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SPEED CHECKER ON HIGHWAY TO

PREVENT RUSH DRIVING

by

Name Roll No. Registration No:

Priyanka Roy 11700314062 141170110244 of 2014-2018

Satyajit Roy 11700314085 141170110267 of 2014-2018

SK Sahanoor Hossain 11700314100 141170110282 of 2014-2018

Dipayan Basu 11700314039 141170110211 of 2014-2018

A comprehensive project report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Under the supervision of

Mrs. Arpita Ghosh

Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

RCC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology,

WestBengalCANAL SOUTH ROAD, BELIAGHATA, KOLKATA – 700015

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CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the project titled “SPEED CHECKER ON HIGHWAY TO

PREVENT RUSH DRIVING” carried out by

Name Roll No. Registration No:

Priyanka Roy 11700314062 141170110244 of 2014-2018

Satyajit Roy 11700314085 141170110267 of 2014-2018

SK Sahanoor Hossain 11700314100 141170110282 of 2014-2018

Dipayan Basu 11700314039 141170110211 of 2014-2018

for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for B. Tech degree in Electronics and

Communication Engineering from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of

Technology, West Bengalis absolutely based on his own work under the

supervision of Mrs. Arpita Ghosh. The contents of this thesis, in full or in parts,

have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any

degree or diploma.

------------------------------

Dr. Abhishek Basu

Head of the Department (ECE)

RCC Institute of Information Technology

.........................................................

Mrs. ARPITA GHOSH

Professor , Dept. of ECE

RCC Institute of Information Technology

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DECLARATION

“We Do hereby declare that this submission is our own work conformed to

the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute and

that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously

written by another neither person nor material (data, theoretical analysis, figures,

and text) which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of

the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due

acknowledgement has been made in the text.”

..........................................................

PRIYANKA ROY Registration No:141170110244 OF 2014-2018

Roll No: 11700314062

..........................................................

SATYAJIT ROY Registration No:141170110267 OF 2014-2018

Roll No: 11700314085

..........................................................

SK SAHANOOR HOSSAIN Registration No:141170110282 OF 2014-2018

Roll No: 11700314100

..........................................................

DIPAYAN BASU Registration No:141170110211 OF 2014-2018

Roll No: 11700314039

Date:

Place:

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CERTIFICATE of ACCEPTANCE

This is to certify that the project titled “SPEED CHECKER ON HIGHWAY TO

PREVENT RUSH DRIVING” carried out by

Name Roll No. Registration No:

Priyanka Roy 11700314062 141170110244 of 2014-

2018

Satyajit Roy 11700314085 141170110267 of 2014-

2018

SK Sahanoor Hossain 11700314100 141170110282 of 2014-2018

Dipayan Basu 11700314039 141170110211 of 2014-2018

is hereby recommended to be accepted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements

for B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Maulana Abul

Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal

Name of the Examiner Signature with Date

1. ……………………………………………………………………

2.………………………………………………………………

3.…………………………………… ……………………………

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CONTENT

SERIAL NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Abstract 6-7

2 Proposed Model 8-9

3 555 timer operating mode 9-10

4 Construction Diagram 10-11

5 Hardware Requirement 12

6 Circuit Diagram 13

7 Circuit Description 14-15

8 Circuit Operation 15-16

9 Formula 16

10 Steps of Operation 17

11 NE 555 Timer 18-23

12 IC-CD 4026 24-25

13 IC-CD 4011 25-27

14 7- Segment Display 27-29

15 Buzzer 30

16 Application 31

17 Conclusion 31

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ABSTRUCT :

The aim of this project is to develop a device to detect rash driving on

highways and to alert the traffic authorities in case of any speed

violation.

Accidents due to rash driving on highways are on the rise and people

are losing their lives because of others mistakes.

While driving on highways, drivers should not exceed the maximum

speed limit permitted for their vehicle.

However, accidents keep on occurring due to speed violations as

drivers follow their speedometers and control their speed according to

them, and reduce the speed if they find it to be exceeding and beyond

their control.

A highway speed checker comes handy for the traffic police,

especially against the speed limit violators because it provides the

digital display as well as buzzing sound or alarm to detect any vehicle

speed if the vehicle exceeds the permitted speed limit.

To overcome this problem, we have implemented a circuit called as a

speed checker for highways. This kit is inexpensive and it is used for

considering the average and high speed of vehicles that move on the

highways or roads.

