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Antimicrobial Stewardship: regulations, resources, and role of the bedside nurseMELISSA STEENHOEK, PHARM.D, BCPS
I have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.
ObjectivesDescribe the goals of antimicrobial stewardship
Identify ways that the bedside nurse contributes to antimicrobial stewardship
Recognize and locate regulations and resources for antimicrobial stewardship
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Antimicrobial StewardshipCollaborative, coordinated programs and interventionsdesigned to improve antimicrobial prescribing (i.e., right drug, dose, duration, and route of administration when antibiotics are needed)
to optimize clinical outcomes
while minimizing unintended consequences of antimicrobial agent use such as toxicity, selection of pathogenic organisms, and emergence of resistance
AJIP 2018;46:364‐368
2014
2013 document lists top 18 drug resistance threats
CDC names escalating threat of antibiotic resistance to the TOP 5 health threats in the US
https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html
2014
Review on Antimicrobial Resistance predicts that by 2050 deaths from antimicrobial resistance will exceed cancer
https://amr‐review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20‐%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf
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2014
2015
2018
Recent data suggesting INCREASED antibiotic use worldwide 2000‐2015
PNAS 2018;115(5):e3462‐e3470
Antimicrobial resistanceHealth care as we know it today relies on antimicrobials. Without antimicrobials the following treatments would pretty much cease to be offered: Elective surgeries (and potentially dire consequences from non‐elective surgeries)
Some cancer treatments including stem cell transplant
Solid organ transplants
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CDC Core Elements‐ AS in hospitals and LTCF
Core Element Description
Leadership commitment Dedicating human, financial, and information technology resources
Accountability Appointing a single leader responsible for program outcomes
Drug expertise Appointing a single pharmacist leader responsible for working to improve antibiotic agent use
Action Implementing at least 1 recommended action with the goal of improving antimicrobial use
Tracking Monitoring antibiotic prescribing and resistance patterns
Reporting Regular reporting of information on antimicrobial use and resistance to doctors, nurses, and relevant staff
Education Educating clinicians about resistance and optimal prescribing
AS= antimicrobial stewardship LTCF= long term care facility
Joint Commissionstandard
https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/New_Antimicrobial_Stewardship_Standard.pdf
Missouri Senate Bill 579
• All hospitals will have stewardship programs by August 28, 2017
• All hospitals will report antibiotic use and resistance data into NHSN when stage 3 Meaningful Use requirements are finalized
• Antibiotic use and resistance data will be shared with the health department, but will not be reported to the public
http://www.senate.mo.gov/16info/BTS_Web/Bill.aspx?SessionType=R&BillID=22246494
NHSN= National Healthcare Safety Network
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CMS Condition of Participation for nursing homes
https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Provider‐Enrollment‐and‐Certification/GuidanceforLawsAndRegulations/Nursing‐Homes.html
Part of the Infection Prevention and Control Program
Intent of regulation is to ensure that the facility:• Implements protocols to optimize the treatment
of infections • Reduces the risk of adverse events from
unnecessary or inappropriate antibiotic use• Implements a facility‐wide system to monitor
the use of antibiotics
November 2017
CMS proposed CoP for hospital and critical access hospitals
Proposal posted in Federal Register June 2016
Not finalized
CoP= Condition of Participation
Medicare Beneficiary Quality Improvement Project (MBQIP)
https://www.ruralcenter.org/resource‐library/mbqip‐measures
2018 Complete NHSN Annual Facility Survey
Fully implement 7 core elements by end of FY2021
NHSN= National Healthcare Safety Network
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Who has a role in antimicrobial stewardship?
