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SPEED LIMIT WORKSHOP
PRESENTED BY CALTRANS ANDCALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL
WORKSHOP PRESENTERS
ROBERTA McLAUGHLIN,PE,TE,PTOE CALTRANS DIVISION OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS OFFICE OF SIGNS AND MARKINGS
SERGEANT KEVIN DAVIS CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL PLANNING AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
WORKSHOP PROTOCOL
PUT PHONES ON SILENT MODE STAY FOCUSED PROVIDE INPUT, BUT AVOID LONG
PERSONAL EXPERIENCES USE INDEX CARDS FOR QUESTIONS
TO ADDRESS AT END OF SESSION LOCATION OF RESTROOMS NO FOOD OR DRINK IN AUDITORIUM
AUDIENCE (BY SHOW OF HANDS)
CALTRANS HQ’S CALTRANS DISTRICT PUBLIC AGENCY TRAFFIC
DEPARTMENT PUBLIC AGENCY (NOT TRAFFIC)
. . . THERE’S MORE ON NEXT SLIDE
AUDIENCE (CONT’D)
LAW ENFORCEMENT COURT OFFICIALS ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS ATTORNEYS ANYONE NOT LISTED ABOVE
GREETINGS FROM CALTRANS HQ & HOST DISTRICT
ROBERT COPP, HQ DIVISION CHIEF,
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS DIVISION CHARLES GRAY
SR TRANS ENGR, DISTRICT 11
OFFICE OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS
PURPOSE OF WORKSHOP
•WHY
•HOW
•WHO
•WHEN
•WHERE
TODAY’S TOPICS
SPEED LIMIT HISTORY JULY 1, 2009 CHANGES CALIFORNIA TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES COMMITTEE (CTCDC) CALIFORNIA VEHICLE CODE (CVC) CALIFORNIA MANUAL ON
UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES (CA MUTCD)
TODAY’S TOPICS (CONT’D)
ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC SURVEYS (E&TS)
SPEED ENFORCEMENT COURT’S REVIEW OF SPEEDING
CITATIONS INFORMATION SHARING ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS RESOURCES FOR FUTURE
REFERENCE
NOT ON TODAY’S AGENDA
DEBATING WHAT HAS ALREADY BEEN DISCUSSED WITH CTCDC
SIGN DETAILS AND LOCATIONS ROADWAY CHANGES TO SLOW
DOWN VEHICLES
BRIEF HISTORY OF SPEED LIMITS IN CALIFORNIA
EARLY DAYS OF SETTING
SPEED LIMITS WHY 85TH PERCENTILE? CALTRANS TRAFFIC MANUAL FEDERAL HIGHWAYS MUTCD CALIFORNIA MUTCD CTCDC
EARLY DAYS OFSETTING SPEED LIMITS
1901, CONNECTICUT 8 MPH IN CITIES
1926, UNIFORM VEHICLE CODE FIRST PUBLISHED
REQUIRED MOTORISTS TO DRIVE
AT SPEEDS “REASONABLE AND PRUDENT”
1941 COMMITTEE ON SPEED REGULATION RECOMMENDED 80 TO 90TH PERCENTILE
WHY 85TH PERCENTILE?
ANALYTICAL SUPPORT FROM THESE STUDIES: 1964 SOLOMON 1968 CIRILLO RTI 1970
REPRESENTS UPPER BOUND OF THE PREFERRED DRIVING SPEED
CORRESPONDS TO UPPER BOUND OF SPEED RANGES WHERE CRASH RATES ARE LOWEST
DATA ANALYSIS
• • • > 1 SD from Mean
CALTRANS TRAFFIC MANUAL
SUPERCEDED IN MAY 2004 WITH MUTCD AND CALIFORNIA SUPPLEMENT
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/signtech/signdel/trafficmanual.htm
FEDERAL MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
The 2003 Edition of the MUTCD
with Revisions Number 1 and 2 Incorporated, dated December 2007,
is available in both PDF and HTML.
http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_2003r1r2.htm
CALIFORNIAMANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
CA MUTCD
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/signtech/mutcdsupp/index.htm
CALIFORNIA TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES COMMITTEE
CTCDC“This committee is the vehicle by which the Department fulfills its obligation to consult with local agencies and the public, before adopting rules and regulations prescribing uniform standards and specifications for all official traffic control devices used in California.”
