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Specialist training of Saudi Arabian doctors

in Sweden

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Table of Contents

1. Sweden – Facts and Figures ............................................................................................................................... 4

2. The Swedish Higher Education System ............................................................................................................... 5

2.1. General ............................................................................................................................................................... 5

2.2. Quality assurance ............................................................................................................................................... 5

2.3. Access and admission to higher education ......................................................................................................... 5

2.4. Degree-awarding powers ................................................................................................................................... 6

2.5. Qualifications ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.5.1. General qualifications ................................................................................................................................. 7 2.5.2. Grading ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

3. County councils & University hospitals ............................................................................................................ 11

4. Skåne University Hospital ................................................................................................................................ 12

4.1. Skåne University Hospital ................................................................................................................................. 12

4.2. Skåne Care ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 4.2.1. Specialist Medical Training........................................................................................................................ 12 4.2.2. Program description ................................................................................................................................. 13 4.2.3. Table of definitions ................................................................................................................................... 14 4.2.4. Requirements ............................................................................................................................................ 14 4.2.5. Table of current fields and positions offered: ........................................................................................... 16 4.2.6. Relocation and Language .......................................................................................................................... 17

5. Sahlgrenska University Hospital ....................................................................................................................... 19

5.1. Sahlgrenska International Care AB ................................................................................................................... 19

5.2. Sahlgrenska University Hospital ....................................................................................................................... 19

5.3. Swedish Specialist Medical Training Program .................................................................................................. 20 5.3.1. Conditions & Facts .................................................................................................................................... 20

5.4. Postgraduate Specialist Program in Dentistry .................................................................................................. 21

5.5. Postgraduate Program in Orthodontics ........................................................................................................... 22

5.6. Postgraduate Program in Periodontology ........................................................................................................ 23 5.6.1. General Information: ................................................................................................................................ 23

6. Karolinska University Hospital- Facts and figures ............................................................................................. 25

6.1. Karolinska Institutet (Medical University) ........................................................................................................ 25

6.2. Karolinska University Hospital .......................................................................................................................... 25 6.2.1. Specialist training ...................................................................................................................................... 25 6.2.2. Executive and Professional Education ...................................................................................................... 25

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6.2.3. The Department of Dental Medicine ........................................................................................................ 26

7. Umeå University Hospital- Facts and figures .................................................................................................... 32

7.1. Umeå University Hospital ................................................................................................................................. 32 7.1.1. Master Program in Biomedicine ............................................................................................................... 33 7.1.2. Master of Public Health Program .............................................................................................................. 33 7.1.3. Research, development and education .................................................................................................... 34

7.2. Umeå University- Faculty of Medicine .............................................................................................................. 34 7.2.1. Departments ............................................................................................................................................. 35 7.2.2. Science Centers ......................................................................................................................................... 35 7.2.3. Doctoral Studies ........................................................................................................................................ 35

8. Uppsala University Hospital- Facts and figures ................................................................................................. 37

8.1. Faculty of Medicine .......................................................................................................................................... 37 8.1.1. Departments: ............................................................................................................................................ 37

8.2. Faculty of Pharmacy ......................................................................................................................................... 38 8.2.1. Departments: ............................................................................................................................................ 39

8.3. University Hospital ........................................................................................................................................... 39 8.3.1. Clinical Training ......................................................................................................................................... 40 8.3.2. Research .................................................................................................................................................... 41 8.3.3. Uppsala Clinical Research Center – UCR ................................................................................................... 41

9. Örebro University Hospital- Facts and figures .................................................................................................. 42

9.1. Faculty of Medicine and Health ........................................................................................................................ 42

9.2. Education .......................................................................................................................................................... 42

9.3. University Hospital ........................................................................................................................................... 42 9.3.1. Cardiovascular Research Centre (CVRC) ................................................................................................... 45 9.3.2. FAMN ........................................................................................................................................................ 45 9.3.3. Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC)......................................................... 45 9.3.4. Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre ................................................................................... 45 9.3.5. Older people´s health and living conditions - from cell to society............................................................ 46 9.3.6. Perioperative Nursing ............................................................................................................................... 46 9.3.7. Public Health Economics and Research - for Practice, Policy and Politics (PHEAR-3P) ............................. 46

10. Linköping University Hospital- Facts and figures ............................................................................................ 48

10.1. The Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) .............................................................................................................. 48

10.2. Special training in the Region of Östergötland ............................................................................................... 48 10.2.2. Courses.................................................................................................................................................... 48 10.2.3. Research .................................................................................................................................................. 48 10.2.4. Leadership and Development ................................................................................................................. 49

10.3. Linköping University Hospital ......................................................................................................................... 50 10.3.1. ST training in Orthodontics ..................................................................................................................... 51

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1. Sweden – Facts and Figures

Sweden is officially known as the Kingdom of Sweden (in Swedish: Konungariket Sverige) is a Scandinavian country in Northern part of Europe. Sweden borders are Norway from the west and Finland from the east. Sweden is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.

Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.7 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometer (54/sq mi), with the population mostly concentrated in the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population lives in urban areas. Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested.

Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy, with the Monarch as the head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country. Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities.

Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. It has the world's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous comparisons of national performance, including quality of life, health, education, protection of civil liberties, economic competitiveness, equality, prosperity and human development.

Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995, but remains outside the Eurozone. It is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

(Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

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2. The Swedish Higher Education System

2.1. General

Higher education institutions have great autonomy in the organization of studies, use of resources and general administration. The Government may award the status of universities to higher education institutions that meet certain criteria.

Independent higher education providers may apply for recognition by the Government, obtain degree awarding powers and receive state funds.

Qualifications from all higher education institutions that are recognized by the Government have equal official value. The same law governs all state higher education institutions. All Swedish degrees are issued in accordance with the same degree ordinances.

2.2. Quality assurance

The Swedish National Agency for Higher Education is responsible for the quality assurance system for higher education. Evaluation reports are public.

2.3. Access and admission to higher education

Higher education within all cycles has two strata of entry requirements: general and (additional) specific requirements. General eligibility to the first cycle is the same for all higher education.

General eligibility is attained either by completing an upper-secondary school program, completed adult education at upper secondary school level or having the potential to benefit from the education, by virtue of other education, practical experience or other circumstances.

The specific requirements vary according to the field of higher education and are in general expressed in terms of upper-secondary school qualifications in specific subjects. Restricted admission is used for all study programs and courses.

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2.4. Degree-awarding powers

Universities have the general right to award first-, second- and third-cycle qualifications. A small number of university colleges has been awarded the general right to award first and second cycle qualifications, as well as the right to award third cycle qualifications in specific domain/s.

Other state university colleges have the right to award first cycle qualifications and (magisterexamen) but must apply to the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education for the right to award (masterexamen) and third cycle qualifications.

University colleges that are self-governing and independent, as well as the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and the Swedish National Defense College, must apply to the Government for the entitlement to award all qualifications.

With regard to first- and second-cycle vocational or professional or qualifications in fine, applied and performing arts qualifications both state universities and university colleges must apply to the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education for degree awarding powers.

2.5. Qualifications

All courses and study programs are placed within one of three cycles: the first, second or third cycle. All qualifications are placed within one of the three cycles. Higher education within the first and second cycles is provided in the form of courses. Courses may be grouped together into programs with varying levels of individual choice. Students themselves are also able to combine different courses towards a degree. A course syllabus is required for each course within the first and second cycle and a program syllabus for each study program. Educational cycle, number of credits and intended learning outcomes has to be specified for each course.

Sweden has a system of credits (högskolepoäng); a normal 40-week academic year corresponds to 60 credits. The system is compatible with ECTS credits. In the qualification ordinances, the government has laid down which qualifications may

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be awarded and the scope, the objectives as well as intended learning outcomes for these qualifications.