Prevention•Physicians
•Nursing
•Environmental services
•Respiratory therapy
•Infection Prevention
•Employee Health
•ANYONE that enters a patient room
•Front desks
•Patients
•Education department
•Information technology
•Case management
Diagnosis
• Physicians
• Nurses communicating symptoms
• Respiratory therapy
•Microbiology
• Lab
• Radiology
• Information technology
• Patients
Treatment
•Physicians
•Pharmacists
•Nursing
•Information technology
•Microbiology
•Patients
•Case management
Monitoring
•Physicians
•Pharmacy
•Lab
•Radiology
•Nursing
•Respiratory therapy
•Information technology
•Patients
Management does ALL of these roles by providing resources and driving good practice
Bedside nurses’ role in ASAntibiotic prescribers: no
Antibiotic stewards: absolutely!
Historically under‐recognized and under‐appreciated
MANY of the duties the bedside is already performing ARE antibiotic stewardship
AS= antimicrobial stewardship
Nurse’s central role
Nurse
Infection prevention
Specialist doctors
Microbiology
Case management
Primary doctor
Pharmacy
Lab
Adapted from ANA & CDC white paper 2017. Redefining the antibiotic stewardship team.
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Role of the Nurse in AS
Nurses
ID docs
AS = Antimicrobial Stewardship
Role of the Nurse in ASNurse is already doing a lot to support AS:
Infection prevention strategiesAppropriate culture collection technique and timing
Communicating progress or adverse events to physician and others
Often first to receive new microbiology results
Discharge education Communicating with discharge facility
Expanding role of the nurseCommunicating in a way that doesn’t force antibiotics
Communicating and educating families that antibiotics can be harmful and should only be used when needed
Penicillin allergy documentation
Identifying IV to PO opportunities
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Communicating about symptoms3 great tools available
Nurses can consider and collect all relevant clinical information prior to calling the provider.
PERTINENT NEGATIVES can encourage “watchful waiting” and delaying/withholding unneeded antibiotics.
Patient caseTJ is an 84 year old male, has been living in your nursing home for 6 months.
His daughter is here for a weekly visit and mentions to you that his urine has a foul odor.
She goes on to say that last year this happened and her dad ended up in the hospital for IV antibiotics.
What should be done??
Loeb minimum diagnostic criteria for starting antibiotics in nursing home residents
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22(2):120‐124.
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Revised McGeer Criteria
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:965‐77.
AHRQ Suspected UTI SBAR
https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/nhguide/4_TK1_T1‐SBAR_UTI_Final.pdf
SBAR = Situation, Background, Assessment, RecommendationAHRQ = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Communicating about symptomsAfter full evaluation, nurse contacts the physician and explains that the resident’s daughter is concerned about foul smelling urine due to experience with a previous UTI. Today though the resident is afebrile and denies dysuria, urgency, suprapubic pain, incontinence, frequency, hematuria, and costovertebral angle tenderness
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22(2):120‐124.
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Communicating about symptoms and treatmentSince there are no symptoms of a UTI the physician decides to wait on antibiotic treatment and encourages fluid intake.
Now the nurse has the opportunity to communicate with the resident and the daughter about the benefit of “watchful waiting” and why we don’t want to expose the resident to potential risks of antibiotics when there is a little to no benefit of an antibiotic for the patient
Communicating non‐treatment to families and patientsThe doctor doesn’t think that you have a UTI. But she was concerned that maybe you aren’t getting enough to drink, so I brought some water for you.
Your doctor also wanted me to give her an update later today.
She said the risk of giving you an antibiotic that you don’t need is greater than the benefit of that antibiotic
But she wants me to let her know if anything changes
Communicating non‐treatment to families and patientsDemonstrate that you care about their concerns
Patients and providers tend to underestimate the risk of a single course of antibiotics
~10% have an adverse reaction
Common‐ nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash
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Urine colonization common
Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:643‐54.
