+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab...

Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab...

Date post: 06-Jun-2020
Category:
Upload: others
View: 0 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
19
5/4/2018 1 Antimicrobial Stewardship: regulations, resources, and role of the bedside nurse MELISSA STEENHOEK, PHARM.D, BCPS I have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose. Objectives Describe the goals of antimicrobial stewardship Identify ways that the bedside nurse contributes to antimicrobial stewardship Recognize and locate regulations and resources for antimicrobial stewardship
Transcript
Page 1: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

1

Antimicrobial Stewardship: regulations, resources, and role of the bedside nurseMELISSA  STEENHOEK,  PHARM.D,  BCPS

I have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.

ObjectivesDescribe the goals of antimicrobial stewardship

Identify ways that the bedside nurse contributes to antimicrobial stewardship

Recognize and locate regulations and resources for antimicrobial stewardship

Page 2: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

2

Antimicrobial StewardshipCollaborative, coordinated programs and interventionsdesigned to improve antimicrobial prescribing (i.e., right drug, dose, duration, and route of administration when antibiotics are needed) 

to optimize clinical outcomes 

while minimizing unintended consequences of antimicrobial agent use such as toxicity, selection of pathogenic organisms, and emergence of resistance

AJIP 2018;46:364‐368

2014

2013 document lists top 18 drug resistance threats

CDC names escalating threat of antibiotic resistance to the TOP 5 health threats in the US

https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html

2014

Review on Antimicrobial Resistance predicts that by 2050 deaths from antimicrobial resistance will exceed cancer

https://amr‐review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20‐%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf

Page 3: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

3

2014

2015

2018

Recent data suggesting INCREASED antibiotic use worldwide 2000‐2015

PNAS 2018;115(5):e3462‐e3470

Antimicrobial resistanceHealth care as we know it today relies on antimicrobials.  Without antimicrobials the following treatments would pretty much cease to be offered: Elective surgeries (and potentially dire consequences from non‐elective surgeries)

Some cancer treatments including stem cell transplant

Solid organ transplants

Page 4: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

4

CDC Core Elements‐ AS in hospitals and LTCF

Core Element Description

Leadership commitment Dedicating human, financial, and information technology resources

Accountability Appointing a single leader responsible for program outcomes

Drug expertise Appointing a single pharmacist leader responsible for working to improve antibiotic agent use

Action Implementing at least 1 recommended action with the goal of improving antimicrobial use

Tracking Monitoring antibiotic prescribing and resistance patterns

Reporting Regular reporting of information on antimicrobial use and resistance to doctors, nurses, and relevant staff

Education Educating clinicians about resistance and optimal prescribing

AS= antimicrobial stewardship     LTCF= long term care facility

Joint Commissionstandard

https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/New_Antimicrobial_Stewardship_Standard.pdf

Missouri Senate Bill 579 

• All hospitals will have stewardship programs by August 28, 2017 

• All hospitals will report antibiotic use and resistance data into NHSN when stage 3 Meaningful Use requirements are finalized 

• Antibiotic use and resistance data will be shared with the health department, but will not be reported to the public 

http://www.senate.mo.gov/16info/BTS_Web/Bill.aspx?SessionType=R&BillID=22246494

NHSN= National Healthcare Safety Network

Page 5: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

5

CMS Condition of Participation for nursing homes

https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Provider‐Enrollment‐and‐Certification/GuidanceforLawsAndRegulations/Nursing‐Homes.html

Part of the Infection Prevention and Control Program

Intent of regulation is to ensure that the facility:• Implements protocols to optimize the treatment 

of infections • Reduces the risk of adverse events from 

unnecessary or inappropriate antibiotic use• Implements a facility‐wide system to monitor 

the use of antibiotics

November 2017

CMS proposed CoP for hospital and critical access hospitals

Proposal posted in Federal Register June 2016

Not finalized

CoP= Condition of Participation

Medicare Beneficiary Quality Improvement Project (MBQIP)

https://www.ruralcenter.org/resource‐library/mbqip‐measures

2018 Complete NHSN Annual Facility Survey

Fully implement 7 core elements by end of FY2021

NHSN= National Healthcare Safety Network

Page 6: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

6

Who has a role in antimicrobial stewardship?