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/signtech/newtech/
MAKING CHANGES TO THE CA MUTCD
FEDERAL CHANGES
LEGISLATIVE CHANGES
CHANGES IN CVC
REQUESTS FROM OTHERS
MAKING CHANGES TO THE CA MUTCD STAFF PREPARES PROPOSED CHANGES
TO TEXT AND AGENDA ITEM FOR CTCDC
CTCDC HOLDS PUBLIC MEETING SCHEDULED THREE TIMES A YEAR
CALTRANS CONCURRENCE
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS POLICY DIRECTIVE (TOPD)
WHY DID SECTION 2B.13 NEED CHANGING?
SPEED LIMIT CONCERNS
PROPOSED SB 848 (2007) CORBETT CHANGES TO E&TS PROCESS ROUND DOWN BELOW 85TH PERCENTILE ELIMINATE E&TS FOR “SPEED TRAP”
SPEED LIMITS CREEPING UPWARD
APPLYING 5 MPH REDUCTION
POLITICAL PRESSURE TO LOWER SPEED LIMITS
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1996 TRAFFIC MANUAL
The speed limit normally should be established at the first five mile per hour (mph) increment below the 85th percentile speed. However, in matching existing conditions with the traffic safety needs of the community, engineering judgment may indicate the need for a further reduction of five mph.
MUTCD 2003
Guidance:
When a speed limit is to be posted, it should be within 10 km/h or 5 mph of the 85th percentile speed of free-flowing traffic.
2004 CALIFORNIA SUPPLEMENT
Guidance:
When a speed limit is to be posted, it should be established at the nearest 10 km/h or 5 mph increment of the 85th percentile speed of free-flowing traffic.
2004 CALIFORNIA SUPPLEMENT
The posted speed may be reduced by 10 km/h (5 mph) from the nearest 10 km/h or 5 mph increment of the 85th percentile speed, where engineering study indicates the need for a reduction in speed to match existing conditions with the traffic safety needs of the community.
CHANGES TO 2006 CA MUTCD (TOPD 09-04)
The speed limit shall be established at the nearest 5mph increment of the 85th percentile.
If the 5 mph reduction is applied, the E&TS shall document in writing the conditions and justification for the reduced speed limit and be approved by a registered Civil or Traffic Engineer.
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION OVER LAST TWO YEARS
SEVERAL MEETINGS WITH CTCDC LOTS OF LETTERS AND E-MAILS
SUBCOMMITTEE MEETINGS WITHIN 5 MPH vs NEAREST 5MPH APPLYING 5 MPH REDUCTION
DOCUMENTATION OF JUSTIFICATION 50TH PERCENTILE
“HARD FLOOR” vs “SOFT FLOOR”
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION (CONT’D)
3/19/09 -- SPECIAL HEARING WITH DIRECTOR KEMPTON AND COMMISSIONER FARROW
5/15/09 -- DIRECTOR KEMPTON ISSUES DECISION
7/1/09 -- TOPD 09-04 ISSUED
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS POLICY DIRECTIVE 09-04
FIND IT AT THIS WEBSITEhttp://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/signtech/
CHANGES TO CA MUTCD “should be within” 5 mph
to “shall be to the nearest” 5 mph 5 mph reduction approved by CE or TE Document reasons for 5 mph reduction
QUESTIONS?