Resources for talking to patientsAHRQ toolkit dedicated to educating and engaging residents and family members
https://www.ahrq.gov/nhguide/toolkits/educate‐and‐engage/index.html
Free to use as is:
https://www.cdc.gov/longtermcare/resident/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/longtermcare/pdfs/factsheet‐core‐elements‐what‐you‐need‐to‐know.pdf
http://www.choosingwisely.org/patient‐resources/urinary‐tract‐infections‐in‐older‐people/
To inspire making your own:
http://www.rochesterpatientsafety.com/Images_Content/Site1/Files/Pages/Nursing%20Homes/Antibiotics%20for%20UTI%20in%20Older%20Adults.pdf My Favorite
https://nursinghomeinfections.unc.edu/files/2016/03/Infection‐Project‐brochure.pdf
http://www.rochesterpatientsafety.com/Images_Content/Site1/Files/Pages/Nursing%20Homes/Asymptomatic‐Bacteriuria‐Family‐Letter.pdf
Implementing communication toolsKey to success with Loeb, McGeer, or SBAR is to get the physicians and providers on board.
If you expect resistance then introduce it as a tool for the bedside nurse to efficiently communicate with them. They are busy and their time is valuable. We want to help!
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Role of nurse in AS: Penicillin allergy documentation10% of US patients report a penicillin allergy
<1% are truly allergic to penicillins
Approximately 80% of patients with IgE‐mediated penicillin allergy lose their sensitivity after 10 years
“penicillin allergic” label is associated with suboptimal antibiotic therapy and higher healthcare costs
Penicillin allergy documentation
Patients with a penicillin allergy label often receive second line antibiotics to avoid the entire beta lactam class.
Second line antibiotics are not first lineRisk of adverse effects Common: nausea, vomiting, drug interactions
Rare: organ damage and failure
Lower efficacy Less cure → lower QOL, another round of abx → more side effects and more resistance
Higher cost
Impact of “2nd line” treatment
Characteristic Beta‐lactam treatment (n= 54)
Vancomycin treatment (n=27)
P‐value
Antibiotic selection‐MSSA bacteremia
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52(1):192‐7.
Beta lactam is first line therapy
Vancomycin is 2nd line; or first line for a patient with a severe beta lactam allergy
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Impact of “2nd line” treatment
Characteristic Beta‐lactam treatment (n= 54)
Vancomycin treatment (n=27)
P‐value
Overall deaths 8 (15%) 11 (41%) 0.009
SAB‐related deaths 6 (11%) 10 (37%) 0.006
Cure 44 (82%) 16 (59%) 0.03
Antibiotic selection‐MSSA bacteremia
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52(1):192‐7.
SAB = staph aureus bacteremia
Allergy documentationPatients with reported penicillin allergy had a 50% increased odd of surgical site infection (SSI)
Risk was attributable to receipt of second line perioperative antibiotics
Clarification of penicillin allergies as part of routine pre‐operative care may decrease SSI
Sounds like easy fix BUT 112‐124 patients with reported PCN allergy would need allergy evaluation to prevent 1 SSI
Antibiotic stewardship is EVERYONE’s job. One person alone can’t do this
Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66(3):329‐336.
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
PCN allergy no PCN allergy
SSI
What to ask:What happened when you took penicillin?
How was the reaction managed?
Did the reaction go away when you stopped taking penicillin?
How long ago was it that you had this reaction?
Have you taken Keflex or Omnicef?
Document ALL of this information! Even if the patient probably won’t need antibiotic this visit.
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Allergy education
Nurses can also help educate patients and families about what constitutes an accurate allergy history
Family history
Intolerance vs allergy
Role of nurse in AS:IV to PO conversion
Bedside nurse is well positioned to efficiently know if a patient is able to swallow and absorb medication
IV to POMany antibiotics have the same blood concentrations whether they are administered intravenously or orally!
