil Co., SPE
Out
Introduction Introduction Cement strength requCement strength requCement strength requCement strength requSolving a consequentSolving a consequentL b kL b kLab workupLab workupField examplesField examplesEconomicsEconomicsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions
tline
uirementsuirementsuirementsuirementstial problemtial problem
IntrodIntrodArea of
uctionuctionInterest
IntrodIntrodCement Job
Cement across low frCement across low frProvide zonal isolatioProvide zonal isolatioProvide zonal isolatioProvide zonal isolatiozoneszonesStand up to stresses inStand up to stresses inStand up to stresses inStand up to stresses inhydraulic fracturinghydraulic fracturingE i lE i lEconomicalEconomical
uctionuctionb Objectivesrac gradient shalesrac gradient shaleson for multiple payon for multiple payon for multiple pay on for multiple pay
ncurred duringncurred duringncurred during ncurred during
IntrodIntrodHistory of Gas Sha
TwoTwo--stage jobsstage jobsThixotropic slurriesThixotropic slurriesThixotropic slurriesThixotropic slurriesMicrospheresMicrospheresFFFoamFoamSilicateSilicate--extendedextended
uctionuctionale Well Cementing
IntrodIntrodLightweight Silicat
Original Lightweight S
Density (ppg) Yield (ft3/11.5 2.91
12.0 2.48
12.5 2.15
13.0 1.91
13 5 1 7113.5 1.71
uctionuctionte-Based Cement
Silicate Cement (80°F)72-Hour Compressive Strength
/sk)72 Hour Compressive Strength
(psi)470
700
1,050
1,550
1 9411,941
Cement StrengtCement StrengtNormally consider onNormally consider onNormally consider onNormally consider oncompressive strengthcompressive strength2,000 to 5,000 psi is t2,000 to 5,000 psi is t, , p, , pTensile and flexural sTensile and flexural s8 psi tensile strength 8 psi tensile strength p gp gcasing string (equatescasing string (equatespsi compressive strenpsi compressive strenC ki f ilC ki f ilCracking failures are Cracking failures are the use of lowthe use of low--densitydensitystrength cementstrength cementstrength cement strength cement
h Requirementsh Requirementsnly unconfinednly unconfinednly unconfined nly unconfined
typical requirementtypical requirementyp qyp qstrength also importantstrength also importantrequired to support a required to support a q ppq pps to approximately 100 s to approximately 100 ngth)ngth)
ll b li i d i hll b li i d i hall but eliminated with all but eliminated with y and lowy and low--compressive compressive
IntroduIntroduLightweight Silicat
12 ppg density12 ppg density12 ppg density12 ppg densityCement 4,000 feet plus iCement 4,000 feet plus iV i lV i lVery economical versus Very economical versus other cement blendsother cement blendsUsed on over 2000 wellsUsed on over 2000 wells
uctionuctionte-Based Cement
in single stagein single stagej b dj b dtwotwo--stage cement jobs and stage cement jobs and
s since 1998s since 1998
Consequent
The problem:The problem:–– Cement sheath with 7Cement sheath with 7
strength can’t be “seestrength can’t be “seelogging equipment avlogging equipment avBasinBasinBasinBasin
–– Longer waitingLonger waiting--onon--ceceadditional strength deadditional strength degg
–– Result is several daysResult is several dayswellwell
tial Problem
700 psi compressive 700 psi compressive en” with conventional CBL en” with conventional CBL vailable in the Appalachian vailable in the Appalachian
ement time required for ement time required for evelopmentevelopmentpps of lost production per s of lost production per
Free
PipePipe
Channel - ?
Good BondBond
How Can WCem
Compressive strengCompressive strengCompressive strengCompressive strengattenuation relationattenuation relation
G l 1 000 iG l 1 000 i–– Goal: 1,000 psi comGoal: 1,000 psi comshould yield enougshould yield enoug
hi ihi ito achieve attenuatito achieve attenuati
We See The ment?
gth and acousticgth and acousticgth and acoustic gth and acoustic nshipnship
i hi hmpressive strength mpressive strength gh acoustic impedance gh acoustic impedance iiionion
How Can We Se
Compressive strength anCompressive strength anCompressive strength anCompressive strength anrelationship.relationship.
1 000 i i t1 000 i i t1,000 psi compressive str1,000 psi compressive strenough acoustic impedanenough acoustic impedan
e The Cement?
