Speed Detecting Camera by Kandarp Tiwari

Computer Science & Engineering

SPEED DETECTING CAMERASeminar Report

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in


of

IEC College of Engineering & Technology

by

KANDARP KUMAR TIWARI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

&

ENGINEERING

IEC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

GR.NOIDA-201310

(2014-15)

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Department of Computer Science &

EngineeringIEC College of Engineering & Technology

Greater Noida-201310

CertificateCertified that this is a bonafide record of seminar entitled

“Speed Detecting Camera”Presented by the following student

“Kandarp Kumar Tiwari”

of the VIth Semester, Computer Science & Engineering in the session 2014-2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements in the award of Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering of IEC College of Engineering & Technology.

Submitted To: - Submitted By:-Mr. Anand Kumar Yadav Kandarp Kumar Tiwari(Seminar Guide) B.Tech CS-3(B) CSE Department 1209010085

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank to GOD almighty for guiding me throughout the seminar. I would like to thank all those who have contributed to the completion of the seminar and helped me with valuable suggestions for improvement.

I am extremely grateful to the teachers of Computer Science, for providing me with best facilities and atmosphere for the creative work guidance and encouragement. I would like to thank my coordinator, Mr. Amit Kumar Balyan Sir, Department of Computer Science, and my seminar guide Mr. Anand Kumar Yadav Sir.

I also wants to thank the Department of Computer Science & Engineering for all help and support extend to me. I thank all Staff members of my college and friends for extending their cooperation during my seminar. Above all I would like to thank my parents without whose blessings, I would not have been able to accomplish my goal.

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ABSTRACT

In today's fast moving World, the accidents are increasing at a very fast rate. One of the major causes of these accidents is over a speeding of vehicles. A major step has been taken rather to increase the road safety, so as to minimize the accidents.

The use of automated speed enforcement technologies is now wide spread throughout many parts of the world and research has consistently demonstrated the positive road safety benefits achieved through the use of these technologies. However, there is wide variation in the nature, extent of use and perceived acceptability of automated enforcement technology, particularly as the primary form of speed enforcement. Despite these differences controversies associated with the use of speed enforcement technology have arisen in each jurisdiction and some common elements across jurisdictions are evident. One of a major development was the introduction of speed cameras. This camera, usually containing radar, is electronic devices those working are still a mystery to most electronic hobbyists. The principle of these speed cameras is Doppler Effect used in radar.

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CONTENTS

1) ABSTRACT 4

2) INTRODUCTION 73) HISTORY 8

4) PURPOSE 9

a) Control Vehicle Speed 9

b) Traffic Control 10

c) Crime Control 10

d) Accidental Control 11

e) In Sports 11

5) ARCHITECTURE 12

6) INTRODUCING DOPPLER EFFECT 14

7) HOW WELL DOES IT WORKS 17

a) Operating During The Rain And Mist 17

b) Measurement Range 18

c) Reaction Time 18

d) Continuous Transmission 18

e) Discrimination 19

8) ON THE WRONG SIDE OF THE LAW 20

9) COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC AWARENESS 22

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a) The need for public communications 22

10) ADVANTAGES 23

A) BENEFITS OF SPEED CAMERA 23

a) Speed Costs Lives 23

b) Economic Benefit 24

c) Tax On Breaking Rules 24

d) Good For Environment 25

e) High Quality Of Life 25

11) FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES 26

12) CONCLUSION 2713) REFERENCES 27

INTRODUCTION

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Although there is good road safety performance the number of people killed and injured on our roads remain unacceptably high. So the roads safety strategy was published or introduced to support the new casualty reduction targets. The road safety strategy includes all forms of invention based on the engineering and education and enforcement and recognizes that there are many different factors that lead to traffic collisions and casualties. The main reason is speed of vehicle. We use traffic lights and other traffic manager to reduce the speed. One among them is speed cameras.

Speed cameras on the side of urban and rural roads, usually placed to catch transgressors of the stipulated speed limit for that road. The speed cameras, the solely to identify and prosecute those drivers that pass by them when exceed the stipulated speed limit.

At first glance this seemed to be reasonable that the road users do not exceed the speed limit must be a good thing because it increases road safety, reduces accidents and protect other road users and pedestrians.

So speed limits are good idea. To enforce these speed limit; laws are passed making speed an offence and signs are erected were off to indicate the maximum permissible speeds. The police can't be everywhere to enforce the speed limit and so enforcement cameras art director to do this work; on one who's got an ounce of Commons sense, the deliberately drive through speed camera in order fined and penalized.

So nearly everyone slowdown for the speed Camera. We finally have a solution to the speeding problem. Now if we are to assume that speed cameras are the only way to make driver's slowdown, and they work efficiently, then we would expect there to be a great number of these everywhere and that day would be highly visible and identifiable to make a drivers slow down.

