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Alina Carare and Ashoka Mody June 3 2010. Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”. Motivation. Summary. Results: Even prior to the extreme volatility recently experienced , output growth volatility was flattening or mildly rising in some countries - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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SPILLOVER OF DOMESTIC SHOCKS: WILL THEY COUNTERACT THE “GREAT MODERATION” Alina Carare and Ashoka Mody June 3 2010
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Page 1: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

SPILLOVER OF DOMESTIC SHOCKS: WILL THEY

COUNTERACT THE “GREAT MODERATION”Alina Carare and Ashoka Mody

June 3 2010

Page 2: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009

Germany - real GDP growth (percentage change)

2009 contraction -5.0

Average annual growth rate since reunification 1½

Standard deviation of annual growth rate since reunification 1¼

Motivation

Page 3: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Summary Results:

1. Even prior to the extreme volatility recently experienced , output growth volatility was flattening or mildly rising in some countries

2. More widespread was increased tendency from mid-1990s for shocks to transmit to other countries

3. Higher sensitivity to foreign shocks appears related to vertical specialization

Page 4: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Introduction Extreme volatility should not have come

as a complete surprise “Great Moderation” – was robustly

established trend in industrial countries Domestic volatility declining due to

improved policy management and innovations in private sector

But these analyses did not factor in ongoing integration of global economy

Page 5: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Introduction

Even when considering multiple countries, these analyses dealt with individual country experiences

Stock and Watson (2005) was the exception Traced the source of “Great Moderation” to a fall

in common international shocks

Page 6: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Introduction Expand Stock and Watson (2005) analysis

From G7 to 22 OECD countries Using data until 2007Q4

To capture the effects of an increasingly integrated global economy to a perspective on economic volatility

The method decomposes GDP growth volatility into domestic, common international, and spillovers shocks

Page 7: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Stock and Watson (2005) method

1( )t t tY A L Y v

Yt = vector of stacked detrended growth ratesA(L) = matrix lag polynomial

First restriction: VAR (p1, p2)Each country growth depends on its own growth (4 lags) and other countries growth (1 lag)

Detrending method - Baxter-King (1999) band pass (BP) filter with 8 leads and lags and a pass-band of 6-32 quarters applied to annualized quarter-on-quarter GDP growth ratesVolatility is measured as the time-varying variance of this model

Page 8: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Stock and Watson (2005) method

For each date t a regression is estimated by weighted least squares using two-sided exponential weighting Observation at date s receives a weight of δ |t−s| and δ = 0.97 Observations further away from the point of interest t receive

an exponentially-lower weight s takes values between 1960:Q1 and 2007:Q4, while t takes

values between 1977:Q1 and 2006:Q4 Results are robust to different discount factors and

length of sample

Page 9: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Stock and Watson (2005) method VAR errors are decomposed into common international shocks and

country-specific shocks:

Where are common international factors or shocks, Γ is the 22 x k matrix of factor loadings (22 countries times k factors) , and are country-specific or idiosyncratic shocks.

Common international shocks and the domestic shocks are assumed to be uncorrelated

  and

Second VAR restriction: common shocks affect all countries at once, while country-specific shocks affect other countries after one quarter, spillovers

Parameters estimated using Gaussian maximum likelihood Variance for each shock is calculated using spectral decomposition

tv

t t tv f

tf

t

'1( ) ( ,..., )t t kE f f diag f f

1 1

' ,...,t tE diag

Page 10: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

1st result (part I):Prior to the crisis volatility has declined, and remained low in many industrial countries...

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Group 2(Weighted Average of Volatilities for Canada,

Finland, Norway)

0.0

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6.0

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1977Q1

1980Q1

1983Q1

1986Q1

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2001Q1

2004Q1

Group 1 (Weighted Average of Volatilities for

Australia, Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, UK )

Page 11: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

1st result (part II): ...but there was a tendency to rise mildly in others

0.0

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Q1

Group 3(Weighted Averages of Volatilities for

Denmark, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, US)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

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Q1

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Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

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2004

Q1

Group 4(Weighted Averages of Volatilities for Iceland,

Ireland, Korea, Mexico, Turkey)

Page 12: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

2d result (part I)

Real GDP Growth Volatility and its Main Sources Group 1 (Australia, Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, UK)

0.0

2.0

4.0

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8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

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2004

Q1

Total (Domestic + Spillovers + Common)Spillovers + Common

Common

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

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Q1

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Q1

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Q1

Common Spillovers Domestic

Levels

Shares in Total

Page 13: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

2d result (part II) Increased tendency from mid-1990s for shocks to transmit to other countries