In the Swedish higher education system there are generally no intermediate qualifications. All qualifications are regarded as final, even if there is a possibility to continue studying. There are three categories of qualifications: 1. general, 2. in fine, applied and performing arts and 3. professional qualifications. Translations into English of all titles of qualifications are regulated at the national level. An institution of higher education may decide to add a prefix to a qualification title e.g. filosofie kandidatexamen or medicine doktorsexamen or/and add a major field of studies e.g. civilingenjörs examen i maskinteknik.

2.5.1. General qualifications

First cycle: 1. Högskoleexamen (Higher Education Diploma) requires 120 credits and a

diploma project. 2. Kandidatexamen: (Degree of Bachelor) requires 180 credits in a defined

specialization determined by each higher education institution itself. At least 90 credits, including an independent project of 15 credits, with in-depth studies have to be completed in the main field of study.

Second cycle: 1. Magisterexamen: (Degree of Master (60 credits)) requires a defined

specialization determined by each higher education institution itself. At least 30 credits have to be completed in the main field of study including an independent project of 15 credits. In addition, normally the student must hold either a kandidatexamenor a professional degree of at least 180 credits or an equivalent foreign degree.

2. Masterexamen: (Degree of Master (120 credits) requires a defined specialization determined by each higher education institution itself. At least 60 credits have to be completed in the main field of study including an

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independent project of at least 30 credits. In addition, in general, the student must hold either a kandidatexamen or a professional degree of at least 180 credits or an equivalent foreign degree. General admission requirements to second-cycle studies are: qualification within the first cycle of at least 180 credits or a corresponding foreign qualification. In addition, admission may be granted to an applicant who has the potential to benefit from the education, by virtue of other educational achievements, practical experience or other circumstances.

Qualifications in fine, applied and performing arts: Qualifications in fine, applied and performing arts are awarded within all three cycles.

1. First cycle: konstnärlig högskoleexamen(Higher Education Diploma) and konstnärlig kandidatexamen (Degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts)

2. Second cycle: konstnärlig magisterexamen (Degree of Master of Fine Arts (60 credits)) and konstnärlig masterexamen (Degree of Master of Fine Arts (120 credits)).

3. Two third-cycle qualifications are awarded: konstnärlig licentiatexamen(Degree of Licentiate) and konstnärlig doctors examen (Degree of Doctor).

Professional qualifications: Professional qualifications are awarded in the fields of engineering, health care, agriculture, law, education, etc. Professional qualifications may be offered within either the first or the second cycle. With a few exceptions, general entry requirements to professional degrees are the same as to general first-cycle qualification. Programs leading to professional qualifications may vary in length depending on their content and may stretch over two cycles.

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Third cycle: The higher education institutions decide which subjects may be offered within the third cycle. For every subject, a general study plan should be drawn up. The study plan must state the principal organization of the studies, the specific admission requirements and other necessary regulations.

Two qualifications are offered within the third cycle:

1. Licentiatexamen (Degree of Licentiate) requires at least 120 credits including a thesis of at least 60 credits. A higher education institution may also decide that a licentiatexamen can be awarded as an intermediate degree towards doktorsexamen.

2. Doktorsexamen (Degree of Doctor) requires 240 credits including a thesis of at least 120 credits. The thesis has to be defended publicly.

For admission to the third cycle the applicant has to be deemed to have ability to benefit from the education and meet the general requirements to the third cycle:

1. A second cycle qualification

2. Completed course requirements of at least 240 credits of which 60 credits within the second cycle or

3. Equivalent level of knowledge acquired in Sweden or abroad, as well as specific requirements at the institutional level.

Transitional provisions: Rules for admission to the third cycle were changed from 1 July 2007. A person who met general requirements for admission before 1 July 2007 should be considered as eligible for admission until 30 June 2015.The general entry requirements before 1 July 2007 were a completed undergraduate program of at least 120 credits (equivalent to 180 current higher education credits) or largely equivalent knowledge acquired in some other system in this country or abroad.

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2.5.2. Grading

There is no national grading system in Sweden. The higher education institutions may determine which grading system is to be used. No overall grade is given for a degree and students are not ranked.

(Source: The Swedish National Agency for Higher Education)

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3. County councils & University hospitals

No. County council University

hospital City Medical

education Residency

training Certificate

1. Skåne läns landsting

Skånes Universitetssju

khus

Lund, Malmö

Lunds universitet

Skånes Universitets

sjukhus

Skånes Universitetssjukh

us (Lund University)

2.

Stockholms läns landsting

Karolinska Universitetssju

khuset

Stockholm

Karolinska institutet

Karolinska Universitets

jukhuset

Karolinska Universitetsjukh

uset 3. Danderyds

sjukhus Karolinska

Universitetsjukhuset

4. Södersjukhuset

Karolinska Institutet

5. Uppsala läns landsting

Akademiska sjukhuset

Uppsala Uppsala universitet

Akademiska sjukhuset

Akademiska sjukhuset (Uppsala

University) 6. Västerbottens

läns landsting Norrlands

universitetssjukhus

Umeå Umeå universitet

Norrlands universitets

sjukhus

Norrlands universitetssjukh

us (Umeå University)

7. Västra Götalands läns landsting

Sahlgrenska Universitetssju

khuset

Göteborg Göteborgs universitet

Sahlgrenska Universitets

sjukhuset

Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukh

uset 8. Örebro läns

landsting Universitetssjukhuset Örebro

Örebro Örebro University

Universitetssjukhuset

Örebro

Universitetssjukhuset Örebro

(Örebro University)

9. Östergötlands läns landsting

Universitetssjukhuset i

Linköping

Linköping Linköpings universitet

Universitetssjukhuset i Linköping

Universitetssjukhuset i

Linköping(Linköping University)

(Source: The Swedish Health CareAcademy)

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4. Skåne University Hospital

4.1. Skåne University Hospital

Skåne University Hospital is the largest hospital in the region and among the three largest hospitals in Sweden. It was established through an administrative merger of Lund and Malmö University Hospitals in 2010.

As one of seven university hospitals in Sweden, this is a major referral centre, serving a total of 1.7 million people throughout southern Sweden with a full range of highly specialised services and several national centres.

Clinical and academic researchers are integrated through a close relationship between Lund University and Skåne University Hospital. Within the health authority of Region of Skåne, where Skåne University Hospital is the hub, there are nearly 30,000 members of staff.

4.2. Skåne Care

Skåne Care based in the south of Sweden offers well renowned healthcare services to the international market since 2008. SC is a part of the public Swedish healthcare sector and organized directly under the regional council of Skåne, with the first governor of Skåne as the acting principal. Skåne Care represents all public hospitals in the region.

SC services range from catering to the individual or groups of patients who desires to travel to Sweden for treatment, to education programs as well as consultancy services in a broad range of areas such as research, management and organisation.

4.2.1. Specialist Medical Training

Specialist Medical Training for the council of Skåne is an important complement to the training programs for Swedish doctors. SC is fully owned by Council of Skåne with the mandate to sell and coordinate Specialist Medical Training

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together with clinics, hospitals and the universities in the region. Specialist Medical Training curriculum follows the National Board of Health and Welfare guidelines for the Swedish specialist training.

4.2.2. Program description

The curriculum and modalities for Special Medical Training corresponds to specialist training for Swedish doctors. International Candidates that have completed specialist Medical Training will receive a certificate from Swedish health care authorities, in this case Skåne University Hospital. The medical training provided to the Saudi physicians is equal to that provided to the Swedish counterparts.

Specialist Medical Training has a standard duration of at least six years. In addition to the Swedish five-year program, international students go through an initial year, Year 0, for the training in the Swedish Language and the Swedish health care system modalities.

During the last three months before training at the clinic starts, the candidate will be introduced to the clinical setting. Before starting Specialist Medical Training at the clinic, the candidate needs to speak Swedish fluently so as to be able to interact with patients.