Speed cameras are invariably hidden behind trees, road signs and often the first indication that one is passing through a speed camera point is the ruler marks painted on the carriageway or flash of the camera that it goes off.

HISTORY

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Speed cameras were introduced in west London in 1982 and following their success in reducing speed related crashes and injuries their use expanded to many other areas of Great Britain. The equipment is expensive to buy, operate and maintain and their support in prosecution procedures also much substantial administration costs. However and the cost are small compared to the benefits of society and the economy.

Older traffic enforcement camera

From the late 1990s, digital cameras began to be introduced. Digital cameras can be fitted with a network connection to transfer images to a central processing location automatically, so they have advantages over film cameras in speed of issuing fines, maintenance and operational monitoring. However, film-based systems may provide superior image quality in the variety of lighting conditions encountered on roads, and are required by courts in some jurisdictions. New film-based systems are still being sold, but digital pictures are providing greater versatility and lower maintenance and are now more popular with law enforcement agencies.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera


PURPOSE

Control Vehicle Speed:

Speed Camera are used to monitor compliance with speed limits, which may use Doppler radar, LIDAR or automatic number plate recognition. Fixed or mobile speed camera systems that measure the time taken by a vehicle to travel between two or more fairly distant sites. These cameras calculate the vehicle's average speed. It uses infrared cameras linked to a computer to read a vehicle's registration number and identify it in real-time.

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Traffic Control:

A Speed Camera which may be mounted beside or over a road or installed in an enforcement vehicle to detect traffic regulation violations, including speeding, vehicles going through a red traffic light, unauthorized use of a bus lane, or for recording vehicles inside a congestion charge area. It may be linked to an automated ticketing system.

Crime Control:

A Speed Camera detects the number plate of the vehicles who break the traffic rules and police file criminal cases against the drivers who are responsible for breaking rules.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_pricing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera


Accidental Control:

Due to speed limit to the different vehicles on different roads and fear to be fined when speed camera detects the violation of traffic rules, driver drives their vehicles under speed limit. This controls accident on the roads.

In Sports:

A speed camera is used to measure the speed of a person, speed of vehicle, speed of ball, speed of bat swing, etc. in various sports like cricket, baseball, tennis, car race, athletic races, etc.

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ARCHITECTURE

Now that we have seen how the Doppler Effect can be used to measure the speed of the vehicles, we will take a look at the commercial applications that are found at the side of the road.

The basic of every speed camera is a SHF generator, which can transmit the beams in specific directions. From the previous section we know that the sensitivity of the device is directly of proportional to the frequency of the beams. The exact frequency depends on the manufacturer, which is generally between 2 GHz and 15 GHz. The power of oscillators is not very high (usually less than 10 mw), but the effect a power output is increased through the use of the directional aerials.

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The receiver for the reflected signal is often based on a shottky diode a, situated at the focal point of the aerial which functions as a mixer of transmitted and reflected signal. The output signal of the receiver is amplified, conditioned by an analogue circuit and then passed on to the measurement section, which is nothing more than a frequency counter. The signal from the frequency counter goes to the microprocessor that calculates the speed and sends it to display. It also checks if the measured speed exceeds the preset value and warns the police officer who are nearby that of offenders has just passed or it activates the camera or flash gun. In short, the basic principle behind a high frequency speed detector is not very complex.

Basic Principle of Speed Camera

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INTRODUCING THE DOPPLER EFFECT

The device that is the first generation RADAR is not capable of determining the speed of the detected object. This was limited to measuring the movement of echo on the screen, which gave a rather inaccurate result.

As an example consider the car that makes a sound with a fixed frequency. When you are in the car, you won't notice any variation in the frequency of the engine sound. However you stand at the side of the road and listen to the car when it drives past under identical condition you will notice that the frequency of the engines sound increases as the car comes nearer and then decreases as the car travels past you.

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It is a matter of common experience that the pitch of the note appears to change when either source or observers or both are in motion relative to each other. Either the source or the observers or both move relative to and each other, the apparent pitch produced by the sounding body appears to be higher than actual pitch. In the same way, when the source moving towards the observers or the observers moving away from this source or both moving away from each other the apparent pitch will appear to be lower than the actual pitch of the sounding body. The apparent change in pitch due to relative motion between source and observer is known as the Doppler's principle.

Doppler Effect: the principle of this effect is well known in the study of sound. It is known that if the source of sound, emitting a note of frequency 'v' is move with a constant velocity 'V' relative to an observers, it is found that the observers p Perceives a sound having the frequency v' which differs from 'v', being greater or smaller according to the source is move towards or away from observers. This phenomenon in sound was first explained by Doppler and hence the name Doppler effect. But Fizeau showed that the same effect on light. Thus if the source of light is moving with a wavelength observed in the Spectroscope slightly different from the original wavelength.