By taking all these considerations in mind, we have designed a

highway- speed checker circuit to detect the rash driving by using

different electronic components such as timer, counter, logic gates,

microcontroller , seven segment display and all other components.

There is one death in every 4 minutes due to road accident in India.

As we know, each and every life is important so to stop this rush

driving control is needed.

In previous years, many people has worked on it or still working to

stop this life taking accident.

This speed checker will come handy for the highway traffic police as

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it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a

vehicle’s speed but also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the

permissible speed for the highway.

The system displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing this

100m distance from one fixed point to the other in 6 second, from

which the speed of the vehicle can be calculated.

Thus we can also get a idea of the speed of each and every vehicle

that is crossing over that road.

This speed checker will come handy for the highway traffic police as

it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a

vehicle’s speed but also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the

permissible speed for the highway.

The system displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing this

100m distance from one pair to the other with 6 second, from which

the speed of the vehicle can be calculated.

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PROPOSED MODEL :

In this section, we have designed a highway speed checker circuit to

detect the rash driving using different electronic components such as

timer, counter, logic gates, seven segment display and all other

components.

Figure in below shows the typical block diagram of speed checker to

detect rash driving on highways using a Timer which consists of

sensor module, logical module, power supply, sound detector and

display module.

Further logical module comprises timers, NAND gates and decade

counters.

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Here we used two Pair of Pointed Laser Light and Light Detecting

Resister (LDR). Which is placed a certain distance in highway. From

pointed Laser light laser continuously fall on LDR . Resistance of the

LDR is inversely proportional to intensity of light. Whenever any

vehicle cross the first pair of LDR and laser light there is an

interruption between LDR and laser light, then resistance will be high

and time count will start at seven segment display.

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot".

Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free

switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance

measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc. Astable - free

running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator.

Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks,

tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation, etc.

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if

the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include

bounce free latched switches, etc.

The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down

transformer from 230v to 12v and four diodes forming a bridge

rectifier that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an

electrolytic capacitor of 1000µf.

The filtered dc being unregulated IC LM7812 is used to get 12v

constant output at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc varying from 9v

to 14v.

The input dc shall be varying in the event of input ac at 230volts

section varies in the ratio of v1/v2=n1/n2. The regulated 12volts dc is

further filtered by a small electrolytic capacitor of 0.1 µf for any noise

so generated by the circuit.

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This is used as the supply for different ICs in the circuit. A buzzer or

beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be driven by an

oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with

a piezoelectric audio amplifier.

Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are

a click, a ring or a beep. Here, piezo-buzzer sounds an alarm if the

vehicle crosses the distance between the IR Diode set-ups at more

than the selected speed.

Fig. 3 shows the theory of buzzer so as to emit the sound.

Simultaneously, the time taken by the vehicle to cross both the IR

Diode beams is displayed on the 7-segment display.

Construction Diagram :

The system basically comprises two laser transmitter-LDR sensor

pairs, which are installed on the highway 100 metres apart, with the

transmitter and the LDR sensor of each pair on the opposite sides of

the road.

The installation of lasers and LDRs is shown in Figure above.

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The system displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing this

100m distance from one pair to the other with a resolution of 0.01

second, from which the speed of the vehicle can be calculated as

follows.

The main purpose of this system is to develop a speed checker for

highways to alert the traffic authorities in case of any speed violation.

Many passengers and drivers, including commuters have lost their

lives due to rash and rude driving on highways.

In olden days, for detecting rash driving, highway police used to

target vehicles by using radar guns at the vehicle and would record

their speeds.

If a vehicle would exceed its speed, automatically the information

would reach to the nearest police station for controlling the speed of

the vehicle. Due to this system a lot of time would get wasted.

Now everything changed by Speed Checker

While driving on highways, motorists should not exceed the

maximum speed limit permitted for their vehicle.

However, accidents keep occurring due to speed violations since the

drivers tend to ignore their speedometers.

This speed checker will come handy for the highway traffic police as

it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a

vehicle’s speed but also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the

permissible speed for the highway.

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS :

o Transformer (12V)

o IC-555 timer

o CD4026 (Decade counter /7-segment decoder)

o CD4011 NAND gate

o Diodes

o Capacitors

o Resisters

o LEDs

o Photodiode

o 7-segment Display

o Buzzer

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Circuit Diagram :

Figure above shows the circuit of the speed checker. It has been

designed assuming that the maximum permissible speed for highways

is either 40 kmph or 60 kmph as per the traffic rule.