ciprofloxacin levofloxacin
moxifloxacin gatifloxacin
metronidazole linezolid
azithromycin clindamycin
doxycycline fluconazole
minocycline rifampin
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IV to POBeta lactams are a little trickier. ◦ Not 100% bioavailable
◦ But for many indications available oral beta lactams are great options
Oral beta lactam options include:
Amoxicillin/clavulanate Penicillin VK
Amoxicillin Cefdinir
Cephalexin Cefpodoxime
Cefuroxime Cefixime
Benefits of IV to PO conversion
Patient satisfaction
Decreased line infections
Decreased length of stay
Decreased thrombophlebitis
Lower cost of medication
Decreased hidden costs (dilution, tubing, needles, nursing time)
More resources
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CDC and ANA White Paper on role of nurse in AS
Antimicrobial stewardship functions performed by nurses
AS= antimicrobial stewardship
https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/healthcare/pdfs/ANA‐CDC‐whitepaper.pdf
National Quality Forum Playbook
http://www.qualityforum.org/Publications/2016/05/National_Quality_Partners_Playbook__Antibiotic_Stewardship_in_Acute_Care.aspx
Practical tips for implementation
Includes tips for overcoming common barriers to implementation
British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Playbook
http://www.bsac.org.uk/antimicrobialstewardshipebook/BSAC‐AntimicrobialStewardship‐FromPrinciplestoPractice‐eBook.pdf
So many links!
Not just for the Brits!
Great ideas from across the globe
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Society of Hospital Medicine
Provider education videos
Resources for Hospitalists serving as Physician Champion
https://www.hospitalmedicine.org/clinical‐topics/antibiotic‐resistance/
WHOAS course
https://openwho.org/courses/AMR‐competency
8 hours of AS competency education targeted at antimicrobial prescribers
Free to anyone who wants to learn about antibiotics
Just launched in January 2018
SHEA ASP podcasts
http://shea‐online.org/index.php/education/podcasts
Four 20 minute podcasts covering common clinical syndromes with antimicrobial stewardship opportunities
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AHRQ
https://www.ahrq.gov/nhguide/index.html
Toolkit for nursing homes
AHRQ= Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
CDC penicillin allergy education tool
https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic‐use/community/for‐hcp/Penicillin‐Allergy.html
Tool to educate healthcare professionals about penicillin allergy evaluation, diagnosis, and options for treatment
Symptom free pee:let it be!
https://ammi.ca/Content/AntibioticAwareness/AB‐Detailed%20poster_Eng_8.5x11_colour.pdf
Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canada
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ConclusionUsing antibiotics wisely is a good idea
Using antibiotics wisely is now required by law
Using antibiotics wisely is everyone’s job
ReferencesManning M, et al. Antimicrobial Stewardship and infection prevention‐leveraging the synergy: a position paper update. Am J Inf Control 2018;48:364‐8.
Olans R, Olans R, DeMaria A. The critical role of the staff nurse in antimicrobial stewardship‐unrecognized, but already there. ClinInfect Dis 2016;62:84‐9.
Kim S, Choe K. Outcome of vancomycin treatment in patients with methicillin‐susceptible staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(1);192‐7.
American Nurses Association and Centers for Disease Control White Paper 2017. Redefining the antibiotic stewardship team.
Monsees E, Goldman J, Popejoy L. Staff nurses as antimicrobial stewards: an integrative literature review. Am J Inf Control. 2017;45:917‐22.
Loeb M, Bentley D, Bradley S et al. Development of minimum criteria for the initiation of antibiotics in residents of long‐term‐care facilities: results of a consensus conference. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:120‐124.
Stone N, Ashraf M, Calder J, et al. Surveillance definitions of infections in long‐term care facilities: revisiting the McGeer criteria. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:965‐977.
Blumenthal K, Ryan E, Lee H et al. The impact of a reported penicillin allergy on surgical site infection risk. Clin Infect Dis 2018;66(3):329‐336.
Klein E, Van Boekel T, et al. Global increase and geographical convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000‐2015. PNAS 2018;115(5):e3462‐e3470
Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Antimicrobial Resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. 2014.
Cyriac J, James E. Switch over from intravenous to oral therapy: a concise review. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 201;5(2):82‐87.