The specialist Medical Training for an individual candidate can be extended by more years if there is a need of further training in other medical fields.

Similar to Swedish doctors undergoing specialist training, candidates might rotate among different hospitals within the region, depending on the hospital´s specialist competence and the educational plan set to fulfill targets in the Curriculum.

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4.2.3. Table of definitions

"Region Skåne"

The Council of Skåne (Region Skåne), the self-governing authority of Skåne, the southernmost country of Sweden. Region Skåne´s competences include health and medical services, regional growth and development, public transport, culture and cross borders and interregional cooperation, Skåne Care is fully owned by the Region Skåne.

"Specialist Medical Training"

Minimally a five year clinical training program for international doctors to become a specialist in a medical area plus an introductory year for language training and introduction at the clinic

"The National Board of Health and Welfare"

Government agency under the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs in Sweden , with a wide range of activities and different duties within the fields of social services, health and medical services, environmental health, communicable disease prevention and epidemiology.

“Preparation Year”

The introduction year where the candidate starts Swedish language training including Swedish cultural and health care system introduction. During the introduction year the Candidate will be introduced to clinical setting starting in the last three months.

“Year 1-5” Subsequent years to complete the Specialist Medical Training. For Specialist Medical Training a minimum of five (5) years of training is recommended but in some areas and individual cases further years might be needed to complete the Curriculum or if Candidate needs further medical training in another field

4.2.4. Requirements

The candidate needs to fulfill the following requirements:

4.2.4.1. General requirements - to be able to apply a. The candidate needs to have a relevant medical degree and certificates

in English to prove that he or she is authorized to practice medicine. The documentation needs to be recognized by the Swedish National Board

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of Health and Welfare, the Swedish universities and the Swedish hospitals authorities.

b. Need to be a fluent speaker in English and/ or Swedish

4.2.4.2. Application process- to be able to come for an interview candidate need to provide:

a. filled application form for Specialists Medical Training b. Copy of passport c. Curriculum Vitae “CV” d. Personal letter with expectations e. Three recommendation letters f. Copy of relevant certificates and documents g. Finance letter

4.2.4.3. Interview process- to be able to receive letter of acceptance a. Be able to travel to Sweden on own expenses and responsibility to meet

the clinic and SC or through TV circuit or in Saudi Arabia, provides letter of invitation if needed.

b. Positive outcome from interview at the Clinic. c. Provide further requested documents to receive letter of acceptance

4.2.4.4. Relocation process- to be able to move to Sweden a. Contact SC to plan for the move to Sweden and provide necessary

documentation if needed. b. MRSA- test and vaccination before any clinical training starts.

4.2.4.5. Language process (Preparation Year) - to be able to start practice at the clinic a. Swedish language training (level C1) at university level or similar to be

able to speak to Swedish patient and medical terminology b. Cultural training and learning about the Swedish health care system in

general

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4.2.4.6. Practice process (Year 0) - to be able to start training year 1 a. Apply and adjust Swedish language and clinical skills at the clinic. b. Candidate proves that he/she speaks fluently Swedish and he/she is

ready to start the training. c. Attend and complete the needed courses in the medical area

4.2.4.7. Training process (Year 1 and following years)- to be able to complete the program

a. Respect and follow regulations concerning the Swedish health care system and the regional/ local instruction.

b. Respond to the training during test years to proceed with the following years.

c. Attend and complete the needed courses in the medical area.

Candidate needs to fulfill training according to the agreed educational plan.

4.2.5. Table of current fields and positions offered:

Field Number of positions Internal medicine 2 Anesthesiology and intensive care 2 Ophthalmology 1 Ear/nose/throat 1 Gynecology 2 Pediatric surgery 1 Cardiology 3 Pulmonology diseases 1 Neurology 2 Physiotherapy and rehabilitation 1 Nephrology 2 Gastroenterology 1 Endocrinology 1 Rheumatology 3* Thorax surgery 1 General surgery 1 Radiology 1

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Vascular surgery 1 Oncology 1 Geriatrics 1 Pediatrics 1 Psychiatry 3 Orthopedics 1 *Includes ST13 waiting for approval of acceptance letter.

4.2.6. Relocation and Language

4.2.6.1. Relocation and orientation during the first year Together with relocation experts the doctor will receive a society and cultural orientation. The doctor will get an understanding of his/her rights and responsibilities in the Swedish society, the Swedish democracy, cultural differences and how the society is organized. There will be oral and written support regarding the residence permit, accommodation, economy and family related questions. The goal is to create the best opportunities for the doctors to focus and to be eligible to start the clinical training.

4.2.6.2. Language training The language training includes an individual package to make sure that each doctor gets the right level of training. The doctor will be evaluated during the introduction year to measure the potential and need of training. The language training and medical terminology consists of 4-8 weeks of preparations in the home country (if possible), 18-22 weeks of full-time studies in Swedish. 5 weeks of full-time Swedish studies mixed with medical terminology, society and constitutional knowledge and 2 weeks of full-time studies in everyday language and cross-cultural communication. Full-time studies that is equal to 30 teaching hours per week. The doctors should after the language training and medical terminology be able to fulfill the level C1 according to Common European Framework of Reference for Language CEFR.

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Preparatory Swedish training 4-8 weeks

General Swedish and medical terminology 18-22 weeks

Mixed Swedish, medical terminology, society and constitutional knowledge

5 weeks

Everyday language and cross-cultural communication

2 weeks

Note. During language training the doctor will visit the clinic on a monthly basis to tune the individual need of introduction.

4.2.6.3. Clinical Practice: The last three months of the introduction year consists of practice at the clinic, clinical settings, adjustments of the language, medical check-up, infectious disease control etc. The doctor will follow colleagues and other professions to create the best opportunities before starting the training (Year 1). (Source: Skåne Care AB)

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5. Sahlgrenska University Hospital

5.1. Sahlgrenska International Care AB

Sahlgrenska International Care AB coordinates services in medical and dental care to the international community. Sahlgrenska International Care AB offers the following services:

• Qualified medical and dental care for international patients • Postgraduate specialist training of physicians and dentists from abroad • International consulting in the fields of dental and medical care

5.2. Sahlgrenska University Hospital

Sahlgrenska University Hospital is one of six teaching hospitals in Sweden. The hospital provides the infrastructure necessary for teaching and research in cooperation with the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg. is one of the biggest hospitals in Europe and has the experience and the expertise to carry out many of the most advanced treatments and surgical procedures available in modern medicine. A long tradition of cooperation in research and clinical activities has been a stimulus to this development. Sahlgrenska University Hospital’s most renowned researcher is Professor Arvid Carlsson. In the year 2000 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects in Parkinson’s disease.

The University Hospital provides emergency and basic care for the Gothenburg region with 700,000 inhabitants, and highly specialized care for West Sweden with 1.7 million inhabitants. The hospital has 17 000 employees, 140 in-patient wards and 170 out-patient clinics and a total of 2000 beds.

Sahlgrenska University Hospital has been licensed by the National Board of Health and Welfare to provide national medical care in a number of areas, such as transplant surgery, craniofacial surgery and pediatric cardiac surgery and certain thoracic surgical procedures in GUCH patients. Further, Sahlgrenska University Hospital offers the unique and world leading OPRA implant system for providing

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bone-anchored prostheses in amputated patients, which is one of the hospital’s centers of excellence.

5.3. Swedish Specialist Medical Training Program

Sahlgrenska I.C. provides Swedish Specialist Medical Training Program (residency) according to the regulations and guidelines of the National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden. The quality and content of the specialist training program is equivalent to Swedish specialist education standards.

The specialist training program is offered to physicians from countries outside of the European Union with the objective that the specialist returns to his/her home country in order to contribute to enhance knowledge, competence and skills in the national health care system.