The circuit is built around five NE555 timer ICs (IC1 through IC5),

four CD4026 counter ICs (IC6 through IC9) and four 7-segment

displays (DIS1 through DIS4).

IC1 through IC3 function as monostables, with IC1 serving as count-

start mono, IC2 as count-stop mono and IC3 as speed-limit detector

mono,

controlled by IC1 and IC2 outputs. Bistable set-reset IC4 is also

controlled by the outputs of IC1 and IC2 and it (IC4), in turn, controls

switching on/off of the 100Hz (period = 0.01 second) astable timer

IC5.

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Circuit description :

The time period of timer NE555 (IC1) count-start monostable

multivibrator is adjusted using preset VR1 or VR2 and capacitor C1.

For 40kmph limit the time period is set for 9 seconds using preset

VR1, while for 60kmph limit the time period is set for 6 seconds

using preset VR2.

Slide switch S1 is used to select the time period as per the speed limit

(40 kmph and 60 kmph, respectively).

The junction of LDR1 and resistor R1 is coupled to pin 2 of IC1.

Normally, light from the laser keeps falling on the LDR sensor

continuously and thus the LDR offers a low resistance and pin 2 of

IC1 is high.

Whenever light falling on the LDR is interrupted by any vehicle, the

LDR resistance goes high and hence pin 2 of IC1 goes low to trigger

the monostable.

As a result, output pin 3 goes high for the preset period (9 or 6

seconds) and LED1 glows to indicate it.

The time period of timer NE555 (IC1) count-start monostable

multivibrator is adjusted using preset VR1 or VR2 and capacitor C1.

Reset pin 4 is controlled by the output of NAND gate N3 at power-on

or whenever reset switch S2 is pushed.

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For IC2, the monostable is triggered in the same way as IC1 when the

vehicle intersects the laser beam incident on LDR2 to generate a small

pulse for stopping the count and for use in the speed detection.

LED2 glows for the duration for which pin 3 of IC2 is high.

The outputs of IC1 and IC2 are fed to input pins 2 and 1 of NAND

gate N1, respectively. When the outputs of IC1 and IC2 go high

simultaneously (meaning that the vehicle has crossed the preset speed

limit),

output pin 3 of gate N1 goes low to trigger monostable timer IC3. The

output of IC3 is used for driving piezobuzzer PZ1,

which alerts the operator of speed-limit violation. Resistor R9 and

capacitor C5 decide the time period for which the piezobuzzer sounds.

Circuit operation :

The output of IC1 triggers the bistable (IC4) through gate N2 at the

leading edge of the count-start pulse. When pin 2 of IC4 goes low, the

high output at its pin 3 enables astable clock generator IC5. Since the

count-stop pulse output of IC2 is connected to pin 6 of IC4 via diode

D1, it resets clock generator IC5. IC5 can also be reset via diode D2

at power-on as well as when reset switch S2 is pressed.

IC5 is configured as an astable multivibrator whose time period is

decided by preset VR3, resistor R12 and capacitor C10.

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Using preset VR1, the frequency of the astable multivibrator is set as

100 Hz. The output of IC5 is fed to clock pin 1 of decade counter/7-

segment decoder IC6 CD4026.

Formula :

the system comprises two laser transmitters- LDR sensor pairs, which

are installed on the highway 100 meters apart, with the transmitter

and the LDR sensor of each pair on the opposite sides of the road. The

installation of lasers and LDRs is shown in fig 3 below. The system

displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing this 100m distance

from one pair to the other with a resolution of 0.01 second from

which the speed of the vehicle can be calculated as follows:

Speed (km/h) = Distance/Time

= 0.1 km *3600/(Reading*0.01)

Or,

Reading on display = 3600/Speed.

As per the above equation for a speed of 40 kmph the display will

read 900 (or 9 second), and for a speed 60 kmph the display will read

600 (or 6 seconds).

Note that the LSB of the display equals 0.01 second and each

succeeding digit is ten times the preceding digit. You can similarly

calculate the other readings (or time).

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This whole process goes under following steps:

Step 1- Apply the power supply by flipping the switch to ON.

Step 2- Reset the circuit so that display shows ‘0000’.

Step 3- Select the speed limit to 60 kmph.

Step 4- When any vehicle crosses the first IR Diode light, PHOTO

DIODE1 will trigger IC1 hence LED 1 glow during for period.

Step 5- When the vehicle crosses the second IR Diode light, the

output of IC2 goes high and LED2 glows for this period.