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

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Q1

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Q1

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2004

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Total

Spillovers + Common

Common

Levels

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

1977

Q1

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Q1

1983

Q1

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Q1

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Q1

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Q1

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Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Common Spillovers Domestic

Real GDP Growth Volatility and its Main Sources Group 2 (Canada, Finland, Norway)

Page 14: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

2d result (part III) Increased tendency from mid-1990s for shocks to transmit rapidly to other countries

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

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Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

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2004

Q1

Total

Spillovers + Common

Common

Levels

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

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Q1

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Q1

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Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Common Spillovers DomesticShares in Total

Real GDP Growth Volatility and its Main SourcesGroup 3 (Denmark, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, US)

Page 15: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

2d result (part IV) Increased tendency from mid-1990s for shocks to transmit rapidly to other countries

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Levels

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

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Q1

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Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Common Spillovers Domestic

Shares in Total

Real GDP Growth Volatility and its Main SourcesGroup 4 (Iceland, Ireland, Korea, Mexico Turkey)

Page 16: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

2d result – further explanations (method) -variance of 4-quarter ahead forecast errors in a given country in period p

where p=1 or 2 correspond to 1977-1994 or 1995-2007 Variance decomposition attributes a portion of to each of the 24 shocks

(international shock, domestic shock, and 22  spillover shocks) , where , variance in period p attributed to shock j

Change in the variance between two periods is:

where variance component can be rewritten as , where is a term depending on the

cumulative impulse response to shock j in period p and is the variance of shock j in period p Change in contribution of the jth shocks can be decomposed as:

In other words, change in variance can be decomposed into contribution from change in shock variance plus contribution from change in impulse response

pV

pV

,1 , ,24... ...p p p j pV V V V

,p jV

2 1 2,1 1,1 2, 1, 2,24 1,24... j jV V V V V V V V

,p jV 2

pj pja pja

2pj

2 21 2 1 22 2

2 1 2 1 2 12 2j j j j

j j j j j j

a aV V a a

Page 17: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

2d result (part Va): Increased tendency from mid-1990s for shocks to transmit to other countries

1977-1994 1995-2007 Change Total International Spillovers Own Total International Spillovers OwnColumn 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8 Column 9 Column 10 Column 11

Australia 3.96 1.24 -2.72 -3.99 0.06 -1.74 -2.31 1.27 0.26 1.25 -0.24

(0.76) (0.22) (0.79) (0.92) (0.16) (0.78) (0.48) (1.01) (0.32) (0.90) (0.35)

Austria 1.92 0.39 -1.54 -2.18 -0.06 -0.5 -1.62 0.65 -0.54 0.18 1.01(0.39) (0.06) (0.40) (0.60) (0.11) (0.45) (0.37) (0.67) (0.24) (0.50) (0.31)

Belgium 0.82 0.73 -0.09 -0.54 -0.02 -1.07 0.55 0.45 -0.41 1.37 -0.51(0.16) (0.11) (0.19) (0.37) (0.10) (0.33) (0.12) (0.44) (0.18) (0.38) (0.10)

Canada 3.56 1.14 -2.43 -3.75 -0.01 -1.44 -2.29 1.32 0.27 0.87 0.18(0.68) (0.21) (0.72) (0.85) (0.19) (0.65) (0.48) (0.95) (0.38) (0.74) (0.38)

Denmark 3.59 2.43 -1.16 -1.43 0.10 -2.45 0.91 0.27 -0.67 3.41 -2.47(0.71) (0.41) (0.82) (1.38) (0.24) (1.29) (0.45) (1.69) (0.50) (1.49) (0.46)

Finland 6.83 1.27 -5.56 -3.98 -0.01 0.25 -4.23 -1.58 0.00 -1.15 -0.43(1.25) (0.20) (1.27) (1.81) (0.21) (1.58) (0.80) (1.88) (0.50) (1.72) (0.53)

France 0.94 0.44 -0.51 -0.39 0.00 -0.37 -0.02 -0.12 -0.30 0.28 -0.10(0.17) (0.07) (0.19) (0.31) (0.08) (0.29) (0.07) (0.36) (0.16) (0.32) (0.05)

Germany 2.29 1.83 -0.46 -3.05 -0.05 -2.25 -0.75 2.58 -0.70 2.72 0.57(0.44) (0.30) (0.54) (1.19) (0.21) (1.14) (0.24) (1.43) (0.38) (1.30) (0.20)

Iceland 3.80 7.59 3.79 32.92 0.08 -9.15 41.99 -29.13 0.90 12.73 -42.75(0.67) (1.23) (1.40) (9.36) (0.46) (3.84) (8.47) (9.67) (0.80) (4.52) (8.24)