The principle of speed camera that is the Doppler's effect can be described by the formula:

fM = 2vfEcos(α/c)

Where,

FM if the frequency of the received signal v is the speed of vehicles fE if the frequency of transmitted signal.α is the angle between the transmitted signal and path along which the vehicle travels C is propagation speed of the signal in the air.

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The Doppler Effect

From this we can deduce that sending a fixed frequency signal towards the car and then measuring the efficiency of the returning signal the can deduce the speed of the car.

The principal used for Radar in speed camera, although they have little in common with the systems described.

It should be mentioned that the sensitivity of the RADAR increases as the angle between the beams and the path of the vehicle decreases. For this reason the aerials of speed cameras positioned parallel to the roads rather than across them! This is also the reason why only some types of RADAR can work along bends, since the angle between the beams and the vehicle continually changes, creating error the measurement.

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HOW WELL DOES IT WORKS

Now that we know how it all works. The may wonder how reliable the measurements made by these devices are. We will see the problem from a technical viewpoint to discover that what the limits of SHF speed cameras are.

Operating during the rain or mist:

In contrast the RADAR works perfectly well during a rain or mist. For example RADAR is used extensively to help the landing of airplanes in bad weather. In general, when it rains it comes down vertically which is right angles to the RADAR beam, bringing about a Doppler effect of zero (cos 90=0 so FM=0). Heavy rain that comes down at the angles due to strong gust of wind can't asset to the signal to noise ratio of the receiver and prevents its correct operation. In this case they processor will simply rejected the measurements.

Since mist doesn't move with respect to RADAR beams it will be practically invisible to the receiver and the measurements are completely unaffected.

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Measurement Range:

The distance from which the RADAR can measure the speed of a vehicle depends on two factors: the power of SHF oscillators and the sensitivity of the detector. We already know that they oscillators, power are generally low and that the use of a directional aerial increases the transmitted power. The biggest problem of the detector is a signal to noise ratio. In this section the sensitivity can be improved through the use of an aerial. Whilst the first Radars could only take measurements up to 20 meters, the newer models with the ultras sensitive detectors are capable of taking a measurements up to several hundred meters, so well before they can be seen from the car!

Reaction time:

Just as in other equipment that use frequency counters the speed cameras also require a certain time to take a measurement. Furthermore, most devices now take several measurements so rapidly, making it possible to reject any possibly erroneous measurements. Older models required by about half a second to take a reliable measurement. Current models react with in tenth of a second, so any motorists who ignores speed limit will have little chance of avoid a fine after noticing a speed cameras. Sometimes the RADAR equipment also contains the Dsp, which uses special algorithms with the very short time, making extremely fast readings possible.

Continuous transmission:

In contrast to what you thought after reading the theoretical part, RADAR does not need to have its oscillators functioning continuously. It only needs to be active long enough to stabilize and take a measurement. Actual RADAR equipment works on the random basis or is activated only when a vehicle comes nearby.

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Discrimination:

When several vehicles traveling at different speeds encounter at the RADAR beams the resulting Doppler signal contains a mixture of signals at different frequency. The majority of current devices can't separate these components and reject the measurement as faulty. There are however newer systems that Dsp, which can measure the speed of the several car simultaneously. So now only those cars simultaneously happen to be in' shadow ' of other can escape from the speed cameras. The long and short of it is that speed cameras have become so accurate and reliable that it has become extremely difficult to evade them.

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ON THE WRONG SIDE OF THE LAW

Mankind, and especially homo automobiles, behave in such a way that when he comes across an obstacle he will try everything to get round of it. Speed cameras are no exception to this and numerous boffins have contributed to the development of counter measures.

There are two types of 'anti-radars'. Jamming devices and detectors. The jamming devices are simply is SHF oscillators, which are used to send take signal to speed camera, causing the measurement to fail and preventing the logical analysis of the frequency. Besides the fact that these devices are relatively in effective, the electronic circuit in the radar can detect such the jamming signals and notify the police. A jamming device is therefore a sure fire way and to get caught.

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A detector on the other hand consists of the simple SHF receiver, and by definition this can't be detected. In USA they are sold in large quantities. On the Internet they are readily available. These are relatively simple circuit containing a microwave detector an alarm. It is not difficult to design the broadband detector the frequencies between 2 and 10 GHz, which is the range where most of modern device operate.

However, if the oscillators of the speed camera is set to a frequency that is outside the range covered by the detector, or it uses an optical laser, then you are bound to get caught.

