Spectrum Scarcity and Optical Wireless ... - ICT...

Spectrum Scarcity and Optical Wireless

Communications

Mohamed-Slim AlouiniKAUST

May 2016

King Abdullah University of

Science & Technology (KAUST)

Built on 36 million square meters on the

Red Sea in Thuwal 80 Km north of the city of Jeddah

Where is KAUST?

What is KAUST?

• Graduate Level research university governed by an independent Board of Trustees

• Merit based, open to all from around the world

• Research Centers as primary organizational units

• Research funding and collaborative educational programs

• Collaborative research projects, linking industry R&D and economic development

• Environmentally responsible campus

Electrical Engineering @ KAUST

Electro-Physics Systems

Hakan Bagci

(PhD-UIUC)

Ganesh

Sundaramoorthi

(PhD-GATECH)

Andrea Fratalocchi

(PhD-Roma Tre)

Atif Shamim

(PhD-Carleton)

- Faculty members: 18 (+ 2 Adjunct Faculty + 2 Visiting

Faculty)

- Postdoc Fellows & Research Scientists: 30

- PhD Students: 75 - MS/PhD: 30 - MS: 15

- Fall 2015: 55 students/933 applicants, 18 countries

- ee.kaust.edu.sa

Bernard

Ghanem

(PhD-UIUC)

MeriemLaleg-Kirati(PhD-INRIA)

Jurgen Kosel

(PhD-Vienna Univ)

Hossein Fariborzi

(PhD-MIT)

Boon Ooi Muhammad Hussain JR He Khaled Salama Slim Alouini Jeff Shamma Wolfgang Heidrich Basem Shihada

(PhD-Glasgow) (PhD-UT Austin) (PhD-NTCU) (PhD-Stanford) (PhD-Caltech) (PhD-MIT) (PhD- Erlangen) (PhD-Waterloo)

Tareq

Al-Naffouri

(PhD-Stanford)

Xiaohang Lii

(PhD-GATECH)

Agenda

• Spectrum Scarcity

– Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum

– Mobile traffic growth and spectrum scarcity

– Potential solutions

• Optical Wireless Communications (OWC)

– Capacity of OWC systems

– Secrecy rate of OWC systems with friendly jammers

– Impact of turbulence and pointing errors

– Application to cost-effective wireless backhaul

• Concluding Remarks

Challenges and Solutions

Spectrum Scarcity

Spectrum Scarcity : Challenges and Solutions

RF Spectrum

• RF spectrum typically refers to the full frequency range from 3 KHzto 300 GHz.

• RF spectrum is a national resource that is typically considered as anexclusive property of the state.

• RF spectrum usage is regulated and optimized• RF spectrum is allocated into different bands and is typically used for

– Radio and TV broadcasting– Government (defense and public safety) and industry– Commercial services to the public (voice and data)

Growth of Mobile Phone Subscribers

Mobile internet traffic is pushing the capacity limits of wireless networks ! => Spectrum exhaustion/deficit


Potential Solution

• More efficient usage of the available spectrum:

– Multiple antenna systems

– Adaptive modulation and coding systems


Other Potential Solutions

• More aggressive temporal and spatial reuse of the availablespectrum:

– Cognitive radio systems

– Femto cells & offloading solutions

• Use of unregulated bandwidth in the upper portion of thespectrum:

– Microwave and millimeter-wave such as 60 GHz & 90 GHz

– THz carriers

– Optical spectrum


Optical Wireless CommunicationsTowards the Speeds of Wireline Networks

Optical Wireless Communications

• Point-to-point free space optical communications (FSO) usinglasers in the near IR band (750 nm -> 1600 nm)

• Visible light communications (know also as Li-Fi for Light-Fidelity) using LEDs in the 390 nm -> 750 nm band.

• NLOS UV communication in the 200 nm to 280 nm band.


FSO Basic Principle

Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks

• Connects using narrow beams two optical wireless transceiversin line-of-sight.

• Light is transmitted from an optical source (laser or LED) troughthe atmosphere and received by a lens.

• Provides full-duplex (bi-directional) capability.• 3 “optical windows”: 850 nm, 1300 nm, & 1550 nm.• WDM can be used => 10 Gb/s (4x2.5 Gb/s)over 1 Km & 1.28 Tb/s (32x40 Gb/s) over 210 m.

Why FSO ?