ABOUT THE MATERIAL SO FAR
ABOUT THE PROCESS FOR CHANGING CA MUTCD
WHERE TO GO FOR MORE INFO
CALIFORNIA VEHICLE CODES FOR SPEED LIMITS
SECTION 627 “ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC SURVEY”
SECTIONS 22348-22366 GENERAL SPEED LAWS
SECTIONS 40801 to 40805 OTHER SPEED LAWS
SECTION 40802 “SPEED TRAP”
CVC and CA MUTCDCOMPARISION
CVC NEED FOR E&TS DELEGATES E&TS PROCEDURES TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
SPEED LIMITS SET BY LEGISLATION USED FOR CITATIONS
CVC 627
“ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC SURVEY”1.PREVAILING SPEEDS*
2. ACCIDENT RECORDS
3.HIGHWAY, TRAFFIC AND ROADSIDE CONDITIONS NOT READILY APPARENT TO THE DRIVER
*NO SPECIFIC MENTION OF 85TH %TILE
CVC 22358.5
“…PHYSICAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS WIDTH, CURVATURE, GRADE AND SURFACE CONDITIONS OR ANY OTHER CONDITION READILY APPARENT TO THE DRIVER, WOULD NOT REQUIRE SPECIAL DOWNWARD SPEED ZONING.”
CVC and CA MUTCDCOMPARISION
CA MUTCD CRITERIA FOR SELECTING VALUE OF
SPEED LIMIT E&TS ELEMENTS
SAMPLE FORMS REPORT FORMAT
SIGNS TO USE NATIONAL STANDARDS CALIFORNIA MODIFICATIONS
85TH PERCENTILE SPEED
FOUNDATION FOR SETTING APPROPRIATE SPEED LIMITS
EXCEPTED PRACTICE FOR MANY YEARS
BASED ON STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
DATA ANALYSIS
• • • > 1 SD from Mean
10 MPH PACE
EXERCISE
LET’S LOOK AT HANDOUT OF
2006 CA MUTCD:
PAGES 2B-7,8,9 & 10
E&TS PROCEDURES
PAGES 2B-86,87,88,89
SAMPLE CHARTS
TIME FOR A BREAK
ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC SURVEY PROCEDURES
RENEWAL TIME PERIODS COLLECTING DATA WRITING REPORT DISTRIBUTION OF REPORT
E&TS RENEWAL PERIOD
5 YEARS 7 YEARS 10 YEARS
COLLECTING DATA
RADAR EQUIPMENT LOCATION CONDITIONS SIZE OF SAMPLE
WRITING REPORT
FORMAT GRAPHICS SIGNATURES
DISTRIBUTION OF E&TS
ENGINEER’S OFFICE FILE
LOCAL COURT SYSTEM
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY
ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC SURVEY
SIGNED AND APPROVED BY REGISTERED ENGINEER (CIVIL OR TRAFFIC)
DOCUMENT REASONS FOR USING
5 MPH REDUCTION
REVIEW DATA FOR ONE YEAR
EXISTING POSTED SPEED LIMIT 85TH PERCENTILE SPEED 50TH PERCENTILE SPEED NEW SPEED LIMIT ACCIDENT HISTORY BEFORE AND
AFTER
SPEED LIMIT ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement of Speed Enforcement of Speed LimitsLimits
Lieutenant Dana SampsonLieutenant Dana Sampson
Sergeant Kevin DavisSergeant Kevin Davis
California Highway Patrol
Effective Speed Effective Speed ManagementManagement
EngineeringEngineering EnforcementEnforcement
EducationEducation
Why is Why is enforcement enforcement so important?so important?
People are more likely to be injured People are more likely to be injured or killed in a traffic collision than as a or killed in a traffic collision than as a
result of a crime.result of a crime. Almost 1/3 of collisions are speed Almost 1/3 of collisions are speed
related.related. 53,132 injury related and 620 fatal 53,132 injury related and 620 fatal
collisions caused by speeding in CA in collisions caused by speeding in CA in 2007 (SWITRS).2007 (SWITRS).
Why is Why is enforcement enforcement so important ?so important ?
Deterrence - Enforcement is critical to Deterrence - Enforcement is critical to ensure compliance and change behavior.ensure compliance and change behavior. Specific – Direct contact with violators.Specific – Direct contact with violators. General - Visual presence / deterrence.General - Visual presence / deterrence.