Step 6- If the vehicle crosses the distance between the IR Diode set-

ups at more than 60 kmph, the piezo-buzzer sounds an alarm.

Step 7- The counter starts counting when the first IR Diode beam is

intercepted and stops when the second IR Diode beam is intercepted.

Step 8- The time taken by the vehicle to cross both the IR Diode

beams is displayed on the 7-segment display.

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NE 555 TIMER :

NE 555 TIMER

1. Introduction:

The 555 timer IC was introduced in the year 1970 by Signetic

Corporation and gave the name SE/NE 555 timer. It is basically a

monolithic timing circuit that produces accurate and highly stable

time delays or oscillation. When compared to the applications of an

op-amp in the same areas, the 555IC is also equally reliable and is

cheap in cost. Apart from its applications as a monostable

multivibrator and astable multivibrator, a 555 timer can also be used

in dc-dc converters, digital logic probes, waveform generators, analog

frequency meters and tachometers, temperature measurement and

control devices, voltage regulators etc. The timer IC is setup to work

in either of the two modes – one-shot or monostable or as a free-

running or astable multivibrator. The SE 555 can be used for

temperature ranges between – 55°C to 125°. The NE 555 can be used

for a temperature range between 0° to 70°C.

The important features of the 555 timer are:

It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from +

5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.

Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.

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The external components should be selected properly so that the

timing intervals can be made into several minutes along with the

frequencies exceeding several hundred kilo hertz.

The output of a 555 timer can drive a transistor-transistor logic

(TTL) due to its high current output.

It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm) per

degree Celsius change in temperature, or equivalently 0.005 %/

°C.

The duty cycle of the timer is adjustable.

The maximum power dissipation per package is 600 mW and its

trigger and reset inputs have logic compatibility. More features

are listed in the datasheet.

2. IC Pin Configuration:

IC 555 PIN CONFIGURATION

The 555 Timer IC is available as an 8-pin metal can, an 8-pin mini

DIP (dual-in-package) or a 14-pin DIP. The pin configuration is

shown in the figures.

This IC consists of 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors. The use

of each pin in the IC is explained below. The pin numbers used below

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refers to the 8-pin DIP and 8-pin metal can packages. These pins are

explained in detail, and you will get a better idea after going through

the entire post.

Pin 1: Grounded Terminal: All the voltages are measured with

respect to the Ground terminal.

Pin 2: Trigger Terminal: The trigger pin is used to feed the trigger

input hen the 555 IC is set up as a monostable multivibrator. This pin

is an inverting input of a comparator and is responsible for the

transition of flip-flop from set to reset. The output of the timer

depends on the amplitude of the external trigger pulse applied to this

pin. A negative pulse with a dc level greater than Vcc/3 is applied to

this terminal. In the negative edge, as the trigger passes through

Vcc/3, the output of the lower comparator becomes high and the

complimentary of Q becomes zero. Thus the 555 IC output gets a high

voltage, and thus a quasi stable state.

Pin 3: Output Terminal: Output of the timer is available at this pin.

There are two ways in which a load can be connected to the output

terminal. One way is to connect between output pin (pin 3) and

ground pin (pin 1) or between pin 3 and supply pin (pin 8). The load

connected between output and ground supply pin is called the

normally on load and that connected between output and ground pin

is called the normally off load.

Pin 4: Reset Terminal: Whenever the timer IC is to be reset or

disabled, a negative pulse is applied to pin 4, and thus is named as

reset terminal. The output is reset irrespective of the input condition.

When this pin is not to be used for reset purpose, it should be

connected to + VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.

Pin 5: Control Voltage Terminal: The threshold and trigger levels

are controlled using this pin. The pulse width of the output waveform

is determined by connecting a POT or bringing in an external voltage

to this pin. The external voltage applied to this pin can also be used

to modulate the output waveform. Thus, the amount of voltage

applied in this terminal will decide when the comparator is to be

switched, and thus changes the pulse width of the output. When this

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pin is not used, it should be bypassed to ground through a 0.01 micro

Farad to avoid any noise problem.

Pin 6: Threshold Terminal: This is the non-inverting input terminal

of comparator 1, which compares the voltage applied to the terminal

with a reference voltage of 2/3 VCC. The amplitude of voltage applied

to this terminal is responsible for the set state of flip-flop. When the

voltage applied in this terminal is greater than 2/3Vcc, the upper

comparator switches to +Vsat and the output gets reset.