Ireland 2.58 6.85 4.27 22.61 -0.01 -8.37 30.99 -18.34 -0.27 11.23 -29.30(0.46) (1.21) (1.28) (6.23) (0.40) (3.25) (5.32) (6.41) (0.78) (3.80) (4.99)

Italy 1.71 0.85 -0.86 -1.53 -0.04 -1.02 -0.47 0.67 -0.31 1.19 -0.21(0.33) (0.14) (0.36) (0.64) (0.11) (0.61) (0.15) (0.76) (0.22) (0.69) (0.13)

The first three columns give variance of BP-filtered GDP (in percentage points) by subsamples, using the estimated FSVAR (identified as described in section II and following Stock and Watson (2005)). The remaining cloumns decompose this difference into changes in the variance of the shocks, and changes in the impluse response function. The sum of the international, "spillovers" and "own" column equals the "total" column. In parantheses we report estimated standard errors.

(2) - (1) =(3)(3) = (4) + (8)(4) = (5) + (6) +(7)(8) = (9) + (10) + (11)

Then and Now - Were the Shocks Larger or the Transmission Different?Decomposition of Changes in the Variance of Four-quarter-ahead FSVAR Forecast Errors into Changing Impulses and Changing Propagation

Variances Contribution of change in shock variance Contribution of change in impulse response function

Page 18: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

2d result (part Vb): Increased tendency from mid-1990s for shocks to transmit to other countries

1977-1994 1995-2007 Change Total International Spillovers Own Total International Spillovers OwnColumn 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8 Column 9 Column 10 Column 11

Japan 1.84 5.14 3.29 -5.51 13 -4.64 -1.00 8.80 0.58 7.19 1.03

(0.30) (0.93) (0.98) (2.69) (0.47) (2.58) (0.33) (3.32) (0.88) (3.05) (0.33)

Korea 5.80 7.40 1.60 -9.88 0.30 -6.67 -3.50 11.47 1.79 8.13 1.55(1.14) (1.40) (1.81) (3.26) (0.79) (2.87) (0.94) (4.17) (1.55) (3.37) (0.82)

Mexico 5.49 4.58 -0.91 -4.51 -0.08 -3.72 -0.71 3.60 -0.08 4.69 -1.01

(0.94) (0.78) (1.23) (3.65) (0.38) (3.58) (0.48) (4.15) (0.77) (3.99) (0.41)

Netherlands 3.91 1.14 -2.77 -3.36 -0.15 -1.05 -2.16 0.59 -1.21 0.33 1.47(0.75) (0.20) (0.78) (0.99) (0.25) (0.76) (0.61) (1.20) (0.47) (0.90) (0.52)

Norway 3.70 2.21 -1.49 -4.13 -0.07 -2.55 -1.51 2.64 -0.05 3.07 -0.38(0.71) (0.36) (0.80) (1.43) (0.27) (1.35) (0.33) (1.66) (0.49) (1.54) (0.20)

Spain 3.11 0.45 -2.66 -1.34 0.15 0.16 -1.64 -1.32 -1.22 -0.31 0.21(0.61) (0.07) (0.61) (0.80) (0.21) (0.64) (0.45) (0.90) (0.48) (0.71) (0.24)

Sweden 4.09 1.20 -2.89 -2.18 0.04 2.47 -4.68 -0.71 -0.20 -3.44 2.93(0.73) (0.21) (0.76) (1.84) (0.20) (1.55) (0.91) (1.86) (0.43) (1.66) (0.76)

Switzerland 1.97 2.45 0.48 -3.48 -0.03 -3.25 -0.21 3.97 -0.28 4.10 0.14(0.36) (0.42) (0.55) (1.31) (0.23) (1.27) (0.23) (1.57) (0.46) (1.46) (0.18)

Turkey 11.72 25.34 13.62 -39.84 -0.27 -36.06 -3.51 53.46 4.51 49.89 -0.94(2.26) (4.48) (5.06) (13.09) (1.94) (12.79) (1.40) (16.13) (3.78) (15.17) (1.31)

UK 2.50 0.46 -2.05 -2.56 0.06 -0.67 -1.95 0.51 -0.26 -0.07 0.85(0.44) (0.08) (0.45) (0.55) (0.10) (0.35) (0.42) (0.59) (0.24) (0.40) (0.34)

US 3.72 0.99 -2.73 -1.71 0.19 -0.26 -1.64 -1.02 -0.67 -0.09 -0.25(0.74) (0.16) (0.76) (1.09) (0.24) (0.98) (0.40) (1.30) (0.49) (1.13) (0.26)

The first three columns give variance of BP-filtered GDP (in percentage points) by subsamples, using the estimated FSVAR (identified as described in section II and following Stock and Watson (2005)). The remaining cloumns decompose this difference into changes in the variance of the shocks, and changes in the impluse response function. The sum of the international, "spillovers" and "own" column equals the "total" column. In parantheses we report estimated standard errors.