The program is given in Swedish and require at least five years of full-time independent clinical work. The specialist training is performed at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, which is one of northern Europe’s biggest university hospitals and one of six teaching hospitals in Sweden.

In Sweden, the undergraduate medical education is provided by the universities, while the specialist medical training program is provided by the regional county councils. The county councils are also the public authority responsible for the country’s medical and health care. Medical doctors who are interested in PhD programs can apply too.

5.3.1. Conditions & Facts

5.3.1.1. Financing The specialist training program can only be offered on condition that there is a public sponsor/employer in the resident’s home country accepting to defray all related costs; tuition fee and living expenses in Sweden. The sponsor might be a public authority, ministry, hospital or similar. The content and conditions for the training program will be specified in a formal agreement between the sponsor,

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Sahlgrenska I.C. and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, according to Swedish laws and regulations.

5.3.1.2. Certificate On completion of the training program, a certificate of qualification as a specialist will be issued by Sahlgrenska University Hospital stating that the medical doctor has completed postgraduate training in Sweden equivalent to the general requirements for the specialty concerned. This will however not entitles the holder to practice medicine or to work as a doctor in Sweden, owing to Swedish legislation.

5.3.1.3. Insurance The resident must follow all regulations connected to the Swedish health care system. Special attention should be paid to regulations concerning professional secrecy, hygienic guidelines and other local instructions. The Swedish Patient Insurance will cover compensation for injuries caused by the resident during the training period.

5.3.1.4. Positions Specialist training can be offered in most medical disciplines within the hospital’s framework.

5.4. Postgraduate Specialist Program in Dentistry

A three year Postgraduate Specialist Program in Dentistry within the fields of Orthodontics and Periodontology is offered. The program is given in English. At least two years of documented clinical training (general dentistry, after graduation and registration as a dentist) is required.

The training is located at the Public Dental Service in Region Västra Götaland with brand new, modern and well equipped clinics and a good flow of patients. The program has a close cooperation with the Institute of Odontology which is a part of the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg.

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5.5. Postgraduate Program in Orthodontics

The purpose of the postgraduate program is to train the program participant to become a competent orthodontist. This demands a thorough understanding of general biological principles and functions, as well as comprehension of the science of orthodontics. Technical skills are trained in pre-clinic courses and during treatment of a large variety of orthodontic patients. Furthermore, evidence based orthodontics and critical thinking are exercised during studying and evaluation of textbooks and scientific articles related to orthodontics. As of June 2014, the postgraduate program in orthodontics is a full member of the Network of Erasmus Based European Orthodontic Programs.

5.5.1. General information:

5.5.1.1. Clinical Practice Takes place in the Clinic of Orthodontics and will consist of 24 hours per week. The program participant will be responsible for the treatment of about 120 patients with various diagnoses.

5.5.1.2. Lectures and Seminars • Will consist of up to 1600 scheduled hours per year and will include formal

series of lectures, scientific and clinical seminars, self-study and extensive literature reviews.

• The program participant is also required to carry out a limited research project, usually of a clinical character. Seminars are held to describe research methodology and presentation of results. Regular literature seminars will also be held.

5.5.1.3. Teaching • Opportunities will be provided for teaching undergraduate students in

demonstrations, seminars and lectures as well as to present treated cases and research projects at national and international conferences. Seminars in teaching methodology will be held.

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5.5.1.4. Examination • The final examination implemented by an external examiner includes

presentation of 30 well-documented cases with special emphasis on reasons for treatment, choice of treatment method, evaluation of retention and long-term stability and also presentation of the research project.

• The requirements for taking part in the final examination are that the program participant must have successfully completed all theoretical and clinical courses given during the 6 semesters.

• Once the program participant has successfully passed the final examinations, a University Diploma in Orthodontics as well as a Certificate of Specialization signed by the examination board, will be issued.

5.6. Postgraduate Program in Periodontology

The purpose of the postgraduate program is to enable the successful participant to practice periodontology, including oral implant therapy, at a specialist level. This demands that along with the development of technical skills, the graduate must acquire a thorough understanding of the biological functions of the human tissues and the science of periodontology. Furthermore, the postgraduate must be able to understand and critically evaluate the periodontal and related literature, e.g. implant literature. The program is approved by the European Federation of Periodontology.

5.6.1. General Information:

5.6.1.1. Clinical Practice Takes place in the Clinic of Periodontics and will consist of 20 hours per week. The program participant will be responsible for the treatment of about 80-100 patients of various severity.

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5.6.1.2. Lectures and Seminars Will consist of didactic and clinical courses and weekly clinical and literature seminars. The postgraduate will also actively take part in the development and execution of a research project.

5.6.1.3. Teaching The program participant will be exposed to training in various forms of presentations of clinical and scientific topics as well as teaching on the undergraduate level.

5.6.1.4. Examination To be allowed to take part in the final examination the postgraduate must have successfully completed all theoretical and clinical courses given during the 6 semesters, as well as completed all written reports of the seminar series. The final evaluation of the program participant is performed by a Board of Examiners, one of which should be approved by the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP). The final evaluation comprises:

1. a written examination 2. an oral examination 3. evaluation of the 30 documented cases and 4. evaluation of the research report

• Following successful completion of the final evaluation/examination, a diploma in periodontology, periodontics and implant dentistry from the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) as well as a University Diploma in Clinical Periodontology will be issued. A Certificate of Specialization in periodontology will also be given to successful postgraduates from EU/EES countries.

(Source: www.sahlgrenska.se )

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6. Karolinska University Hospital- Facts and figures

6.1. Karolinska Institutet (Medical University)

Karolinska Institutet is one of the world´s leading medical universities. Its mission is to contribute to the improvement of human health through research and education. Karolinska Institutet accounts for over 40 per cent of the medical academic research conducted in Sweden and offer the country´s broadest range of education in medicine and health sciences. Since 1901 the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has selected the Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine.

6.2. Karolinska University Hospital

Karolinska University Hospital has 1,700 hospital beds and 15.7 billion in sales. There work 15 300 employees in several different professions: 36% nurses, 18% nurses, 16% physicians, 8% medical technologists, 7% administrative staff, 4% paramedical personnel, 4% medical secretary, 7% other professionals.

6.2.1. Specialist training

The resident physicians at Karolinska University Hospital have the ability to educate themselves in any of over 40 specialties is provided. The hospital offers both advanced and highly specialized health care with a large and wide selection of patients and leading international research and education. Karolinska University Hospital is one of the largest training for aspiring specialists.

Specialist training (ST) is the training that licensed doctors are conducting to achieve specialist. Qualified candidates must be a licensed physician to seek an ST Service. It is often an advantage to have served as the medical substitute in an activity before applying.

6.2.2. Executive and Professional Education

Karolinska Institutet, Europe's largest and most research-intensive medical university offers Executive and Professional Education in areas such as medicine, biomedicine, dentistry, nursing, health as well as leadership. The base of the

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activities consists of seminars and customized training courses with science based knowledge in both traditional and new knowledge areas. Karolinska Institutet provides access to the latest advances in medical science and medical research as well as the requisite training to provide good, safe nursing and care.

Karolinska Institutet Executive and Professional Education provide Karolinska Institutet's collective expertise. The goal is to equip each participant with the necessary tools from the latest advances in the field, to perform at a top level. Karolinska Institutet offers courses in areas such as: Geriatrics, Public health, Patient safety, Occupational therapy, Pediatrics Health economics, Diabetes and Biomedicine. Executive and Professional Education can be commissioned only by a legal entity - an organization, company or the equivalent.

6.2.3. The Department of Dental Medicine

The Department of Dental Medicine (Dentmed) conducts research and offers education at first and third level in dentistry, dental hygiene and dental technology. In addition, the department offers a student clinic open to the public where students practice supervised by experienced instructors.