Prevention•Physicians

•Nursing

•Environmental services

•Respiratory therapy

•Infection Prevention

•Employee Health

•ANYONE that enters a patient room

•Front desks

•Patients

•Education department

•Information technology

•Case management

Diagnosis

• Physicians

• Nurses communicating symptoms

• Respiratory therapy

•Microbiology

• Lab

• Radiology

• Information technology

• Patients

Treatment

•Physicians

•Pharmacists

•Nursing

•Information technology

•Microbiology

•Patients

•Case management

Monitoring

•Physicians

•Pharmacy

•Lab

•Radiology

•Nursing

•Respiratory therapy

•Information technology

•Patients

Management does ALL of these roles by providing resources and driving good practice

Bedside nurses’ role in ASAntibiotic prescribers: no

Antibiotic stewards: absolutely!

Historically under‐recognized and under‐appreciated

MANY of the duties the bedside is already performing ARE antibiotic stewardship

AS= antimicrobial stewardship

Nurse’s central role

Nurse 

Infection prevention

Specialist doctors

Microbiology

Case management

Primary doctor

Pharmacy

Lab

Adapted from ANA & CDC white paper 2017. Redefining the antibiotic stewardship team. 

Page 7: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

7

Role of the Nurse in AS

Nurses 

ID docs

AS = Antimicrobial Stewardship

Role of the Nurse in ASNurse is already doing a lot to support AS:

Infection prevention strategiesAppropriate culture collection technique and timing

Communicating progress or adverse events to physician and others

Often first to receive new microbiology results

Discharge education Communicating with discharge facility

Expanding role of the nurseCommunicating in a way that doesn’t force antibiotics

Communicating and educating families that antibiotics can be harmful and should only be used when needed

Penicillin allergy documentation

Identifying IV to PO opportunities

Page 8: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

8

Communicating about symptoms3 great tools available

Nurses can consider and collect all relevant clinical information prior to calling the provider.  

PERTINENT NEGATIVES can encourage “watchful waiting” and delaying/withholding unneeded antibiotics.

Patient caseTJ is an 84 year old male, has been living in your nursing home for 6 months. 

His daughter is here for a weekly visit and mentions to you that his urine has a foul odor.  

She goes on to say that last year this happened and her dad ended up in the hospital for IV antibiotics. 

What should be done??

Loeb minimum diagnostic criteria for starting antibiotics in nursing home residents 

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22(2):120‐124.

Page 9: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

9

Revised McGeer Criteria

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:965‐77.

AHRQ Suspected UTI SBAR

https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/nhguide/4_TK1_T1‐SBAR_UTI_Final.pdf

SBAR = Situation, Background, Assessment, RecommendationAHRQ = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Communicating about symptomsAfter full evaluation, nurse contacts the physician and explains that the resident’s daughter is concerned about foul smelling urine due to experience with a previous UTI.  Today though the resident is afebrile and denies dysuria, urgency, suprapubic pain, incontinence, frequency, hematuria, and costovertebral angle tenderness

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22(2):120‐124.

Page 10: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

10

Communicating about symptoms and treatmentSince there are no symptoms of a UTI the physician decides to wait on antibiotic treatment and encourages fluid intake.

Now the nurse has the opportunity to communicate with the resident and the daughter about the benefit of “watchful waiting” and why we don’t want to expose the resident to potential risks of antibiotics when there is a little to no benefit of an antibiotic for the patient

Communicating non‐treatment to families and patientsThe doctor doesn’t think that you have a UTI.  But she was concerned that maybe you aren’t getting enough to drink, so I brought some water for you.  

Your doctor also wanted me to give her an update later today.

She said the risk of giving you an antibiotic that you don’t need is greater than the benefit of that antibiotic

But she wants me to let her know if anything changes

Communicating non‐treatment to families and patientsDemonstrate that you care about their concerns

Patients and providers tend to underestimate the risk of a single course of antibiotics 

~10% have an adverse reaction

Common‐ nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash

Page 11: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

11

Urine colonization common

Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:643‐54.