In the second problem is that in order to detect something, there first should be something to detect. Older RADAR equipment transmitted continuously, which made task simple, but newer models only transmit intermittently, either randomly or in short bursts reducing the chance of

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detecting the devices. Some models are more cunning and only come into action when a car comes within the range. These 'Green bullets ', as they are known because of the shape and color, have an optical detector on the top that can literally see the vehicle coming.

As soon as there is movement in front of the device it springs into action. This brings us to the third problem: a RADAR detector will sense the beam at that instant. But at the same time the speed camera is already doing its work. From that it follows that in the time taken by the driver to take appropriate action, the RADAR or will already have taken four or five measurements. The detector is made more difficult by the fact that very narrow beams are used, making for a small detection area. Some users of RADAR detectors have noticed that the beam can also be detected when reflected off other cars ahead and have gladly made use of this property.

And now final problem: most RADAR equipment can take measurements of approaching and receding but the sensitivity of most detector is Limited to one direction to be prepared for in the eventually the vehicles should therefore have a detector at both the front and back!

COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

The need for public Communications:

A key objective was to ensure that people are made fully aware of the speed cameras are for road safety purposes and is not for the raise of revenue. Although speeding leads to more crashes, deaths and injuries, some commentators argue against speed camera enforcement by claiming that the speeding is not dangerous because speed limit are arbitrary and good drivers has are better able to judge what is safe in given circumstances. Conversely there are a larger number of politicians and road safety, environment and motoring organizations that support efforts to reduce speeding and they are supportive of speed camera.

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We should make people aware of the speeding and benefits of speed cameras. We should make awareness in the local level, national level and also in government level. We should make partnership with the local and national and government organizations to make awareness about these speeding and casualties due to speeding. There are many publicity campaigns, for example called ‘THINK!’ which includes messages about the risks and other consequences of speeding.

ADVANTAGES

Benefits of Speed Cameras:

Speed Costs Lives.

Road traffic accidents cost the lives of over 3,100 people in the UK alone. It is the biggest cause of death for those under 30 years of age.

Being hit by a car at 40mph 9/10 people die: Being hit by a car at 30mph 5/10 people die:

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If speed cameras are used and placed in the best locations, then cutting speed, can and will save lives.

In 2002, 3431 people lost their lives on our roads. 33% of these deaths were due to excessive speed. 179 of those killed were children. The association of Chief Police Officers says that speed is the most important factor in road crashes, more so than even drink or drug driving.

Economic Benefit.

The economic benefit is not from the small amount of revenue raised. The economic benefit is from the reduction in accidents and deaths. The economic cost of a road death is estimated at 1 million. This includes costs of police, hospitals, lost earnings etc. Saving lives, especially that of young people definitely has an economic benefit. Of course, it is difficult, but not impossible, to place a value on a human life, but there is a definite measurable economic cost which does justify reducing deaths.

Tax on breaking rules

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Speed cameras are not really a tax because there is no obligation to pay it. If you drive safely and stick to the speed limits you will never have to pay it. People who either don't care about paying a fine or drive carelessly, will however pay it. This means money is raised to be spent on various improvements. When other people pay fines for speeding, it means other real taxes can be lower.

Good for environment

Lower speed is more efficient leading to lower fuel consumption. This will help reduce carbon emission and global warming.

High quality of life

Many villagers ask to have speed cameras because they know quality of life improves when speed limits are introduced. Studies have shown that excessive speed suppresses cycling and walking.

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CONCLUSION

Now we would like to believe that enforcement cameras are there for our on good and make our roads safer. In general speed camera are perceived to be good idea because they protect innocent road users and pedestrians. Although these cameras reduces accidents and protects the innocent road users, the way in which the speed cameras are currently used is not to make the driver slow down, obey the speed limit and make the road safe but to catch and penalize the transgressors who may otherwise have slowed down

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if they have seen as the cameras in advance .i.e. speed camera, as, currently deployed, are not so justifiable.

These cameras were highly visible then no one would travel by them exceeding the speed limit and they would do their job. Used as they hidden away, they are penalized and contribute little to road safety directly only generating revenue to pay for their installation and maintenance.

Despite nearly 4000 driver caught, more than one per minute on average, not one single accident but was reported by the police which just showed that, speedier offer a little towards improving road safety but do an awful lot to generate revenue for the local police and local authorities. Although road safety strategists are introduced to reduce the number of people killed and serious injured that is to support new casualty reduction largest. So on utilizing the strategies in the right way, we can reduce 40 percent it of accidents by the year of 2010.

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REFERENCES

1) http://en.wikipedia.org

2) Encyclopedia

3) Books

4) Documents

5) Video Lectures

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http://en.wikipedia.org/

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