Pin 7: Discharge Terminal: This pin is connected internally to the

collector of transistor and mostly a capacitor is connected between

this terminal and ground. It is called discharge terminal because when

transistor saturates, capacitor discharges through the transistor. When

the transistor is cut-off, the capacitor charges at a rate determined by

the external resistor and capacitor.

Pin 8: Supply Terminal: A supply voltage of + 5 V to + 18 V is

applied to this terminal with respect to ground (pin 1).

2. The Monostable 555 Timer:

Monostable Multivibrator is also known as One Short Multivibrator.

As its name indicates it has one stable state and it switches to unstable

state for a predetermined time period T when it is triggered. The time

period T is determined by the RC time constant in the circuit.

Monostable mode of 555 Timer is commonly used for generating

Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) waves.

The 8th pin and 1st pin of the 555 timer are used to given power Vcc

and Ground respectively. 4th pin is the Reset pin of 555 Timer, which

is active low so it is connected to Vcc to avoid accidental resets. 5th

pin is the Control Voltage pin used to provide external reference

voltage to internal comparators. Since it is not used here, it is

grounded via a capacitor C’ (0.01µF) to avoid high frequency noises.

When a negative trigger is applied on the Trigger input of 555, output

goes high and capacitor starts charging through resistor R. When the

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capacitor voltage becomes greater than 2/3 Vcc, output goes low and

capacitor starts discharging through the Discharge pin of 555 Timer.

4. Bistable 555 Timer :

When an astable multivibrator has no stable states and a monostable

multivibrator has a single stable state, a device with two absolute

stable states is possible. A Bistable multivibrator is a type of circuit

which has two stable states (high and low). It stays in the same state

until and unless an external trigger input is applied.

Generally, a bistable multivibrator stays low until a trigger signal is

applied and it stays high until a reset signal is applied. Bistable multi

vibrators are also called as flip-flops or latches. The term flip-flop is

used because it ‘flips’ to one state and stays there until a trigger is

applied and once the trigger is applied it ‘flops’ back to the original

state.

5. Working Principle:

Refer Pin Diagram of 555 timer IC given above:

The internal resistors act as a voltage divider network, providing (2/3)

Vcc at the non-inverting terminal of the upper comparator and

(1/3)Vcc at the inverting terminal of the lower comparator. In most

applications, the control input is not used, so that the control voltage

equals +(2/3) VCC. Upper comparator has a threshold input (pin 6) and

a control input (pin 5). Output of the upper comparator is applied to

set (S) input of the flip-flop. Whenever the threshold voltage exceeds

the control voltage, the upper comparator will set the flip-flop and its

output is high. A high output from the flip-flop when given to the base

of the discharge transistor saturates it and thus discharges the

transistor that is connected externally to the discharge pin 7. The

complementary signal out of the flip-flop goes to pin 3, the output.

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The output available at pin 3 is low. These conditions will prevail

until lower comparator triggers the flip-flop. Even if the voltage at the

threshold input falls below (2/3) VCC, that is upper comparator cannot

cause the flip-flop to change again. It means that the upper

comparator can only force the flip-flop’s output high.

To change the output of flip-flop to low, the voltage at the trigger

input must fall below + (1/3) Vcc. When this occurs, lower

comparator triggers the flip-flop, forcing its output low. The low

output from the flip-flop turns the discharge transistor off and forces

the power amplifier to output a high. These conditions will continue

independent of the voltage on the trigger input. Lower comparator can

only cause the flip-flop to output low.

From the above discussion it is concluded that for the having low

output from the timer 555, the voltage on the threshold input must

exceed the control voltage or + (2/3) VCC. This also turns the

discharge transistor on. To force the output from the timer high, the

voltage on the trigger input must drop below +(1/3) VCC. This turns

the discharge transistor off.

A voltage may be applied to the control input to change the levels at

which the switching occurs. When not in use, a 0.01 nano Farad

capacitor should be connected between pin 5 and ground to prevent

noise coupled onto this pin from causing false triggering.

Connecting the reset (pin 4) to a logic low will place a high on the

output of flip-flop. The discharge transistor will go on and the power

amplifier will output a low. This condition will continue until reset is

taken high. This allows synchronization or resetting of the circuit’s

operation. When not in use, reset should be tied to +VCC.

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IC- CD4026 :

IC-CD4026

1. Introduction

CD4026 is a Johnson counter IC commonly used in digital display.

