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Special(Senses(( BIO(42( Human(Biology((kwilsoncss43.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/3/10632665/... ·...

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Special Senses BIO 42 Human Biology Rosser Panggat, M.D.
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Page 1: Special(Senses(( BIO(42( Human(Biology((kwilsoncss43.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/3/10632665/... · Special(Senses((• Photoreceptors(M(vision(• Mechanoreceptors(–hearing(and(balance(•

Special  Senses    BIO  42  

Human  Biology    

Rosser  Panggat,  M.D.  

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Learning  ObjecAves    

 Describe  the  general  vs.  special  senses   Describe  the  physiology  of  chemical  senses  

 IdenAfy  the  structures  of  the  ear  and  eyes   Understand  the  pathways  of  sound  and  light     IdenAfy  the  common  visual  impairments    

 DifferenAate  cones  vs.  rods  

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General  Senses  vs.  Special  Senses  

•  Pain  •  Temperature  •   Touch  and  Pressure  

•  Vision  •  Hearing  and  balance    •  Smell  •  Taste  

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General  Senses  

•  Pain  

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General  Senses  

•  Temperature  

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General  Senses  

•  Touch  and  Pressure  

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Special  Senses    

•  Photoreceptors  -­‐  vision  • Mechanoreceptors  –  hearing  and  balance  

•  Chemoreceptor  –  smell  and  taste  

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Photoreceptors  /  Vision    

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Mechanoreceptors  

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Mechanoreceptors  

•  Equilibrium  and  Hearing  

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Cutaneous  Mechanoreceptors  

•  Ruffini’s  end  organs  –  detect  deep  tension  in  the  skin  

• Meissner’s  corpucles  –  detect  changes  in  texture  (slow  vibraAons)  

•  Pacinian  corpucles  –  detect  rapid  vibraAons    • Merkel’s  disc  –  detect  sustained  touch  and  pressure  

•  Hair  follicles    

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Chemoreceptors  

•  Smell  

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Chemoreceptors  

•  Taste  

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Chemoreceptors  

•  Central  Chemoreceptors  •  Peripheral  Chemoreceptors  

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•  Olfactory  –  the  sense  of  smell  •  Gustatory  –  the  sense  of  taste  

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Ears  

•  It  controls  the  funcAons  of  hearing  as  well  as  balance  

•  Three  main  secAons    

1.  External  ear  2. Middle  ear  

3.  Inner  ear  

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Anatomy  of  the  Ear    

•  Outer  ear  •  Middle  ear    •  Inner  ear  

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Ears  (Outer/External  Ear)  

•  presence  of  glands  that  secrete  a  waxy  substance  called  cerumen  (earwax),  which  slows  the  growth  of  microbes  

•  tympanic  membrane  separates  the  outer/external  ear  from  the  middle  ear  and  this  vibrates  when  sound  hits  it    

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Ear  (Middle  Ear)  

•  contains  the  three  small  bones  called  ossicles  1. Malleus  –  vibrates  from  the  tympanic  

membrane  

2.  Incus  –  vibrated  by  the  malleus  

3.  Stapes  –  moved  by  the  incus  and  pushes  the  fluid  in  the  vesAbule  of  inner  ear  

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Ear  (Inner  Ear)  

•  vibraAons  conAnue  into  the  cochlea  •  shaped  like  a  snail  

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Eyes    

•  works  like  a  camera  •  protected  by  a  bony  socket  in  the  skull    

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Parts  of  the  eye  

•  Sclera  –  tough  fibrous  white  outermost  layer  and  gives  shape  to  the  eye  

•  Highlighted  in  white    

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Parts  of  the  eye  

•  Choroid  –  covering  with  nonreflecAve  pigmented  middle  layer  (contains  blood  vessels)  that  prevents  light  from  reflecAng  within  the  eye  (highlighted  in  red)  

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Parts  of  the  eye  

•  ReAna  –  is  the  innermost  layer  and  contains  the  photoceptors  

1.  Cones  2.  Rods  

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Cones  vs.  Rods  

•  Cones  –  are  sensiAve  to  color  and  funcAon  best  in  well  lighted  areas  

•  Rods  –  are  very  sensiAve  to  light  and  funcAon  best  in  dark  or  dim  light  vision  (they  help  us  see  at  night)  

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Path  of  light  through  the  eye  

•  Light  passes  through  the  parts  of  the  eye  that  refract  the  light  rays;  cornea,  aqueous  humor,  lens,  vitreous  humor,  and  onto  the  reAna  

•  Light  focuses  onto  the  reAna  is  transformed  into  nerve  impulses  by  the  rods  and  cones  (photoreceptors)  and  sent  to  the  brain  via  opAc  nerve  to  interpret  signals  

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Common  Visual  Impairments    

•  Nearsightedness  •  Farsightedness  •  AsAgmaAsm  

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Normal  pathway  of  light  into  the  eye  

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Myopia  (nearsigthedness)  

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Hyperopia  (farsightedness)  

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AsAgmaAsm  

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References  

•  Ireland,  K.A.  (2011).  Visualizing  Human  Biology  (3rd  ed.).  Danvers,  MA:  Wiley  &  Sons  Inc  


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