6.2.3.1. Research The Department of Dental Medicine conducts broad ranging research in the field of oral health with the objective of contributing to the improvement of human oral health and preventing and treating oral disease. The KI Huddinge Campus offers excellent opportunities for conducting ontological research of high international class. The laboratories are well designed and contain high quality equipment. Its proximity to Novum, the Centre for Biosciences, Karolinska University Hospital in Huddinge, and Södertörn University College helps to create a unique, creative and dynamic environment.

6.2.3.2. Education The Department of Dental Medicine conducts education at first (Bachelor's) and third (Doctoral) level. The Department currently has approximately 500 first-level students and 40 doctoral students.

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1. First cycle (Bachelor's) education Most of the educational activities take place at first level on the study programs in dentistry, dental hygiene and dental technology. The department also has responsibility for the continuation courses on the dental hygiene study program, with a particular focus on periodontal disease and implant treatments.

2. Third cycle (Doctoral) education The doctoral program, with its equivalent of four years full-time study and resulting PhD, is the highest possible academic degree in Sweden. The Department of Dental Medicine conducts doctoral education in oral science, admissions which are handled directly by the department. The program comprises 20 weeks of formal education and research under the supervision of one of the department's clinical or experimental units. 3. Master's courses & Clinical Specialization in Endodontics, 2015-2017 Karolinska Institutet offer a three-year, Master's courses & Clinical Specialization in Endodontics, 120 credits for participants with a University Degree in Dental Surgery and a minimum of two years of clinical experience in general practice. An academic specialist-training program in Endodontics has been conducted since early 1980’s and since 2003 the program has been open to foreign applicants.

3.1. Course description The course comprises three years of full time study conducted in English and follows a fixed timetable. Each week involves at least five half-day sessions with patient related clinical activities and one day with theoretical education. The clinic is equipped with the latest tools for modern endodontic dentistry i.e. digital radiography, ultrasound equipment and individual microscopes are available at all working units. The clinical activities include endodontic microsurgery every week. The remaining sessions are reserved for research, self-study, teaching, external courses and congresses. Each student has a tutor with extensive scientific, clinical and pedagogic experience making the studies highly individualized. Each resident will treat a minimum of 100 patients; most of the patients are adolescents. The treatments comprise the whole panorama of the endodontic field.

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3.2. Goal for the course The aim of the programme is to offer residents specialist training with a broad and solid academic foundation. The education shall provide knowledge and skills needed for independent diagnosis and treatment in Endodontics, either as a solitary treatment or part of comprehensive oral health rehabilitation. Besides the main subject Endodontics, the education shall lead to solid knowledge in pedagogics, health care ethics and leadership.

3.3. Requirements Degree in Dental Surgery from a University recognized by Karolinska Institutet and a minimum of two years (full time) of clinical experience in general practice.

4. Master’s courses and clinical specialization in Orthodontics For participants with University Degree in Dental Surgery and a minimum of two years of clinical experience in general practice

4.1. Background The clinical training for obtaining specialization in Orthodontics has been conducted since 1993 and until this date 36 dentists representing 11 different nations have completed the education at the Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet. The clinical specialist training is reviewed and approved by the Board of Higher Education at Karolinska Institutet for fulfillment of a Degree of Master of Medical Science (120 ECTS credits) with a Major in Odontology. The courses provided in the training are designed to meet the requirements of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (SOFS 1993:4) and follow the recommendations given by the ”Erasmus Committee” (European Journal of Orthodontics 1992,14:85-94).

4.2. Content The clinical specialist training comprises 3 years full time study and follows a fixed timetable. A total of 120 ECTS credits, including orthodontic theory, basic science courses and preparation of a Master’s thesis, are integrated in the weekly schedule. Each resident will start the treatment of a minimum of 70 patients. In addition, they will finish the treatments of a various number of patients

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transferred from previous residents. The treatments comprise the whole panorama of orthodontic problems including orthodontic treatment as a part of oral rehabilitation. Exposure to the orthodontic management of patients with cleft lip and palate is included. In average, each week involves 6 half-day sessions with patient related clinical activities and one full day of theoretical reviews. The remaining sessions are reserved for research, self-study, undergraduate teaching and external courses and congresses. Particular topics are covered by participation in national courses whereby residents from all the postgraduate training centers in Sweden converge. The residents attend lectures delivered by distinguished lecturers nominated by the European Orthodontic Society. They also participate in the congress of the Swedish Orthodontic Association, and once during the specialist training they are encouraged to present their research at the congress of either the Nordic Orthodontic Society or the European Orthodontic Society. To have full coverage of costs for extramural activities, residents have to apply for membership in the Swedish Orthodontic Association and the European Orthodontic Society.

4.3. Goal The aim of the clinical training is to offer residents specialization with a broad and solid academic foundation. The education provides knowledge and skills needed for diagnosis and care of children, adolescents and adults with an orthodontic treatment need. The education also emphasis health ethics, pedagogics and leadership.

4.4. Examination, certificate and degree After a minimum of three years’ full time service and a final examination conducted by an external examiner, a certificate of Specialization in Orthodontics is issued by the Department of Dental Medicine. Legitimacy to work as a specialist in Sweden can only be given by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare to dentists who are registered as fully licensed dental practitioners in Sweden at the commencement of specialist training. Master of Medical Science (120ECTS credits) with a Major in Odontology is issued by the Board of Education at Karolinska Institutet after passing in all courses and defense of the Master’s

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thesis. It is expected that each thesis generates material which qualifies for presentation at an international congress and publication in peer reviewed scientific journals.

4.5. Eligibility requirements Degree in Dental Surgery from a University recognized by Karolinska Institutet and a minimum of two years (full time) of clinical experience in general practice as a registered dentist. 5. Educational program for specialization in Periodontology For participants with University Degree in Dental Surgery and a minimum of two years of clinical experience in general practice. The Department of Periodontology is offering a certificate-training program in the field of Periodontology including implant dentistry.

5.1. Course aim The aim of the program is to present clinical training that will enable the successful postgraduate student to practice periodontics on a specialist’s level. The program will lead to specific knowledge and skills in prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and defects with special reference to infectious and inflammatory conditions in the tissues supporting the teeth. The specialist training will also include multidisciplinary comprehensive care clinic with collaboration from other dental specialties. Essential knowledge in the fields of Oral Medicine, Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Physiology, Oral Radiology, Cariology & Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics and Orthodontics will also be included.

5.2. Course methods The curriculum comprises 6 semesters (3 academic years) of full time study and includes a formal lecture series, scientific and clinical seminars, and clinical practice and research activities. In addition, the graduate student will be exposed to training in various forms of presentations of clinical and scientific topics. The program follows a weekly timetable, comprising sessions of patient related clinical activity and theory. In addition, core curriculum courses, research

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activities and self-conducted literature studies are reserved for the remaining time schedule of up to 40 hours per week. The theoretical course consists of seminars and tutorials given by academic teachers at the Karolinska Institutet and by invited guest lecturers. Seminars in the form of group discussions will include extensive review of the literature as well as case presentations and therapy discussions based on the student’s case documentation. Each student is required to document in detail 30 treated cases of moderate to severe periodontal disease of which 5 patients are to be presented during final examinations. At the beginning of the course, each student is assigned a research project. The scientific project should be of such quality that it fulfills the requirements of a Master of Science Degree (MSc) as defined by the Swedish Board of Education. Results and conclusions of the project must be presented in a paper presented at the end of the training period or at the examination procedures within the Master of Science program at the Department of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet. At the end of the program, after passing the final examinations conducted by an external examiner and the successful defense of a Master thesis, a Certificate Diploma in Clinical Periodontology from the Department of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet will be conferred to the candidate. The graduate program may be extended so that a PhD degree can be obtained, however this involves an extra period of time and the acceptance of the graduate into a PhD program at the Institute. (Source: www.ki.se )