Resources for talking to patientsAHRQ toolkit dedicated to educating and engaging residents and family members

https://www.ahrq.gov/nhguide/toolkits/educate‐and‐engage/index.html

Free to use as is:

https://www.cdc.gov/longtermcare/resident/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/longtermcare/pdfs/factsheet‐core‐elements‐what‐you‐need‐to‐know.pdf

http://www.choosingwisely.org/patient‐resources/urinary‐tract‐infections‐in‐older‐people/

To inspire making your own:

http://www.rochesterpatientsafety.com/Images_Content/Site1/Files/Pages/Nursing%20Homes/Antibiotics%20for%20UTI%20in%20Older%20Adults.pdf My Favorite

https://nursinghomeinfections.unc.edu/files/2016/03/Infection‐Project‐brochure.pdf

http://www.rochesterpatientsafety.com/Images_Content/Site1/Files/Pages/Nursing%20Homes/Asymptomatic‐Bacteriuria‐Family‐Letter.pdf

Implementing communication toolsKey to success with Loeb, McGeer, or SBAR is to get the physicians and providers on board.

If you expect resistance then introduce it as a tool for the bedside nurse to efficiently communicate with them.  They are busy and their time is valuable.  We want to help!

Page 12: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

12

Role of nurse in AS: Penicillin allergy documentation10% of US patients report a penicillin allergy

<1% are truly allergic to penicillins

Approximately 80% of patients with IgE‐mediated penicillin allergy lose their sensitivity after 10 years

“penicillin allergic” label is associated with suboptimal antibiotic therapy and higher healthcare costs

Penicillin allergy documentation

Patients with a penicillin allergy label often receive second line antibiotics to avoid the entire beta lactam class.

Second line antibiotics are not first lineRisk of adverse effects Common: nausea, vomiting, drug interactions

Rare: organ damage and failure

Lower efficacy Less cure → lower QOL, another round of abx → more side effects and more resistance

Higher cost

Impact of “2nd line” treatment

Characteristic  Beta‐lactam treatment (n= 54)

Vancomycin treatment (n=27)

P‐value

Antibiotic selection‐MSSA bacteremia

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52(1):192‐7.

Beta lactam is first line therapy

Vancomycin is 2nd line; or first line for a patient with a severe beta lactam allergy

Page 13: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

13

Impact of “2nd line” treatment

Characteristic  Beta‐lactam treatment (n= 54)

Vancomycin treatment (n=27)

P‐value

Overall deaths 8 (15%) 11 (41%) 0.009

SAB‐related deaths 6 (11%) 10 (37%) 0.006

Cure 44 (82%) 16 (59%) 0.03

Antibiotic selection‐MSSA bacteremia

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52(1):192‐7.

SAB = staph aureus bacteremia

Allergy documentationPatients with reported penicillin allergy had a 50% increased odd of surgical site infection (SSI)

Risk was attributable to receipt of second line perioperative antibiotics

Clarification of penicillin allergies as part of routine pre‐operative care may decrease SSI

Sounds like easy fix BUT 112‐124 patients with reported PCN allergy would need allergy evaluation to prevent 1 SSI

Antibiotic stewardship is EVERYONE’s job.  One person alone can’t do this

Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66(3):329‐336.

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

PCN allergy no PCN allergy

SSI

What to ask:What happened when you took penicillin?

How was the reaction managed?

Did the reaction go away when you stopped taking penicillin?

How long ago was it that you had this reaction?

Have you taken Keflex or Omnicef?

Document ALL of this information!  Even if the patient probably won’t need antibiotic this visit.

Page 14: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

14

Allergy education

Nurses can also help educate patients and families about what constitutes an accurate allergy history

Family history

Intolerance vs allergy

Role of nurse in AS:IV to PO conversion

Bedside nurse is well positioned to efficiently know if a patient is able to swallow and absorb medication

IV to POMany antibiotics have the same blood concentrations whether they are administered intravenously or orally!

ciprofloxacin levofloxacin

moxifloxacin gatifloxacin

metronidazole linezolid

azithromycin clindamycin

doxycycline fluconazole

minocycline rifampin

Page 15: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

15

IV to POBeta lactams are a little trickier.  ◦ Not 100% bioavailable

◦ But for many indications available oral beta lactams are great options

Oral beta lactam options include:

Amoxicillin/clavulanate Penicillin VK

Amoxicillin Cefdinir

Cephalexin Cefpodoxime

Cefuroxime Cefixime

Benefits of IV to PO conversion

Patient satisfaction

Decreased line infections

Decreased length of stay

Decreased thrombophlebitis

Lower cost of medication

Decreased hidden costs (dilution, tubing, needles, nursing time)

More resources

Page 16: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

16

CDC and ANA White Paper on role of nurse in AS

Antimicrobial stewardship functions performed by nurses

AS= antimicrobial stewardship

https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/healthcare/pdfs/ANA‐CDC‐whitepaper.pdf

National Quality Forum Playbook

http://www.qualityforum.org/Publications/2016/05/National_Quality_Partners_Playbook__Antibiotic_Stewardship_in_Acute_Care.aspx

Practical tips for implementation

Includes tips for overcoming common barriers to implementation

British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Playbook

http://www.bsac.org.uk/antimicrobialstewardshipebook/BSAC‐AntimicrobialStewardship‐FromPrinciplestoPractice‐eBook.pdf

So many links!

Not just for the Brits!

Great ideas from across the globe

Page 17: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

17

Society of Hospital Medicine

Provider education videos

Resources for Hospitalists serving as Physician Champion

https://www.hospitalmedicine.org/clinical‐topics/antibiotic‐resistance/

WHOAS course

https://openwho.org/courses/AMR‐competency

8 hours of AS competency education targeted at antimicrobial prescribers

Free to anyone who wants to learn about antibiotics

Just launched in January 2018

SHEA ASP podcasts

http://shea‐online.org/index.php/education/podcasts

Four 20 minute podcasts covering common clinical syndromes with antimicrobial stewardship opportunities

Page 18: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

18

AHRQ

https://www.ahrq.gov/nhguide/index.html

Toolkit for nursing homes

AHRQ= Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

CDC penicillin allergy education tool

https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic‐use/community/for‐hcp/Penicillin‐Allergy.html

Tool to educate healthcare professionals about penicillin allergy evaluation, diagnosis, and options for treatment

Symptom free pee:let it be!

https://ammi.ca/Content/AntibioticAwareness/AB‐Detailed%20poster_Eng_8.5x11_colour.pdf

Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canada

Page 19: Spfd ACIP18 AS 42418 Melissa Steenhoek - Cox College · •Physicians •Pharmacy •Lab •Radiology •Nursing •Respiratory therapy •Information technology •Patients Management

5/4/2018

19

ConclusionUsing antibiotics wisely is a good idea

Using antibiotics wisely is now required by law

Using antibiotics wisely is everyone’s job

ReferencesManning M, et al. Antimicrobial Stewardship and infection prevention‐leveraging the synergy: a position paper update. Am J Inf Control 2018;48:364‐8.

Olans R, Olans R, DeMaria A. The critical role of the staff nurse in antimicrobial stewardship‐unrecognized, but already there. ClinInfect Dis 2016;62:84‐9.

Kim S, Choe K. Outcome of vancomycin treatment in patients with methicillin‐susceptible staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(1);192‐7.

American Nurses Association and Centers for Disease Control White Paper 2017. Redefining the antibiotic stewardship team.

Monsees E, Goldman J, Popejoy L. Staff nurses as antimicrobial stewards: an integrative literature review. Am J Inf Control. 2017;45:917‐22.

Loeb M, Bentley D, Bradley S et al. Development of minimum criteria for the initiation of antibiotics in residents of long‐term‐care facilities: results of a consensus conference. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:120‐124.

Stone N, Ashraf M, Calder J, et al. Surveillance definitions of infections in long‐term care facilities: revisiting the McGeer criteria. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:965‐977.

Blumenthal K, Ryan E, Lee H et al. The impact of a reported penicillin allergy on surgical site infection risk. Clin Infect Dis 2018;66(3):329‐336.

Klein E, Van Boekel T, et al. Global increase and geographical convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000‐2015. PNAS 2018;115(5):e3462‐e3470

Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Antimicrobial Resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. 2014.

Cyriac J, James E. Switch over from intravenous to oral therapy: a concise review. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 201;5(2):82‐87.


Recommended