(2) - (1) =(3)(3) = (4) + (8)(4) = (5) + (6) +(7)(8) = (9) + (10) + (11)

Then and Now - Were the Shocks Larger or the Transmission Different?Decomposition of Changes in the Variance of Four-quarter-ahead FSVAR Forecast Errors into Changing Impulses and Changing Propagation

Variances Contribution of change in shock variance Contribution of change in impulse response function

Page 19: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

2d result (part VI): Increased tendency from mid-1990s for shocks to transmit to other countries

Actual and Counterfactual Volatility for 1995 - 2007 (Standard Deviation of Annual Growth)

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tria

Fran

ce

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Spa

in

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gium

Aus

tralia US

Den

mar

k

Nor

way

Ger

man

y

actuals counterfactuals

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ea

Japa

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Mex

ico

Irela

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Icel

and

Turk

ey

actuals counterfactuals

Page 20: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

3d result: Higher sensitivity to foreign shocks appears related to vertical specialization

AustraliaAustria

Belgium

Canada

Denmark

Finland

France

GermanyItaly

Japan

Korea

Netherlands

Norway

Spain

Sweden

Turkey

UK

US

y = 0.92x + 11.86(1.56) (4.97)R² = 0.13

0

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35

-5 0 5 10

Change in Vertical Specialization, 1995 -2000

Cha

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inSh

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of S

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in

Tota

l Vo

latil

ity, 1

995

-200

0

Changes in Vertical Specialization and Share of Spillovers, between 1995 and 2000

Australia

Austria

Belgium

CanadaDenmark

Finland

France

Germany

Japan

Italy

Netherlands

Korea

Norway

Spain

Sweden

y = 0.31x + 11.54(1.18) (3.73) R² = 0.08

0

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-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Cha

nge

in S

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in T

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Vo

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995

-200

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Changes in Trade Opennes (Goods) and Share of Spillovers, between 1995 to 2000

Change in Trade Openness , 1995-2000

Turkey

UK

US

Role of Trade Globalization in the Change of Spillovers

Page 21: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Conclusions Results:

1. Even prior to the extreme volatility recently experienced, output growth volatility was flattening or mildly rising in some countries

2. More widespread was increased tendency from mid-1990s for shocks to transmit to other countries

3. Higher sensitivity to foreign shocks appear related to vertical specialization

Policy implications I. Increased spillovers call for stronger ex-post

coordination mechanism when shocks are largeII. Ex-ante prevention consists of sensible national

policies

Page 22: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Extra slides

Page 23: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Group1: GDP Growth Volatility and its Decomposition by Country

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Italy

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

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Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

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Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Australia

Total

Common+Spillovers

Common

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4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

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1986

Q1

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Q1

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1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Belgium

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

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2004

Q1

France

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

UK

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Austria

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Spain

Page 24: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

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Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

CanadaTotal

Common+Spillovers

Common

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Norway

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

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Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Finland

Group 2: GDP Growth Volatility and its Decomposition by Country

Page 25: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Japan

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Denmark

Total

Common+Spillovers

Common

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Sweden

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Germany

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Netherlands

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Switzerland

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

US

Group 3: GDP Growth Volatility and its Decomposition by Country

Page 26: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Iceland

Total

Common+Spillovers

Common

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Ireland

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Korea

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Mexico

0.0

4.0

8.0

12.0

16.0

20.0

24.0

28.0

32.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

TurkeyCommon

Total (right axis)

Common+Spillovers (right axis)

Group 4: GDP Growth Volatility and its Decomposition by Country

Page 27: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Evolution of Output Growth Volatility in the Main Industrialized Countries: Dif ferent Samples

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1965

Q1

1968

Q1

1971

Q1

1974

Q1

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Canada22 OECD Economies: our extended time sample

G7: Stock and Watson (2005) time sample

G7: Our extended sample

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1965

Q1

1968

Q1

1971

Q1

1974

Q1

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

France

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1965

Q1

1968

Q1

1971

Q1

1974

Q1

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Germany

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1965

Q1

1968

Q1

1971

Q1

1974

Q1

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Italy

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1965

Q1

1968

Q1

1971

Q1

1974

Q1

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

Japan

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1965

Q1

1968

Q1

1971

Q1

1974

Q1

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

UK

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1965

Q1

1968

Q1

1971

Q1

1974

Q1

1977

Q1

1980

Q1

1983

Q1

1986

Q1

1989

Q1

1992

Q1

1995

Q1

1998

Q1

2001

Q1

2004

Q1

US

Page 28: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Group 1 - Variance real GDP growth (y-o-y, 20 quarters rolling windows - centered)(percent)