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7. Umeå University Hospital- Facts and figures

7.1. Umeå University Hospital

University Hospital of Umeå, in Swedish Norrlands universitetssjukhus (Nus), is the major hospital in northern Sweden, situated in Umeå. The hospital employs 5,600 people. It is also a teaching hospital for Umeå University, with the Faculty of Medicine as the responsible authority; 13 departments and 11 academic programs. Within the faculty there are about 2,860 undergraduate and 450 postgraduate students and about 1,020 staff members, among them about 500 teachers/researchers. Umeå is a comprehensive center of excellence in northern Sweden, where the hospital works closely with Umeå University to provide world class health care. At University Hospital of Umeå, cutting-edge expertise in a number of specialties, first-class technology and treatment in a modern environment ensure the best medical outcomes with the patient always at the center. High quality and a low complication rate lead to their satisfied patients, according to the national quality survey. Services at University Hospital of Umeå are also among the country’s most cost-effective, combining high quality and reasonable costs. A dedicated team of caring, experienced and professional clinical staff provides expertise, quality and reliable services. Close connection to research ensures the highest standards of medical care. University Hospital of Umeå serves almost a million people spread over the area occupying a half of Sweden. People have been receiving treatment there for over 100 years. While providing highly-specialized care, the hospital is also responsible for medical training and research that is unique and world-leading in some areas. The high level of competence and accumulated knowledge are the hallmarks of University Hospital of Umeå. University Hospital of Umeå is constantly developing new methods for aftercare using newest technologies allowing follow-up and contact between patient and medical personnel on a distance, since many patients live very far away. This plays an important role in the work with international patients.

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7.1.1. Master Program in Biomedicine The Master program in Biomedicine gives an excellent knowledge and skills to use advanced scientific methods and to prepare for PhD studies or the basis for job in pharmaceutical companies, with authorities or in the health care system.

7.1.1.1. Areas of Excellence The first semester is opened with a course in Advanced Biomedicine. The course is composed by four Areas of Excellence at Umeå University: infections, cancer, metabolic diseases and the neurological system. In this course the student will also be trained in bioinformatics, biostatistics, theory of knowledge, and ethics. An abundance of biomedical courses is offered to choose from and freely customize own education. Project work on advanced level (30 ETSC credits) will give the student the opportunity for in-depth knowledge in the field of choice or the student can choose other courses in his/her field of interest like tumor biology, bacterial pathogenesis, structure and function of proteins etc. Many of the teachers are leading scientists and the student will continuously build his/her own scientific network. Independently of what courses student choose, the student will be trained in experimental design, in evaluating his/her results and in learning to present his/her work in various scientific formats. The master program is concluded by either a 30 or 45 ECTS credit exam work.

7.1.2. Master of Public Health Program The Umeå International School of Public Health – located in northern Sweden – is a multi-disciplinary institution with a truly global approach to epidemiology and Public health. The Master of Public Health Program (MPH) provides the scientific basis for professional work in the field of public health, whilst also serving as a channel into and an introduction to research. Public health issues are approached locally and nationally in Sweden, as well internationally through collaborative projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. MPH is made up of three different profiles (Epidemiology, Health Systems and Social Conditions and Health), enabling students to pursue their own interests within the broad field of public health.

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It is a two year program comprising 120 ECTS credits. Of four semesters (two per year), three are dedicated to course work (90 ECTS) and one to thesis research (30 ECTS). In addition to specific profile courses, students must take certain compulsory courses as Global Public Health, Epidemiology and Qualitative Methods. All courses available as part of the MPH program can also be taken as individual short courses by students not wishing to study towards the complete MPH degree. 7.1.3. Research, development and education Education and research are crucial to the University Hospital of Umeå and cutting edge development and initiatives are fundamental to secure its position in Sweden, Europe and the world. An important focus of research involves common diseases such as hypertension, stroke, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis and dementia. These diseases are treated at all levels of care, especially in local health services, with data collected from each level of care. By developing research and monitoring skills based on registry data, University Hospital of Umeå is the obvious hub for research for this region. University Hospital of Umeå provides highly specialized care, research, education and cooperates with health care institutions on all levels

7.2. Umeå University- Faculty of Medicine

The Faculty of Medicine is an organization for research and education in the field of medicine, odontology and health care. There are 13 departments, 2 science centers and 12 undergraduate programs. The faculty employs about 1200 persons, among them about 45 % are teachers/researchers, and has about 3 400 undergraduate and 600 postgraduate students. Within the faculty there are two of the oldest parts of Umeå University: The Dentistry program (opened in 1956) and the Medicine program (1957). In 1999, the former Faculty of Odontology was incorporated as a department in the Faculty of Medicine. The third main part of the faculty is the health care program- among them Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy, and Biomedical

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Laboratory Science- transferred from the Västerbotten County Council starting 1997 and entirely 2003. During 1965 there were only about 2,000 students. Today the total of students - including those at the postgraduate level - is approximately 34,200. More than 9,000 of these students are taking courses via distance education, or off-campus. Additionally, there are 2,146 teachers and researchers employed by the university. 7.2.1. Departments

1. Clinical Microbiology 2. Clinical Sciences 3. Community Medicine and Rehabilitation 4. Integrative Medical Biology 5. Medical Biosciences 6. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics 7. Molecular Biology 8. Nursing 9. Odontology 10. Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience 11. Public Health and Clinical Medicine 12. Radiation Sciences 13. Surgical and Perioperative Sciences

7.2.2. Science Centers

1. UFBI — Umeå centre for Functional Brain Imaging Started in 2001 2. UCMM — Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine Started in 1999 3. UCMR — Umeå Centre for Microbial Research

7.2.3. Doctoral Studies Doctoral education involves four years of full-time study, which includes a number of courses and a thesis. Besides acquiring in-depth knowledge of a field of study, the student will also cultivate his/her critical and analytical thinking.For

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students who are interested in commencing doctoral education they should first contact the department that conducts education and research in their field of interest. The Admissions Code for doctoral education contains the rules that Umeå University adheres to for application, qualification and selection. More information can be found in the Faculty Handbook for PhD Education and in the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education's Handbook for Postgraduate Students. (Source: http://www.umu.se)

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8. Uppsala University Hospital- Facts and figures

The Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy at Uppsala University consists of two faculties comprising twelve departments where students are educated and conduct research. At the Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy physicians, nurses, midwives, and pharmacists, and other registered professions in the health care and pharmacy sectors are being educated. The students can also obtain academic degrees within medical or pharmaceutical sciences enabling them to pursue a professional career with government authorities or in the medical or pharmaceutical industry. They also conduct basic and applied research in areas of great urgency. A key factor in the success of the University is their connections to other universities and the wider community. Uppsala University has close and beneficial collaboration with Uppsala University Hospital (Akademiska sjukhuset), research projects and study programs in collaboration with Swedish higher-education institutions, and research and educational agreements with universities in all parts of the world. They are well prepared and able to recruit the frontline researchers of tomorrow. 8.1. Faculty of Medicine The Uppsala University Faculty of Medicine was established in the 1620s. In the latter part of the 19th century, the Faculty changed radically to espouse science-based medical healthcare and research. The disciplinary domain includes two faculties comprising twelve departments where they educate students and conduct research.

8.1.1. Departments:

1. Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences 2. Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology 3. Department of Surgical Sciences

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4. Department of Women's and Children's Health 5. Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology 6. Department of Medical Cell Biology 7. Department of Medical Sciences 8. Department of Neuroscience 9. Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science (ROS)

8.2. Faculty of Pharmacy

Sweden's only faculty of pharmacy is at Uppsala. The Faculty has a national responsibility for research and higher education in the fields of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical bio-science, and pharmacy. The sphere of activities at the Faculty has great breadth. With its three departments, the Faculty constitutes a dynamic center for everything relating to pharmaceuticals.