nd acoustic attenuationnd acoustic attenuationnd acoustic attenuation nd acoustic attenuation
th h ld i ldth h ld i ldrength should yield rength should yield nce to achieve attenuationnce to achieve attenuation
Lab WLab WObjectives For
1,000 psi compressiv1,000 psi compressivCBL must “see” it in CBL must “see” it in 12 ppg density12 ppg densityppg yppg yNormal thickening timNormal thickening timEasy to mix and pumEasy to mix and pumEasy to mix and pumEasy to mix and pum
WorkupWorkupr New Cement
e strengthe strength72 hours72 hours
memempmpmpmp
Lab WLab WChem
Compressive strengthCompressive strengthusing Class A/Type I using Class A/Type I
Pozzolan powder discPozzolan powder discppat concentration up toat concentration up to
Changing portland ceChanging portland ceIII cement played a laIII cement played a lap yp ycompressive strength compressive strength
WorkupWorkupmistryh hurdle tough at first h hurdle tough at first
cement @ 12 ppgcement @ 12 ppg
covered to be effective covered to be effective o 10%o 10%
ements to ASTM Type ements to ASTM Type arge role in achieving arge role in achieving g gg ggoalgoal
Lab WLab WNew Blend Slu
WorkupWorkupurry Properties
Lab WNew SlurryNew Slurry
Thickening Time, HrThickening Time, Hrg ,g ,Temperature, Temperature, 00FFPressure psiPressure psiPressure, psiPressure, psiFree Water @ 90Free Water @ 9000, m, mTime to 50 psi, Hr:MTime to 50 psi, Hr:MTime to 500 psi, Hr:MTime to 500 psi, Hr:Mpp24 Hr Strength, psi24 Hr Strength, psi48 Hr Strength psi48 Hr Strength psi48 Hr Strength, psi48 Hr Strength, psi72 Hr Strength, psi72 Hr Strength, psi
Workupy Propertiesy Propertiesr:Minr:Min 2:412:41
80801000100010001000
mlml 00MinMin 1:451:45MinMin 8:518:51
63063090190190190110101010
Lab WoNew Slurry ComprNew Slurry Compr
1400
1600
1800
sisi
1300
1185
1000
1200
1400
tren
gth,
ps
tren
gth,
ps
630
875880 901
600
800
1000
pres
sive
St
pres
sive
St
387
567
200
400Com
pC
omp
00 24 48
Tim
orkuppressive Strengthsressive Strengths
1625
1345
1057
12761307
10431010
700
1010
50:50:2 14.5 ppg
Corporate Lab
Region Lab
Original LWSC
72 96 120 144
me, hr
Field ExamField ExamKanawha C
Good bond log according to CBL/VDL over this intervalover this interval toward the bottom of the hole. The log was run about 96 hours after the plug was down on the 4-1/2 production casing cement jobcement job.
mple WV-1mple WV 1County, WV
195 sacks
TD = 5,750 ft.
Fill = 3 230 ftFill = 3,230 ft.
Field ExamField ExamKanawha C
Fair to good bond log according to CBL/VDL over this intervalover this interval toward the bottom of the hole. The log was run about 80 hours after the plug was down.
mple WV-2mple WV 2County, WV
184 sacks
TD = 5,499 ft.
Fill = 3 549 ftFill = 3,549 ft.
EconomEconomCycle Time
100 well program, IF100 well program, IFGas sells for $5 00/MGas sells for $5 00/MGas sells for $5.00/MGas sells for $5.00/MLost production days Lost production days 5 d ll 5005 d ll 5005 days per well = 5005 days per well = 500500 days x $1000/we500 days x $1000/we
ics Ofics Of…e Reduction
P = 200 MSCFP = 200 MSCFMSCFMSCFMSCFMSCF
= ($1000)/day cash flow= ($1000)/day cash flow0 d /0 d /0 days/year0 days/yearell = ($500,000)ell = ($500,000)
EconomEconomCycle Time
New slurry costs $1,5New slurry costs $1,5100 wells x $1,500 = 100 wells x $1,500 = Reduce WOC time byReduce WOC time byReduce WOC time byReduce WOC time byNet value = $500k Net value = $500k -- $$
ics Ofics Of…e Reduction
500 more500 more$150,000$150,000
y 5 days per welly 5 days per welly 5 days per welly 5 days per well$150k = $350k$150k = $350k
ConcluConclu
Cement does not need seCement does not need secompressive strengthcompressive strength
usionsusions
everal thousand psi everal thousand psi
ConcluConclu
Cement does not need seCement does not need secompressive strengthcompressive strengthCement blend @ 12 ppgCement blend @ 12 ppghourshours
usionsusions
everal thousand psi everal thousand psi
g achieved 1,000 psi in 72 g achieved 1,000 psi in 72
ConcluConclu
Cement does not need seCement does not need secompressive strengthcompressive strengthCement blend @ 12 ppgCement blend @ 12 ppghourshoursNew Pozzolan powder aNew Pozzolan powder aIII cement proved to be eIII cement proved to be eppcompressive strength of compressive strength of
usionsusions
everal thousand psi everal thousand psi
g achieved 1,000 psi in 72 g achieved 1,000 psi in 72
and switch to ASTM Type and switch to ASTM Type effective in improving effective in improving p gp gsystemsystem
ConcluConclu
Oilfield casing need not Oilfield casing need not with API cementswith API cementswith API cementswith API cements
usionsusions
be cemented exclusively be cemented exclusively
ConcluConclu
Oilfield casing need not Oilfield casing need not with API cementswith API cementswith API cementswith API cementsField application successField application success
usionsusions
be cemented exclusively be cemented exclusively
sfulsful
ConcluConclu
Oilfield casing need not Oilfield casing need not with API cementswith API cementswith API cementswith API cementsField application successField application success
h fl i d fh fl i d fCash flow improved for Cash flow improved for
usionsusions
be cemented exclusively be cemented exclusively
sfulsfullllarge programlarge program
Thi P i tThis Point
API class cement mayAPI class cement mayavailableavailable
t F dt Forward
y no longer be y no longer be
Thi P i tThis Point
API class cement mayAPI class cement mayavailableavailableMust develop cementMust develop cementconstruction type cemconstruction type cemypyp
t F dt Forward
y no longer be y no longer be
t blends using ASTM t blends using ASTM ment.ment.
Thi P i tThis Point
API class cement mayAPI class cement mayavailableavailableMust develop cementMust develop cementconstruction type cemconstruction type cemypypLook to other industriLook to other industrisolutionssolutionssolutionssolutions
t F dt Forward
y no longer be y no longer be
t blends using ASTM t blends using ASTM ment.ment.ies for potential ies for potential
Thi P i tThis Point
API class cement mayAPI class cement mayavailableavailableMust develop cementMust develop cementconstruction type cemconstruction type cemypypLook to other industriLook to other industrisolutionssolutionssolutionssolutionsChange our paradigmChange our paradigm
t F dt Forward
y no longer be y no longer be
t blends using ASTM t blends using ASTM ment.ment.ies for potential ies for potential
mm
Thankk You