According to NHTSA, more than half of all According to NHTSA, more than half of all traffic stops result from speeding violations.traffic stops result from speeding violations.
Why is speed Why is speed enforcement enforcement so important ?so important ?
Leads to other types of criminal Leads to other types of criminal apprehension: apprehension:
Drugs – In 2006, 41 percent of all Drugs – In 2006, 41 percent of all narcotic seizures by the CHP narcotic seizures by the CHP originated with a speed stop.originated with a speed stop.
DUI – In 2006, speeding was a factor DUI – In 2006, speeding was a factor in approximately 25 percent of DUI in approximately 25 percent of DUI
injury collisions.injury collisions.
Enforcement Enforcement StrategiesStrategies
Establishment of rational limitsEstablishment of rational limits Public EducationPublic Education
Strict Enforcement for non-Strict Enforcement for non-compliancecompliance
Types of Types of Speed Speed
EnforcementEnforcement Pacing (speedometer)Pacing (speedometer)
Radar / LidarRadar / Lidar Automated (illegal in CA Automated (illegal in CA
21455.6 VC)21455.6 VC) AerialAerial
Advantages of Advantages of Lidar and RadarLidar and Radar
Highly Accurate.Highly Accurate. Officer safety - eliminates need for Officer safety - eliminates need for
pacing / following a speeding violator.pacing / following a speeding violator. Effectiveness – Can be utilized on roads Effectiveness – Can be utilized on roads with limited opportunities for conventional with limited opportunities for conventional
enforcement.enforcement.
Types of Speed Types of Speed LimitsLimits
MaximumMaximum Prima FaciePrima Facie
Maximum Maximum Speed LimitsSpeed Limits
22349(a) VC – 65 mph on 22349(a) VC – 65 mph on any highway.any highway.
* ETS not needed to enforce maximum * ETS not needed to enforce maximum speed limits.speed limits.
Maximum Maximum Speed LimitsSpeed Limits
22349(b) VC – 55 mph on 2-lane undivided highway.22349(b) VC – 55 mph on 2-lane undivided highway. 22406 VC – 55 mph for specified commercial vehicles.22406 VC – 55 mph for specified commercial vehicles.
• 3 or more axles, or towing another vehicle, school bus, etc.3 or more axles, or towing another vehicle, school bus, etc. 22356 (b) – 70 mph on specified freeways.22356 (b) – 70 mph on specified freeways.
* ETS not needed to enforce maximum speed limits.* ETS not needed to enforce maximum speed limits.
Prima Facie Prima Facie Speed LimitsSpeed Limits
““On the face of it.On the face of it.” ” Posted speed limits which are Posted speed limits which are
reasonable and reasonable and prudent under normal prudent under normal conditions.conditions.
22350 VC, Unsafe speed for conditions.22350 VC, Unsafe speed for conditions.
Prima Facie Prima Facie Speed LimitsSpeed Limits
Must be supported by ETS when radar or lidar is used. Must be supported by ETS when radar or lidar is used. Exceptions:Exceptions:
School Zones School Zones Construction Zones Construction Zones
‘‘Local Streets and Roads’Local Streets and Roads’• http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/crs_maps/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/crs_maps/
Speed Trap Speed Trap LawLaw
HistoryHistory 1923 - Section 155, California Vehicle 1923 - Section 155, California Vehicle
Act.Act. 1950s – Police radar technology 1950s – Police radar technology
developed.developed. Legislature later enacted laws restricting Legislature later enacted laws restricting
use of use of radar.radar. Today - Section 40802 VC.Today - Section 40802 VC.