Research is organized in three major programs:

• Drug development • Drug delivery • Drug usage

Pharmaceutical research and graduate education have close and natural interfaces with the pharmaceutical industry, the national system of pharmacies, and other sectors of health and medical care. Major portions of the Faculty's activities are moving forward the frontiers of research and have attracted international attention. The Faculty has extensive international contacts and, together with sister universities in London, Leiden, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, and Paris, is part of the ULLA Network for co-operation in research and postgraduate education. The Faculty offers master's programs in Pharmacy and Dispensing Pharmacy, and a bachelor's program in Pharmacy. As of the autumn of 1997 it also offers a new master's program in engineering with specialization in chemical technology for

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pharmaceuticals and materials. This program is run in collaboration with the Faculty of Science and Technology.

8.2.1. Departments:

1. Department of Pharmacy 2. Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences 3. Department of Medicinal Chemistry

8.3. University Hospital

Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala University Hospital, is Sweden's oldest university hospital. The first department was established in 1708. But Uppsala University Hospital does not rest on its laurels, quite the contrary. It is a characteristic of the activities there always to look for new, innovative solutions. There one can find best use of new technology, new scientific findings and new ways of working in order to solve medical problems and to continuously improve the way they take care of their patients. Today Uppsala University Hospital is one of Sweden's biggest and full-scale university hospitals with around 40 departments, 8,000 employees and 1,000 beds. Each year there are 55,000 admissions, 328,000 physician encounters and 328,000 out-patient treatments. The hospital’s main fields of activity are medical care, teaching and research. Education and research are undertaken in close collaboration with the Medical Faculty of Uppsala University. The Image and Function Medical Center (BFC) at Uppsala University Hospital is a merger of the operations Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and X-ray. At BFC they perform patient related diagnostics, using medical technical equipment. Extensive research is also performed in the department. The University Hospital has several different roles – county hospital, specialist hospital, training hospital and research hospital.

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These various roles merge together in an average day, laying the foundation for and explaining the experience, expertise and empathy that exist there. Uppsala University Hospital is sufficiently big to be able to offer all the possibilities of a larger hospital but is also sufficiently intimate to be able to offer a welcoming and human environment with warm interrelationships among staff, patients and their families. Because University Hospital is a training hospital, there is constant contact with young people on their way to a profession in the health care sector, people with views and ideas on how health care should develop. 8.3.1. Clinical Training Uppsala University Hospital is a training hospital for, to name a few, doctors, nurses, assistant nurses, midwives, physiotherapists and biomedical analysts. Over 1500 people receive their professional training there every year. They arrange lectures, seminars and courses for both healthcare staff and the general public. The courses are arranged by the respective department.

8. 3.1.1. Clinical Training Center The clinical training center is the site where members of staff from Uppsala County Council or students on the university’s care-based courses can practice skills and CPR with the help of models and other equipment. The premises and models can also be rented by external customers. The center has: 1. A method room for practical training 2. A room for CPR 3. A simulator unit 4. A lecture hall for max 20 people 5. A datortek (computer center), which offers the use of virtual programs

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8.3.2. Research The hospital conducts advanced clinical research in conjunction with the faculty of medicine at Uppsala University, based on the latest findings within basic research. This research is a natural part of everyday life for both patients and staff. 8.3.3. Uppsala Clinical Research Center – UCR UCR (Uppsala Clinical Research Centre) aims to improve healthcare by supporting clinical research and quality improvement.UCR opened in July 2001. The center is an independent unit linked with both the medical branch of the science division at Uppsala University and at the University Hospital. UCR works with projects under the management of, and in cooperation with, clinical researchers at Uppsala University, as well as at other universities and hospitals in Sweden and abroad. UCR currently employs some 50 people, who work in the areas of clinical research, clinical testing, quality control registers, statistics, data management, information technology and biomedical analysis. UCR offers everything from advice and support within specifically defined areas, to comprehensive solutions for multicenter clinical trial projects. UCR has developed unique interactive internet-based techniques in the field of registers, for continuous registration and reporting, and offers specialist expertise and comprehensive solutions for all types of database and register. UCR is for people who work with clinical research, clinical testing and quality improvement. They can offer the student direct access to all the support methods required for getting his/her project off the ground quickly. UCR can take care of several time-consuming jobs, improve the quality of his/her research data and help him/her to make more efficient use of his/her time.

(Source: http://www.medfarm.uu.se)

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9. Örebro University Hospital- Facts and figures

9.1. Faculty of Medicine and Health

Within the Faculty of Medicine and Health, both mono-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary research is conducted in various constellations. Research within this faculty is undertaken in close collaboration with Örebro University Hospital and other research units at Örebro County Council.

9.2. Education

Örebro University is a young, modern and rapidly growing university with an ambitious agenda for the future. A range of high-quality international master’s programs in a variety of disciplines is offered, in an environment that is both stimulating and supportive, and that offers first-rate facilities for both students and staff. The campus, situated three kilometers from the town center, is also host to a selection of cafés and restaurants as well as to a large sports complex with a state-of-the-art workout center. What is more, the many nationalities represented by students and staffs add an international flavor to the campus. Situated at the very heart of Sweden, Örebro is a dynamic and vibrant town close by the lake Hjälmaren. Its prime location with Stockholm, Gothenburg and Oslo within easy reach makes it an ideal place to be. As a student at Örebro University student will experience a unique sense of community, have easy access to a wide range of leisure activities and make friends for life.

9.3. University Hospital

The University Hospital in Örebro is a development-oriented and service-minded healthcare and medical treatment center. The driving force in their development is a close collaboration between care and science. As one of Sweden's seven university hospitals, Örebro University Hospital (USÖ) has a clear responsibility to provide and develop highly specialized care.

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USÖ is particularly successful in the areas of cardiac care, cancer care, eye care, urology, surgery, and hand surgery. The primary cooperative partners are the Värmland, Dalarna, Sörmland, and Västmanland county councils. Örebro University Hospital (USÖ) is a wellness and healthcare center that is growing dramatically. As a university hospital, modern and accessible healthcare on the best scientific foundation are offered. Together with the hospitals in Lindesberg and Karlskoga, they offer specialized somatic care to the county's 280,000 inhabitants, roughly 190,000 of who get their care at USÖ. The work is based on high-quality nursing, diagnostics, and treatment, and on meeting each and every patient in a positive and personal way. USÖ is rated as an excellent teaching environment and has a strong reputation for teaching and advisory activities. They are advancing medical research and education together with Örebro University and they have long offered most existing healthcare curricula. As a result of the cooperative relationship, a complete physician-training program is offered in Örebro as of 2011. This new program will help relieve Sweden's national shortage of doctors and improve the availability of care. The physician-training program will offer USÖ tremendous opportunities to continue growing as a university hospital; not only in terms of teaching, but also with regard to research and highly specialized care. Quality work involves operating systematically, using scientifically grounded methods, and measuring, following up, and improving the care that is provided. They are strongly concerned with medical results, accessibility, and safety, as well as contact with the patients and those close to them. USÖ is working very actively with national and local quality registers that monitor areas such as diagnostics, treatment methods, and results. These quality registers enable learning and constant improvement, and are thus essential in a modern wellness and healthcare system. USÖ participates in most existing quality registers, and follow-ups show that the medical results are excellent in many areas.