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Australia

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Austria

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Belgium

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

France

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Italy

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

Spain

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

UK

Page 29: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Group 2 - Variance real GDP growth (y-o-y, 20 quarters rolling windows - centered)(percent)

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Canada

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Finland

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

Norway

24.3

Page 30: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Group 3 - Variance real GDP growth (y-o-y, 20 quarters rolling windows - centered)(percent)

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Denmark

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Germany

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Japan

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Netherlands

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

Sweden

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

Switzerland

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

US

Page 31: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Group 4 - Variance real GDP growth (y-o-y, 20 quarters rolling windows - centered)(percent)

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Iceland

38.8

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Ireland 34.9

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Korea

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Mexico 19.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

Turkey

Page 32: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Group 5 - Variance real GDP growth (y-o-y, 20 quarters rolling windows - centered)(percent)

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Greece

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Luxembourg

22

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

New Zealand

0

4

8

12

16

1977

Q1

1979

Q1

1981

Q1

1983

Q1

1985

Q1

1987

Q1

1989

Q1

1991

Q1

1993

Q1

1995

Q1

1997

Q1

1999

Q1

2001

Q1

2003

Q1

2005

Q1

2007

Q1

Portugal

Page 33: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Group 6 - Variance real GDP growth (y-o-y, 20 quarters rolling windows - centered)

0

4

8

12

16

1995

Q1

1996

Q3

1998

Q1

1999

Q3

2001

Q1

2002

Q3

2004

Q1

2005

Q3

2007

Q1

Czech Rep

18.9

0

4

8

12

16

1998

Q3

1999

Q3

2000

Q3

2001

Q3

2002

Q3

2003

Q3

2004

Q3

2005

Q3

2006

Q3

2007

Q3

Hungary

0

4

8

12

16

1998

Q3

1999

Q3

2000

Q3

2001

Q3

2002

Q3

2003

Q3

2004

Q3

2005

Q3

2006

Q3

2007

Q3

Poland

0

4

8

12

16

1996

Q3

1998

Q1

1999

Q3

2001

Q1

2002

Q3

2004

Q1

2005

Q3

2007

Q1

Slovak Rep

32.2

0

4

8

12

16

1998

Q3

1999

Q3

2000

Q3

2001

Q3

2002

Q3

2003

Q3

2004

Q3

2005

Q3

2006

Q3

2007

Q3

Slovenia

33.1

020406080

100

1998

Q3

1999

Q3

2000

Q3

2001

Q3

2002

Q3

2003

Q3

2004

Q3

2005

Q3

2006

Q3

2007

Q3

Estonia

020406080

100

1998

Q3

1999

Q3

2000

Q3

2001

Q3

2002

Q3

2003

Q3

2004

Q3

2005

Q3

2006

Q3

2007

Q3

Russia

020406080

100

1996

Q3

1997

Q3

1998

Q3

1999

Q3

2000

Q3

2001

Q3

2002

Q3

2003

Q3

2004

Q3

2005

Q3

2006

Q3

2007

Q3

Argentina

0

4

8

12

16

1998

Q3

1999

Q3

2000

Q3

2001

Q3

2002

Q3

2003

Q3

2004

Q3

2005

Q3

2006

Q3

2007

Q3

Israel

0

4

8

12

16

1998

Q3

1999

Q3

2000

Q3

2001

Q3

2002

Q3

2003

Q3

2004

Q3

2005

Q3

2006

Q3

2007

Q3

Chile

0

4

8

12

16

1993

Q3

1995

Q1

1996

Q3

1998

Q1

1999

Q3

2001

Q1

2002

Q3

2004

Q1

2005

Q3

2007

Q1

Saudi Arabia

Page 34: Spillover of Domestic Shocks: Will they counteract the “great moderation”

Motivation

-7.5

-5.0

-2.5

0.0

2.5

5.0 20

04Q

1

2004

Q3

2005

Q1

2005

Q3

2006

Q1

2006

Q3

2007

Q1

2007

Q3

2008

Q1

2008

Q3

2009

Q1

2009

Q3

Imports Exports

Gross fixed investment Public consumption

Private consumption Real GDP

Germany: Contribution to Real GDP Growth (q-o-q sa)


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