• License-free

• Cost-effective

• Behind windows

• Fast turn-around time

• Suitable for brown-field

• Very high bandwidth (similar to fiber)

• Narrow beam-widths (point-to-point)

- Energy efficient

- Immune to interference

- High level of security

FSO Applications


• Initially used for secure military as well as space applications• Commercial use: Last mile solution, optical fiber back-up, high data rate

temporary links, cellular communication backhaul, etc …

FSO Challenges & Solutions


• Additive noise (photo-detector) and background radiation (direct, scattered, andreflected sun light) => sensitive detectors + filters + heterodyne detection

• Free space path loss => limited range• Atmospheric losses depends on relative size of air particles and transmission

wavelength (rain, snow, fog, aerosol gases, smoke, low cloud, sand storms, etc …) =>power control + mesh architecture + hybrid RF/FSO

• Atmospheric turbulences => space diversity• Buildings swaying, motion, and vibrations => tracking systems

Deployment Example: FSO for High-Speed Traders (CNN)


Future Applications: Facebook and Google Projects


Facebook Aquila Project



Underwater Optical Wireless Communications (UOWC)

Developed a fast simulator to calculate accurately

the UWOC channel path loss.

Demonstrated 1 Gb/s transmission rates over 10 m.References:

1- H. Oubei, K. -H. Park, C. Li, T. K. Ng, J. Yao, M. -S. Alouini, and B. Ooi, “2.3 Gbit/s underwater wireless optical communications using directly modulated 520 nm laser diode", Optics Express, July 2015.

2- H. Oubei, B. Janjua, J. R. He, T. Lee, H. Kuo, M. -S. Alouini, and B. Ooi, "4.8 Gbit/s 16-QAMOFDM transmission based on compact 450-nm laser for underwater wireless optical communication", Optics Express , Sept 2015.

3- C. Li, K. -H. Park, and M. -S. Alouini, "A direct radiative transfer equation solver for path loss

calculation of underwater optical wireless channels", IEEE Wireless Commun. Letters , October 2015.

On-Going Research Directions


• Capacity of OWC channels– Bounds and exact results (IM/DD vs. heterodyne detection)– Accurate approximations– High SNR and low SNR bounds and approximations for the ergodic

capacity of FSO turbulent channels subject to pointing error

• Physical layer security for OWC systems– Achievable secrecy rate of visible light communication– Effect of channel state information on the secrecy rate

• Average probability of error computations over FSO turbulent channels– Differentially coherent vs. coherent system performance– Asymptotic results (coding and diversity gains)

• Cost effective backhaul design using hybrid RF/FSO technology

IM/DD Case

Capacity of OWC Channels


OWC IM/DD Channel Capacity

,

• IM/DD channel model

On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels


Channel Capacity

,


For M codewords of length n symbols:


Sphere Packing Perspective: Classical Case

,



Sphere Packing Perspective: IM/DD Case

,



Bounds on Capacity

,

• Bounds using the Steiner-Minkowski formula [Farid &Hranilovic, IEEE Trans. IT, Dec 2010]

• Obtained bounds are geometry-independent:Replacing the ball by any other object with the samevolume yields the same bound.



Alternative Bounds on Capacity

,

• Use a geometry-dependent recursive approach.

• Obtained bounds are geometry-independent:


Reference: A. Chaaban, J. –M. Morvan, and M. -S. Alouini, “On the capacity of IM/DD freespace optical communications: Capacity bounds and approximations”, International Workshopon Optical Wireless Communication (IWOW’2015), Istanbul, Turkey, September 2015. Journalversion to appear in IEEE Trans. on Communications.


Analytical Results

,



Numerical Results

,



FSO Capacity Fitting

,



FSO Capacity HD vs. IM/DD

,



On-Going Research Directions: Extensions• Capacity region of the IM/DD optical broadcast channel• Capacity bounds for parallel IM/DD optical wireless channels• Capacity bounds for the Gaussian IM/DD optical multiple-access channel• Asymptotic ergodic capacity of IM/DD optical over turbulent channels

References:1- A. Chaaban, Z. Rezki, and M.-S. Alouini, “On the capacity of the 2-User IM-DD opticalbroadcast channel”, in Proc. of the 6th Globecom Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications, San Diego, USA, Dec. 2015. Journal version to appear in IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications2- A. Chaaban, Z. Rezki, and M.-S. Alouini, “Capacity bounds for parallel IM-DD optical wireless channels”, To appear in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 2016.3- O. M. S. Al-Ebraheemy, A. Chaaban, T. Y. Al-Naffouri, and M.-S. Alouini, “Capacity bounds for the 2-user Gaussian IM-DD optical multiple-access channel”, in Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Montreal, Canada, May 2016.4- I. Ansari, M. -S. Alouini, and J. Cheng, “On the capacity of FSO links under log-normalturbulence", in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Vancouver, BC, Canada,September 2014. Journal version in IEEE Transationson Wireless Communications, August 2015.