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Medical safety is another important facet of their quality work. The medical safety targets several different levels, and includes everything from hygiene routines aimed at preventing infections to thorough analyses of deviations in the care provided. Örebro University Hospital is an environmentally aware hospital that is constantly making improvements with a view to achieving sustainable development. Compared with other university hospitals, USÖ has the lowest energy consumption in Sweden. USÖ works together with Örebro University in a goal-based manner to expand the field of medical science. Together they are investing in scientific expertise, with a primary focus on clinical near-patient research. This means that the research arises from problems encountered in everyday healthcare, and that the research results always benefit the patient. Our clinical approach means that problems and methods span multiple areas of specialization, and so cooperation between different professions and areas of expertise is highly developed. A number of research groups are working on different types of health problems ranging from burn-out and stress to modern genetics and medical public health problems such as diabetes and cancer. Research at Örebro University rests on a broad base, and is of high international standard. Successful research environments have been established within the social sciences and humanities, as well as within natural sciences and technology. Our research is also performed within 35 subjects, including medicine. Today, more than 100 professors and over 500 research students work at the university. The number of citations from Örebro research in the scientific press is growing fast, especially within the medical field.

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9.3.1. Cardiovascular Research Centre (CVRC) Medical Science Cardiovascular diseases such as arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and heart failure are the most common cause of death in the industrialized Western world and the cost for the society and the health care system to treat cardiovascular diseases is tremendous. It is of main importance to strengthen research activities to identify new mechanisms, risk factors and new target principles for more effective diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

9.3.2. FAMN FAMN is a multidisciplinary team that focuses on research on the family, where the child is at the center (even though there may not actually yet be a child in the family), and which in turn is surrounded by care and community resources. Family constellations in today's society are different and change during life, with the child and family going through various stages of health and illness. 9.3.3. Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC) The Research platform iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre is a collaborative network of researchers at Örebro University and Örebro University Hospital (USÖ), together with a number of national and international research groups. The research at iRiSC is focused on understanding response to stimuli and stressors i.e. microbes and their pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), e.g. nano particles. By connecting different disciplines and research fields, iRiSC is a translational platform; bringing together knowledge and experience on particle-induced diseases, specific bacteria and their disease course, host response mechanisms and the role of genetics. 9.3.4. Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre (NGBI) was established as a multidisciplinary research- and innovation center during the spring of 2012. The research aims is to gain unique competence on nutrition-microbe-gut-brain interactions, with a specific focus at common intestinal disorders such as irritable

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bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel syndrome, and decreased gut function associated with ageing. There is a large unmet need regarding improved diagnosis, prevention and therapy in these disorders, which have disturbances of intestinal barrier and immune function in common.

9.3.5. Older people´s health and living conditions - from cell to society In 2012 the research environment was established in an effort to form a collective of all research undertaken in this field at the Department of Health and Medicine (IHM) of Örebro University. The premise was broad multidisciplinary research based on interdisciplinary problem based questions and a clear need of knowledge from the stakeholders involved in elderly care. The research today ranges from the cellular level to studies in health and living conditions of older persons in the community. The research that is conducted are often based on the researchers collaborating with those who have experience and knowledge of elderly care, the older person, their relatives, staff as well as the leaders.

9.3.6. Perioperative Nursing The overall aim is to test various methods to improve the perioperative care of the surgical patient and thereby increase patients’ safety and patients’ satisfaction. Furthermore, to test different patient-reported-outcomes-measures (PROM) and to describe patients’ experiences of the pre-intra and post-operative care and recovery. And thereby find explanations, causes and relationship between patient's experiences and the perioperative care and postoperative recovery. 9.3.7. Public Health Economics and Research - for Practice, Policy and Politics (PHEAR-3P) Within the research environment Public Health Economics and Research - for Practice, Policy and Politics (PHEAR-3P) interdisciplinary research in the field of public health is being conducted with a health and safety promotion perspective. The research environment conducts practical research and interaction between

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researchers, practitioners and policy makers are included in many projects. Participatory research approaches developed within the group.

(Source: www.oru.se)

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10. Linköping University Hospital- Facts and figures

10.1. The Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS)

The Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) is the medical faculty of Linköping University. The faculty engages in a broad range of scientific activities ranging from basic biomedical and experimental clinical research to applied clinical studies and research within the fields of medicine, nursing, physiotherapy, speech and language pathology, occupational therapy, medical pedagogy, and public health.

10.2. Special training in the Region of Östergötland

10.2.1. Graduate Studies Office Studies Offices is a support unit for anyone who works as ST in the Region Östergötland and is mandated to ensure the quality through, among other things, management support and training for resident physicians, supervisors and directors of studies. The International Office is an additional support for doctors trained abroad who plan to make their ST in the Region Östergötland. 10.2.2. Courses During ST in Östergötland the student will go through many different courses and trainings. Studies Offices organize courses that cover the requirements of the specialty overarching goals of the "New ST" and student can choose locally arranged courses- from research to patient communication and ethics. The student can discuss the choice of courses with his/her supervisor and director of studies based on his/her specialty. 10.2.3. Research It is of the utmost importance for patients to new knowledge to be developed and applied in health care. The Region Östergötland collaborates with Health Sciences in a special program, "From Student to Associate Professor", to stimulate clinical

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research and academic career. The program includes various opportunities for research funding for resident physicians. According to the National Board "New ST" is an "individual written work according to scientific principles" included in the specialist service. The goal is that all resident physicians take at least 10 weeks for such work. Doctoral students (PhD) or postdoctoral resident physicians have the opportunity to apply for their projects for a period of 1-3 months per year. 10.2.4. Leadership and Development The ST medical proficiency objectives are related to skills in communication, leadership and science. That doctors are involved in designing, managing and developing health care is important for both patients and for the organization. When the student decides to make his/her ST in the Region Östergötland he/she will get a solid education in order to become a skilled specialist. Their aim is to have a meaningful and creative clinical service with qualified supervision and a scientific approach. As a resident physician in the Region Östergötland, the student has an individual development plan that accurately describes how service is and theoretical education should look like. It also includes his/her scientific work and the quality of work. Doctoral training and specific elements of educational activities and leadership can also be included in ST. A qualified supervision and training oriented activities are of highest importance to the ability to develop and learn during ST. Linköping University collaborates with resident physicians, supervisors and managers for having ST as good as possible. All ST tutors undergo a special training where they increase their knowledge of ST and practice a teaching tool for their guidance.

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10.3. Linköping University Hospital

Linköping University Hospital (Swedish: Universitetssjukhuset i Linköping; abbreviated US in Sweden) is a university hospital in Linköping, Sweden, operated by Östergötland County. Its scientific activities are integrated into the medical faculty (Hälsouniversitet) of Linköping University.

The university hospital was founded as Linköpings länslasarett in 1782, and was located in central Linköping. In 1895 the hospital moved to its present location. In 1992 it gained its current name.

The hospital has all specializations except organ transplantation. Excellent areas are, for example, burn care, where the hospital together with Uppsala University Hospital is responsible for national care (rikssjukvård).

The hospital has about 4,900 employees and 600 care places.

The university hospital serves highly specialized care for Östergötland, Kalmar and Jönköping counties, in total about one million inhabitants. The hospital also serves central Östergötland with primary care.

The hospital is located close to central Linköping. It is positioned at the south side of Kjettilberget ("Kjettil hill), with the Belvederen tower at the top.

The medical faculty at Linköping University is placed at the university hospital. The faculty has undergraduate and graduate education in most medical fields. One of the units is Clinicum, a learning laboratory for simulation and skill training with problem-based education.

The university hospital conducts research in close cooperation with Linköping University.

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10.3.1. ST training in Orthodontics

Linköping offers a 3-year continuous training in Orthodontics. At the final exam a written diploma in accordance with the guidelines by the National Board (SOSFS 1993: 4) is required to receive the qualification of a specialist. The Center for Orthodontics / Pedodontics in Linköping trains specialists in orthodontics since 1971. The clinic is fully digitized regarding X-rays and models. They work with Edward32 as basic medical record. Education premises have undergone a complete renovation in 2010-2011. Forty ST dentists are currently in training. Teaching is conducted according to problem-based learning (PBL). Some parts of the theoretical training are conducted in English.

(Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia/ www.liu.se)