Speed Trap LawSpeed Trap LawCVC Section CVC Section
40802 40802
Speed Trap is either of following:Speed Trap is either of following: Time / distanceTime / distance
Prima facie speed limit not justified by Prima facie speed limit not justified by ETS ETS
(when radar or lidar is used)(when radar or lidar is used)
Speed Trap LawSpeed Trap LawCVC Section CVC Section
40802 40802
Roadway must be surveyed every 5, 7, Roadway must be surveyed every 5, 7, or 10 yearsor 10 years
7 years if…7 years if…• Officer POST certified (24 hour radar course / 2 hour lidar).Officer POST certified (24 hour radar course / 2 hour lidar).• Radar / lidar conforms to NHTSA standards (CPL).Radar / lidar conforms to NHTSA standards (CPL).• IndependentIndependent equipment calibration within 3 years (IACP equipment calibration within 3 years (IACP Certification).Certification).
10 years if engineer certifies no significant changes 10 years if engineer certifies no significant changes in roadway or traffic conditions.in roadway or traffic conditions.
Speed Trap LawSpeed Trap LawCVC Section CVC Section
4080240802
NHTSA Standards – Radar and NHTSA Standards – Radar and LidarLidar
IACP Conforming Products List (CPL) – IACP Conforming Products List (CPL) – www.theiacp.orgwww.theiacp.org
PoliceServices – ExecutiveServices – PoliceServices – ExecutiveServices – ProfessionalAssistance – RadarLidarTestingandCPLsProfessionalAssistance – RadarLidarTestingandCPLs IndependentIndependent Certification every 3 years – provided Certification every 3 years – provided
by IACPby IACP
Speed Trap Speed Trap LawLaw
Section 40803 VCSection 40803 VC No evidence as to the speed of a No evidence as to the speed of a vehicle…shall be admitted in any vehicle…shall be admitted in any
court…when based upon or obtained court…when based upon or obtained by…a speed trap.by…a speed trap.
Why is valid ETS Why is valid ETS important for important for
enforcement ?enforcement ?
People v. Goulet (13 Cal.App.4People v. Goulet (13 Cal.App.4thth) 1992) 1992 Speed traps bring disrespect to law Speed traps bring disrespect to law enforcement and the courts…if prima enforcement and the courts…if prima facie speed limit is set without being facie speed limit is set without being
justified by ETS…it cannot be enforced justified by ETS…it cannot be enforced by any means involving the use of by any means involving the use of
radar.radar.
Why is valid ETS Why is valid ETS important for important for
enforcement ?enforcement ?
One common example…One common example…People v. Perez, Orange County 2005People v. Perez, Orange County 2005
Defendant - 53 mph on lidarDefendant - 53 mph on lidar Posted speed limit - 35 mphPosted speed limit - 35 mph
8585thth Percentile – 44.2 mph Percentile – 44.2 mph Case dismissed !Case dismissed !
Final Final ThoughtsThoughts
Effective speed management requires a Effective speed management requires a collaborative effort among all stakeholders:collaborative effort among all stakeholders:
EngineersEngineers Law enforcementLaw enforcement
JudiciaryJudiciary
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
Thank You !Thank You !