It has a 5 stage Johnson decade counter with a decoder which

converts the Johnson code to a 7 segment decoded output. To put it

simply, it will convert the input into numeric display and can be seen

on 7 segment display or with LED. It can be used for displaying

analogue value such as temperature with pic microcontroller or for

counting objects. There are various other applications like in 7

segment decimal display circuit, in clocks, timer etc.

2. Features

Counter for 7-Segment display

Can drive a common cathode 7-Segment display directly

Easy to interface with timer or micron rollers (TTL compatible)

Can be easily cascaded with more IC to display higher range of

number

Maximum Clock Frequency: 6Mhz

Available in 16-pin PDIP, GDIP, PDSO packages

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3. IC Pin Configuration

IC-CD4011

IC CD4011

4026 PIN CONFIGURATION

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1. Introduction :

CD4011 is the most commonly used complementary metal oxide

Semiconductor (CMOS) chip. The IC comprises of 14 pins with

four independent NAND gates (N1,N2,N3,N3) in a single chip. Each

NAND gate has two inputs and one output. The working of cd4011 IC

requires 5V to 16V to operate. Each output can deliver output current

of about 10mA at 12V but this range can reduce as the power supply

voltage reduces. The positive terminal of the battery was connected to

the pin 14 and negative terminal of the battery was connected to the

pin7 .The output pins of the IC are 3,4,10,11 and input pins are

1,2,5,6,9,8,12,13.Now let us see how this Integrated circuit works and

how can we use it for our operations.

2. IC Pin Configuration:

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3. Working Principle:

The operation of this IC was very simple to understand if we

understand the operations of NAND gates.As you can see in the

above diagram the NAND gates N1….N4 was wired independently

and there is no dependency on other gates.So the operation of the IC

was completely based on the NAND gate property.We can see the

state of the output pins with the assigned inputs in the truth table

given above.There we can see that the NAND gate gives a high output

to all the input states except the input states 1,1.The combined action

of the these four gates form the working of this IC CD4011.

You may have a question that why cant we use single NAND gates

instead of this IC since it has the same function as NAND gate.Let me

tell you why, usage of large range of the NAND gates occupies more

space and also it withdraws more power arising problems in power

management to a circuit.This IC was used since it withdraws only

small power and also reduces the complexity of the circuit.

7-SEGMENT DISPLAY :

1. Introduction:

A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form

of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an

alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment

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displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other

electronic devices for displaying numerical information. A seven

segment display, as its name indicates, is composed of seven

elements. Individually on or off, they can be combined to produce

simplified representations of the Arabic numerals. The seven

segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on each

side with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and bottom.

Additionally, the seventh segment bisects the rectangle horizontally.

There are also fourteen-segment displays and sixteen-segment

displays (for full alphanumeric).

2. IC Pin Configuration:

7-SEGMENT DISPLAY PIN DIAGRAM

3. Working Principle:

The circuit is pretty straight forward connect the common cathode's to

gnd with a 330 ohm current limiting resistor. Connect the seven

segment displays pin number 7(A) to arduino pin2 , 6(B) to arduino

pin3 , 4 (C) to arduino pin 4 , 2 (D) to arduino pin5 , 1 (E) to arduino

pin6 , 9 (F) to arduino pin7 , 10 (G) to arduino pin8 , 5 (DP) to

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arduino pin9.For the 2nd project first make the multiplexing circuit

below and then follow these connections pattern.Segment A to pin

7, Segment B to pin 8, Segment C to pin 4, Segment D to pin

3, Segment E to pin 2, Segment F to pin 6, Segment G to pin 5, Gnd1

via resistor to pin 11, Gnd2 via resistor to pin 9.

BUZZER :

BUZZER

1. Introduction:

An electric signaling device that makes a buzzing sound.

2. Types:

Electromechanical

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to

an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be

connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts

to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it

as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise

that electromechanical buzzers made.

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Mechanical

A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they

require drivers. Other examples of them are doorbells.

Piezoelectric

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic

circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio

amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been

pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.

APPLICATIONS :

It will maintain the safety of human life on the road.

It can also be used on the bridge for the control of speed.

This system can also be used inside university campus areas or inside

any company’s premises or any crowded area.

Conclusion :

Here we implemented the “speed checker on highway “from point of

view of safety on the Mega Highway.

We feel that if mega highway is supported with such faithful system

then will not only help to maintain the traffic rules but also reduces

accidents.

As system is compact & user friendly one man can handle the system

efficiently.

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