Asymptotic Results

Ergodic Capacity of OWC Channels


On-Going Research Directions: Asymptotic Analysis of Ergodic Capacity

Unified SNR Statistics

• Heterodyne Detection

• IM/DD

• Unified

with irradiance I = Ia Ip


Asymptotic Ergodic Capacity

,

• Recall that the irradiance I = Ia Ip and SNR g is proportional to Ir

• The asymptotic ergodic capacity can be obtained as [Yilmaz and Alouini,SPAWC’2012]

• We need to find the moments of Ia then compute derivatives.


Reference: I. Ansari, M. -S. Alouini, and J. Cheng, “On the capacity of FSO links under log-normal turbulence", Proceedings IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall'2014), Vancouver, BC, Canada, September 2014. Journal version to appear in IEEE Transations on Wireless Communications, August 2015.



Exact Closed-Form Moments

• I= Ia Ip = IR IL Ip where IR, IL, and IP are independent random processes

• Unified Rician Moments



Asymptotic Results

• High SNR

• Low SNR



Asymptotic Results

Figure: Ergodic capacity results for IM/DD technique and varyingk at high SNR regime for RLN turbulence

The Beckman Distribution

Impact of the Pointing Errors

Impact of Pointing Errors


• Effect on Communication: These pointing errors maylead to an additional performance degradation and are aserious issue in urban areas, where the FSO equipmentsare placed on high-rise buildings.

• Model: The pointing error model developed andparameterized by ξ which is the ratio between theequivalent beam radius and the pointing error jitter canbe:

- With pointing error: ξ is between 0 and 7- Without pointing error: ξ→ ∞

Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks

Original Pointing Error Model

- The fraction of collected power at the receiver can be approximated by [Farid and Hranilovic, IEEE/OSA JLT 2007]


• The general model reduces to special cases as follows

On-Going Research Directions: Ergodic Capacity Calculations under the Impact of Pointing Errors

Other Pointing Errors Models

No misalignment



Generalized Pointing Error Model

• The fraction of collected power at the receiver can be approximated by [Farid and Hranilovic, IEEE/OSA JLT, 2007]

The random variable r follows a Beckman distribution



Moments of the Irradiance



,

• The asymptotic ergodic capacity can be obtained as

• The moments of Ia are known for both lognormal (LN) and Gamma-Gamma (ΓΓ). Then, the asymptotic capacity can be written as



Figure: The ergodic capacity for:(a) ξx = 6.7 and ξy = 5.1(b) ξx = 6.7 and ξy = 0.9(c) ξx = 0.8 and ξy = 0.9

Reference: H. Al-Quwaiee, H.-C. Yang, and M. -S. Alouini, “On the asymptotic ergodic capacity of FSO Links with Generalized pointing error model”, Proceedings IEEE ICC’15, London, UK, June 2015.

On-Going Research Directions: Ergodic Capacity Calculations under the impact of pointing errors


Outage Capacity


• FSO channels are typically viewed as slowly varyingchannels => Coherence time is greater than the latencyrequirement

• Outage capacity is considered to be a more realisticmetric of channel capacity for FSO systems

• Closed-form expressions are not possible => Importancesampling-based Monte Carlo simulations

Importance Sampling (IS)

P=P(g<gth) = P(I=Ia Ip <Ith) = P(ya + yp < )

where ya=log(Ia), yp=log(Ip), and 𝜀 = log Ith

• IS estimator:

𝐼∗ =1

𝑁∗

𝑛=1

𝑁∗

1 𝑦𝑎,𝑛∗ +𝑦𝑝,𝑛∗ <𝜀 𝑤𝑦𝑎(𝑦𝑎,𝑛∗ )𝑤𝑦𝑝(𝑦𝑝,𝑛

∗ )

where 𝑦𝑘∗ (.) 𝑓𝑦𝑘

∗ (. ) =𝑓𝑦𝑘(.)𝑤𝑦𝑘(.), 𝑘 = 𝑎, 𝑝

IS Exponential Twisting

• Weighting Choice: 𝑤𝑦𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝜃𝑥𝑀𝑦𝑘(𝜃)

where 𝑀𝑦𝑘(.) is the MGF of 𝑦𝑘• IS Estimator:

𝐼∗ =1

𝑁∗

𝑛=1

𝑁∗

1 𝑦𝑎,𝑛∗ +𝑦𝑝,𝑛∗ <𝜀 𝑒−𝜃(𝑦𝑎,𝑛

∗ +𝑦𝑝,𝑛∗ ) 𝑀𝑦𝑎(𝜃)𝑀𝑦𝑝(𝜃)

𝑀𝑦𝑎 𝜃 = 𝐸 ℎ𝑎𝜃 = exp(

1

2𝜃(𝜃 − 1) 𝜎𝑅

2) (LN fading)

𝑀𝑦𝑎 𝜃 = 𝐸 ℎ𝑎𝜃 =

(𝛼𝛽)−𝜃 𝛼+𝜃 (𝛽+𝜃) 𝛼 (𝛽)

(G-G fading)

𝑀𝑦𝑝 𝜃 = 𝐸 ℎ𝑝𝜃 =

𝑥𝑦𝐴0𝜃exp −

2𝜃

𝑤𝑧𝑒𝑞2𝜇𝑥2𝑥2

𝑥2+𝜃+𝜇𝑦2𝑦2

𝑦2+𝜃

𝑥2+𝜃 𝑦2+𝜃

Optimal

• Minimization problem:

min𝜃𝐸 1 𝑦𝑎+𝑦𝑝<𝜖 𝑤𝑦𝑎

2 (𝑦𝑎, 𝜃)𝑤𝑦𝑝2 (𝑦𝑎, 𝜃)

Stochastic optimization problem: Not feasible analytically except for a few simple cases.

Alternative: Find a sub-optimal 𝜃:

– Cumulant generating function:

𝜇 𝜃 = log 𝐸 𝑒𝜃 𝑦𝑎+𝑦𝑝 = log 𝑀𝑎(𝜃) + log 𝑀𝑝(𝜃)

– Sub-optimal 𝜃:

𝜇′ 𝜃 = 𝜖

Sub-Optimal 𝜃

• Weak turbulence:

log 𝐴0 +𝜎𝑅2

22𝜃 − 1 −

𝑥2 + 𝑦

2 + 2𝜃

2 𝑥2 + 𝜃 𝑦

2 + 𝜃−2𝜃

𝑤𝑧𝑒𝑞2

𝜇𝑥2𝑥4

(𝑥2+𝜃)2

+𝜇𝑦2𝑦4

(𝑦2+𝜃)2

= 𝜖

• Strong turbulence:

log𝐴0𝛼𝛽−

𝑥2 + 𝑦

2 + 2𝜃

2 𝑥2 + 𝜃 𝑦

2 + 𝜃−2𝜃

𝑤𝑧𝑒𝑞2

𝜇𝑥2𝑥4

(𝑥2+𝜃)2

+𝜇𝑦2𝑦4

(𝑦2+𝜃)2

+ 𝛼 + 𝜃 + (𝛽

+ 𝜃) = 𝜖

where 𝑥 =′(𝑥)(𝑥)

Outage Probability

Efficiency Indicator

Impact of Jitter Unbalance on Outage Probability

Friendly Jammers

Secrecy Rate of VLC Systems

Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks

On-Going Research Directions:

Improved Achievable Secrecy Rate of Visible Light Communication with Cooperative Jammers

• Physical layer security (PLS) is a paradigm that aims at securingcommunications leveraging randomness in fading channels.

• PLS achieves its goal via a sophisticated combination of both coding andsignaling techniques.

• PLS has been recognized as a complementary technique to existingcryptographic systems.

• There exists a large body of work on PLS over RF communications.• Recently, there has been several attempts to extend the previous studies to

VLC e.g., [Mostafa & Lampe, JSAC’2015 and Zaid & al., GlobalSIP’2015].

ReferenceH. Zaid, Z. Rezki, A. Chaaban, and M.-S. Alouini, “Improved achievable secrecy rate of visible light communication with cooperative jamming”, in Proc. of the IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), Orlando, FL, Dec. 2015.


On-Going Research Directions:System Model

• Consider a VLC network with a transmitter (Alice), a legitimate receiver (Bob),an eavesdropper (Eve) and a (friendly) jammer equipped with Nj light fixtures.