California Highway PatrolCalifornia Highway Patrol
Planning and Analysis DivisionPlanning and Analysis Division
Lieutenant Dana Sampson - Lieutenant Dana Sampson - [email protected]@chp.ca.gov
Sergeant Kevin Davis - [email protected] Kevin Davis - [email protected]
TIME FOR A BREAK
PROBLEMS WITH E&TS IN COURTS
EXPIRED AND NOT RENEWED WITHIN 5, 7 OR 10 YEAR PERIOD
NO JUSTIFICATION FOR SPEED LIMIT “WAY BELOW” THE 85TH PERCENTILE
SPECIAL SPEED ZONES
SCHOOL ZONES
TRUCK SPEED ZONES
CONSTRUCTION ZONES
VARIABLE SPEED LIMITS
SPEED LIMITS IN SCHOOL ZONES
SCHOOL ZONE SPEED LIMITS
CA MUTCD Section 7B.11 School Speed Limit
Assembly Section 7B.12 Reduced Speed School
Zone Ahead Sign Section 7B.13 End School Zone Sign
SCHOOL ZONE SPEED LIMITS
CALIFORNIA VEHICLE CODE CVC 22352 – 25 mph
“SCHOOL” warning sign, up to 500 ft away During school hours If no fence or physical barrier, while in use by
children, posted with “SCHOOL” sign
No E&TS required Prima facie speed limit
SCHOOL ZONE SPEED LIMITS
Assembly Bill 321 (October 2007) Expands 25 mph zone to 1000 ft Allows 15 mph within 500 ft of school TOPD 08-06 Sets up trial period (9/08 to 9/10)
Modified CVC 22358.4 – 15mph and 25 mph Local ordinance or resolution needed In residential district Maximum of two lanes Maximum speed limit of 30 mph on each side of
school zone
TRUCK SPEED LIMITS
TRUCK SPEED LIMITS
CVC 22406 –
Maximum speed limit of 55 mphVehicles towing anythingSchool busFarm labor vehicle Transporting explosives3 or more axlesTrailer bus
TRUCK SPEED LIMITS ON DESCENDING GRADES
CA MUTCD Section 2B.13 History of runaway commercial vehicles Descending grades longer than 1 mile Provide physical profile showing length
and gradient Downhill speed profile for 3+ axle vehicles
with gross rating of 10,000 lbs Analysis of truck collisions Posted speed on low side of pace
CONSTRUCTION ZONES
No E&TS required for radar enforcement
CVC 22362 Speed reduction only during working hours Signs covered or removed when no work
going on
CVC 21367 Speed reduction in place 24 hours a day Recommend only 10 mph reduction
CONSTRUCTION ZONES
CA MUTCD Section 6F.104(CA)
for Road Work/Speed Zone
DISCUSSION AT CTCDC MEETING9/24/09 San Jose
VARIABLE SPEED LIMITS
IN CVC 22355 PRACTICE IS NEW TO CALIFORNIA CAN BE USED ON FREEWAYS NEEDS TO IMPROVE ORDERLY
MOVEMENT AND SAFETY ISSUES STILL BE SORTED OUT ON I-
80 CORRIDOR NEAR BERKELEY
SPEED LIMIT CHANGES CAN AFFECT . . .
Yellow light change interval
Length of passing zones on two-lane highways
Signal progression on arterial networks
YELLOW LIGHT CHANGE INTERVAL
Posted speed limit 85th percentile surveyed speed Posted speed limit plus 5 or 10 mph Review location of vehicle detectors
(See CA MUTCD Section 4D.10)
LENGTH OF PASSING ZONE
PASSING ZONES
CA MUTCD Table 3B-1 Section 3B.02
RESOURCES AND REFERENCES
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORTATION ENIGNEERS
OTHER STATE’S DOT CASE LAW NATIONAL MOTORISTS
ASSOCIATION www.motorists.org
REFERENCES
Transportation Research Board --1998 Committee for Guidance on Setting and Enforcing Speed limits
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr254.pdf
REFERENCES
www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/traffic/Realistic-Speed-Zoning.pdf
Automobile Club of Southern California1998 Public Information Pamphlet(currently out of print, available on-line)
REFERENCES
NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (NHTSA) www.nhtsa.dot.gov
Speed-Related Information
SPEED MANAGEMENT WORKSHOPS
MANUAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING STUDIES
Shows in detail how to conduct several transportation engineering studies in the field. Discusses experimental design, survey design, statistical analyses, data presentation techniques, and report writing concepts. Provides guidelines for both oral and written presentation of study results. Includes useful forms for various transportation studies. Edited by H. Douglas Robertson.
Publisher: ITE, Item #TB-012
Pages: 624 pp.
Publishing Date: 01/00
CONTACTS IN CT HQ’S
Johnny Bhullar, CA MUTCDPh: 916-654-7312Email: [email protected]
Roberta McLaughlin, SPEED LIMITSPh: 916-651-1248Email: [email protected]
Devinder Singh, CTCDCPh: 916-654-4715Email: [email protected]
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS???
SEND CARDS UP FRONT.