• Alice transmits her data via a single fixture.• The jammer has no access to data transmitted by Alice.• Bob and Eve are equipped each with a single photodetector



System Model (Continued)



Friendly Jamming Scheme



Achievable Secrecy Rate



Comparison



Eve’s CSI Known Perfectly to the Jammer:Optimal Beamforming



Eve’s CSI Not Known Perfectly to the Jammer:Robust Beamforming



Eve’s CSI Known Perfectly



Eve’s CSI Not Known Perfectly

Comparison M-PSK vs. M-DPSK

Probability of Error Computation



Average Probability of Error Computations

• Generic Exact and Asymptotic Results over Gamma-Gamma Channels

• Average Performance of Differentially Coherent & Coherent MPSK


On-Going Research Directions: Average Probability of Error Computations

SER Performance of M-PSK and M-DPSK

• Symbol error rate performance of M-PSK and M-DPSK over AWGN are given by [Pawula, TCOM, Sept 1999]

and

with



Asymptotic SER Performance Comparison of M-PSK and M-DPSK

• Well known that MDPSK performs 3 dB worse than MPSK in the Rayleighfading channels when the SNR is asymptotically large [Ekanayake, TCOM,October 1990]

• Asymptotic SER performance of MDPSK with respect to MPSK over afading channel with diversity order t+1

ℎ 𝑡 ≜ 0

𝜂𝜋

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑡+1 𝑑𝜃.with

and

,

• Asymptotic SER performance of MDPSK with respect to MPSK overlognormal turbulence channel



Comparison of SER for M-PSK and M-DPSK in Lognormal Fading

Figure: Average SER of FSO using MPSK and MDPSK over weak turbulence Lognormal fading channels.

Reference: X. Song, F. Yang, J. Cheng and M. -S. Alouini, “Asymptotic SERperformance comparison of MPSK and MDPSK in fading channels ”, IEEEWireless Communication Letters, Feb 2015.

Cost Effective Backhaul DesignCombining Optical Fibers and RF/FSO Systems


Backhaul Design

,

On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design

• An enormous demand for mobile data services is expected in next generation mobile networks (5G).

• Need to significantly increase:• Data capacity, • Coverage performance, • Energy efficiency.

• Move from the traditional single base-station to heterogeneous networks (HetNets).

• Backhaul congestion should be addressed.


Backhaul Technologies

,


• Various technologies are available for the backhaul:• Copper links: Low capacity and thus not suitable for 5G.• Optical fiber (OF) links: High data rates over long distances

however very expensive.• Radio-frequency (RF) links: Limited capacity but cost-effective and

scalable solution.• Free-space optics (FSO) links: High data rates, free to use, and

immune to electromagnetic interference but sensitive to weather conditions.

• In order to combine the advantages of RF links (reliability) and FSO links (capacity), the usage of hybrid RF/FSO technology has been proposed.


Optimization Problem

,


• Minimizing network deployment cost under the constraints:• Connections between nodes

can be either OF or hybrid RF/FSO.

• Each node has a data rate that exceeds the target data rate.

• Each node can communicate with any other node through single or multiple hop links (i.e. the graph is connected).


System Parameters

,


• d(.,.): Distance operator.• π(o)(x) and π(h)(x): Cost of an OF link and a hybrid

RF/FSO over a distance x.• R(o)(x) and R(h)(x): Normalized data rates of an OF

and a hybrid RF/FSO links over a distance x.• λ2 : Second smallest eigenvalue of the Laplacian

matrix known as the algebraic connectivity.• X and Y: Existence of an OF or a hybrid RF/FSO

link.


Backhaul Design Problem Formulation

,



Close to Optimal Heuristic Solution

,


Reference: A. Douik, H. Dahrouj, T. Al-Naouri, and M. -S. Alouini, "Cost-effective backhaul design using hybrid radio/free-space optical technology", in Proc. of IEEE International Workshop on Next Generation Backhaul/Fronthaul Networks (BackNets 2015) in conjunction with IEEE ICC'2015, London, UK, June 2015. Journal version revised for IEEE Trans. Communications.

• Optimization problem is NP-hard.• Difficult to solve because:

• Simultaneous optimization over X and Y.• Connectivity condition λ2.

• Adopted sub-optimal strategy:• Solve the optical fiber only problem.• Use the solution to replace the condition on λ2.• Reformulate the problem as a maximum weight clique problem.



Total Cost vs. Number of Base Stations



Total Cost vs. Cost of Hybrid RF/FSO



Percentage of OF Usage vs. Cost of Hybrid RF/FSO

Summary and Next Steps ?

Concluding Remarks

Conclusion and Current Work

• Spectrum scarcity is becoming a reality

• This scarcity can be relieved through:

– Heterogeneous networks

– Extreme bandwidth communication systems

• Need to develop new information theoretical results specificto OWC channels

• Analytical and fast simulation results can be used to performinitial system level trade-offs

• On-going deployment and testing the capabilities of OWCsystems in hot & humid desert climate conditions.

Thank You ctl.kaust.edu.sa

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